which type of substance would be best for use in a cooling system a gas with a low specific heat, a liquid with a low specific heat, a liquid with a high specific heat, a solid with a high specific heat

Answers

Answer 1

When choosing a substance for use in a cooling system, we want a substance that can absorb a large amount of heat without undergoing a significant temperature change. This is where the specific heat capacity of a substance comes into play.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass of the substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). A substance with a high specific heat capacity requires more heat to raise its temperature by a certain amount than a substance with a low specific heat capacity. Therefore, a substance with a high specific heat capacity would be best for use in a cooling system.

Out of the options given, a liquid with a high specific heat would be the best choice for use in a cooling system. Liquids have a higher specific heat than gases, which makes them better at absorbing and storing heat. Additionally, liquids have a higher thermal conductivity than solids, which means they can more efficiently transfer heat from one location to another.

Moreover, among the liquids, water is a commonly used coolant due to its high specific heat capacity, which means it can absorb a large amount of heat without undergoing a significant temperature change. Additionally, water has a high boiling point, which makes it effective at absorbing heat from high-temperature sources without boiling and evaporating.

In summary, a liquid with a high specific heat, such as water, would be the best choice for use in a cooling system due to its ability to absorb and store heat efficiently.

For more such question on heat capacity visit:

https://brainly.com/question/16559442

#SPJ11


Related Questions

If a substance is a bad conductor as a solid, but a good conductor as a liquid or when dissolved into water, which type of bond is holding the compound together?

Answers

an ionic bond. covalent bonds do not conduct in a solid or a liquid state, ionic bonds conduct in a liquid state and not in a solid state.

The bond type in the substance is ionic bonding because, ionic compounds in their solid state are not conducting but the ions they furnish when dissolved in water conducts electricity.

What are ionic compounds ?

Ionic compounds are formed between metals and nonmetals. Metals are electropositive and they can easily loss electrons to from cations. Metals donate electrons to the electron deficient non metals to achieve octet.

Ionic bonding is a strong electrostatic force between opposite charged ions. Hence this bond is stronger than other types of bond. This intact bonding make them bad conductors in the solid state.

However they are electrically conducting the molten state or when dissolved in water due to the presence of free ions and electrons in the solution.

Find more on ionic compounds:

https://brainly.com/question/9167977

#SPJ6

when does a reversible reaction reach equilibrium? match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. resethelp when molecules start to react in a reversible reaction, the forward reaction occurs at a blank the reverse reaction.target 1 of 4 as more products are formed and reactants are consumed, the relative rate of the forward reaction blank and the relative rate of the reverse reaction blank.target 2 of 4target 3 of 4 the reversible reaction has reached equilibrium when the forward reaction occurs at a rate blank to the reverse reaction rate and the concentrations of the reactants and products stay constant.

Answers

In a reversible reaction, the forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously.

As more products are formed and reactants are consumed, the relative rate of the forward reaction decreases and the relative rate of the reverse reaction increases. The reversible reaction reaches equilibrium when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, meaning the reaction is neither proceeding forward nor backward. At equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant, but the reaction can still proceed in both directions.

Therefore, equilibrium is a dynamic state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. The conditions for reaching equilibrium include constant temperature, pressure, and volume.

To know more about reversible reaction visit

https://brainly.com/question/16614705

#SPJ11

What are the electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom called?

Answers

The electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom are called Valence electrons.

Electrons located in this outer shell are called valence electrons and this shell is called valence shell. Normally, an atom is in its most stable and least active state when its outermost shell of electrons is full.

The electrons in the shell or energy level of the atom are called valence electrons.

The number of valence electrons of the neutral atom is the same as the number of the main group of the atom. The columns of an element in the periodic table can be used to determine its main group number.

For example, carbon belonging to group 4 has four valence electrons.

To know more about valence electrons, visit,

https://brainly.com/question/371590#:~:text=Expert%2DVerified%20Answer&text=Valence%20electrons%20are%20the%20electrons,Electrons%20are%20outside%20them%20both.&text=And%20the%20number%20they%20have,layer%20are%20the%20valence%20electrons.

#SPJ4

How many significant figures do the following numbers have?
7.
36,004
8.
10.040
9.
0.03460
10.
2.804
11.
4000
12.
13.04 x 104

Answers

Answer:

7. 5

8. 4 or 5

9. 3 or 4

10. 4

11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

12. 6

Explanation:

7. 5

8. 4 (excluding the 0) or 5 (including the 0)

9. 3 (excluding the 0 at the back) or 4 (including the 0 at the back)

10. 4

11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 (according to the number or 0s included)

12. 13.04 × 104 = 1356.16

ans: 6

What is the formula for the compound made between gold (Au) with a +1 charge and sulfur (S)?

Answers

The formula for the compound made between gold (Au) with a +1 charge and sulfur (S) is Au(I) S

Gold is called as aurum in latin and hence the symbol Au it is an transition metal and therefore shows transition oxidation states and the +1 oxidation state is written as gold(I) is called as aurous in compound and while +3 state written as (III) is called as auric in compound and gold is chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number is 79 and classified as a transition metal and gold is a solid at room temprature

Know more about gold

https://brainly.com/question/14669985

#SPJ1

Which substances form due to a chemical reaction?

A) Mass

B) Products

C) Atoms

D) Reactants

Answers

Substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction are called Products and are written on the Right hand Side of the equation.

Explanation:

\(\Large\textbf{B) Products}\)

When you light a match, there is a brief Smell that almost burns your nose

Answers

Answer:

Hdhgfrdf

Explanation:

Answer:

This is the smell of the smoke from the fire

Explanation:

Why can't hydrogen be grouped in a family?

Answers

Answer:

A Family Portrait

That element is NOT in the family. When we told you about families, we said that they were groups of elements that react in similar ways. Hydrogen is a very special element of the periodic table and doesn't belong to any family. While hydrogen sits in Group I, it is NOT an alkali metal.

Answer:

Explanation:

The chemical properties are so different and cannot be group into a family Hydrogen is the simplest, smallest and lightest of the elements. Unlike the other elements of the periodic table, the combination of properties it exhibits doesn't match any one single grouping or family.

An area of low pressure around the equator at 30 degrees.

Answers

Answer:

horse latitudes

The horse latitudes are regions located at about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. These latitudes are characterized by calm winds and little precipitation. The horse latitudes are located at about 30 degrees north and south of the equator

Please help!!! [picture provided]

Please help!!! [picture provided]

Answers

Answer: All of the nonmetals are found to the right side of the zigzag line!

Explanation:

The little yellow highlighted zig-zag line separates the metals from the non-metals, the nonmetals can be found to the right of the line!!

Please help!!! [picture provided]

How many electrons will an element have if it has an atomic number of 20, an
atomic mass of 40 and a charge of +2? *
A.)40
B.)18
C.)22
D.)20

Answers

answer: B)18
This is because the atomic number is the amount of protons. The number of protons equal the number of electrons in a neutral atom. But since it has a charge of +2, you subtract 2 from 20. +2 is a anion.

4. How is water drained from homes, offices and commercial buildings? Describe the various paths of both grey water and black water.

Answers

The answers include the following:

Water is drained from homes, offices and commercial buildings through pipes that carry wastewater into underground collection systems.The various paths of both grey water and black water is almost the same but the major difference is that the former comes from all other parts of the building except toilet while the latter comes from only toilet.

What is Drainage?

This is referred to as the different types of methods which could be natural or artificial and employs the removal of excess water from a certain area or place.

Water in homes is drained through larger pipes which carry it into collection systems so as to prevent the risk of pollution and contamination of other areas.

Grey water path doesn't involve wastewater from the toilet while the black water comes from only the toilet which is why they were chosen as the correct choice.

Read more about Drainage here https://brainly.com/question/14961647

#SPJ1

In a spontaneous fission reaction, the total mass of the products is _______________ the mass of the original elements.

Answers

Explanation:

is equal to the mass of the original elements

Additives designed to speed up the chemical reactions of monomers are ________ . stabilizers primers dehydrators catalysts

Answers

Additives designed to speed up the chemical reactions of monomers are called catalysts. So the correct option is Catalysts. Where catalysts are chemical compounds that are added to accelerate or decelerate a chemical reaction without being consumed during the process.

It modifies the reaction rate and does not impact the equilibrium constant or the thermodynamic properties of a chemical reaction.

A catalyst can work in different ways to speed up a chemical reaction, including by reducing the activation energy and increasing the number of successful collisions between reacting molecules.

Thus, additives designed to speed up the chemical reactions of monomers are called catalysts. So the correct option is Catalysts.

Read more about Chemical reactions.

https://brainly.com/question/29762834

#SPJ11

What's the difference between bases and alkalis? Can you tell by the pH of a substance?

Answers

EXPLANATION:

Firstly, we need to define a base and alkali

A base is a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen or hydroxonium ions

An alkali is a soluble base. This implies that alkali is a base that dissolves in water

Hence, all Akali are bases and all bases are not alkali

When the base neutralizes acid by reacting with a hydrogen ion, the resulting ions will be negatively charged which is the Hydroxyl ion

\(H^++OH^-\rightarrow H_2^{}O\)

Name the following hydrocarbon compounds.

Name the following hydrocarbon compounds.
Name the following hydrocarbon compounds.
Name the following hydrocarbon compounds.

Answers

The name of the compound in the 1st diagram is 3,3-dimethylpentaneThe name of the compound in the 2nd diagram is penteneThe name of the compound in the 3rd diagram is 2,2,3-trimethylhexane

How do i determine the names of the compounds?

The naming of compound can be obtained by following the IUPAC principle. This is shown below:

For the 1st diagram:

Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 5. Hence, the parent name is pentaneIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case the substituent groups attached is two methyl, CH₃ Give the substituents the best possible low count. In this case, the two CH₃ is located at carbon 3Combine the above to obtain the IUPAC name for the compound.

Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: 3,3-dimethylpentane

For the 2nd diagram:

Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 5. Hence, the parent name is pentene since it contains a double bondIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case there are no  substituent groups attached.

Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: pentene

For the 3rd diagram:

Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 6. Hence, the parent name is hexaneIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case the substituent groups attached is three methyl, CH₃ Give the substituents the best possible low count. In this case, two CH₃ are located at carbon 2 while the 3rd is located at carbon 3Combine the above to obtain the IUPAC name for the compound.

Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: 2,2,3-trimethylhexane

Learn more about IUPAC name:

https://brainly.com/question/23881815

#SPJ1

If a gas occupies 1.5 liters at a pressure of 3.0 atm, what will be its pressure at a volume of 2.0 liters?

Answers

Answer:

P2 = 2.25 atm

Explanation:

Given:

V1 = 1.5 L. V2 = 2.0 L

P1 = 3.0 atm. P2 = ?

Use Boyle's law and solve for P2:

P1V1 = P2V2

or

P2 = (V1/V2)P1

= (1.5 L/2.0L)(3.0 atm)

= 2.25 atm

What happens when sugar is mixed into water

Answers

Answer:

makes sugar water

Explanation:

because the sugar dissolves into the water

Answer:

it will be a sugar water

Explanation:

When sugar is mixed into water, it dissolves and forms a homogeneous mixture with the water. The sugar molecules are surrounded by the water molecules and spread out evenly throughout the water, resulting in a solution with altered physical properties.

a balloon is filled with 2 liters of air at sea level, then a scuba diver carries it under the ocean. if the scuba diver stops when the pressure on the balloon is 3 atmospheres, what is the new volume of the balloon? round to the nearest hundredth.
A. 0.67 liters
B. 1.5 liters
C. 6 liters
D. 5 liters ​

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is C. 6 Liters

Explanation:

You have to multiply the 2 liters by the atmospheres (which is 3) you get 6. six liters is the new volume.

10 moles of carbon dioxide has a mass of 440 g. What is the relative formula mass of carbon dioxide?

Answers

Answer: 44g

Explanation: The formular for finding Moles is ;

Moles =  Mass / Molar Mass or Formular Mass.

Base on this question; Moles = 10, Mass = 440g, and Formular Mass = ?

Making 'Formular Mass', subject of the formular; we thus have;

Formular mass = Mass / Moles = 440/ 10 = 44g

what are the different types of chromatography? what two factors contribute to the efficiency of a chromatographic separation?

Answers

Answer:

Two factors that contribute to the efficiency of a chromatographic separation are the amount of sample being separated and the separation time. A larger sample size or a longer separation time will generally result in a more efficient separation. Other factors that can impact the efficiency of a chromatographic separation include the nature of the sample, the type of chromatographic technique being used, and the characteristics of the separation column.

WILL GIEV BRAINLIST 2 BEST ASNWER
4. What should Sue have done to avoid an accident?
class safey
2 sentances

Answers

Answer:

By not playing with sharp objects.

By not running on a slippery floor.

By not jumping on the desks and benches.

Explanation:

Hang safety posters in common areas such as the lunchroom, and office, near the restrooms and in the front hallway. Implement safety training for all students. Ask teachers to conduct classroom safety training based on the rules.

What is a safety guide line?

Answers

Answer:

A safety guide lines are rules and regulations that are made to make sure place is safe and conducive for everyone.

find the temperature change of water when the mass is 45.0g and the intial temperature is 20.0C

Answers

Answer: The answer is 41.5 C

(45.0 g)(x - 20 C) = (22.3 g)(85 C - x )

45.0x + 900 C = 1895.5 C - 22.3x

+22.3 x - 900 C = -900 C + 22.3 x

67.3x = 2795.5

2795.5 / 67.3 = 41.54 C

Explanation:

he long run equilibrium condition for perfect competition is:
a. P=AVC=MR=MC.
b. Q=AVC=MR=MC.
c. Q=ATC=MR=MC.
d. P=ATC=MR=MC.

Answers

Option (d), P=ATC=MR=MC, accurately represents the long-run equilibrium condition for perfect competition, reflecting the balance between price and cost for firms operating in a competitive market.

The long-run equilibrium condition for perfect competition is that price (P) is equal to average total cost (ATC), which is also equal to marginal cost (MC), and marginal revenue (MR).

Option (d), P=ATC=MR=MC, best represents the long-run equilibrium condition for perfect competition. In perfect competition, firms operate at the minimum point of their average total cost curve, where price equals both average total cost and marginal cost. This condition ensures that firms are earning zero economic profit and are producing at an efficient level.

In the long run, if firms are earning economic profit, new firms will enter the market, increasing competition and driving prices down. Conversely, if firms are experiencing losses, some firms may exit the market, reducing competition and causing prices to rise. This process continues until firms reach a state where price equals average total cost, marginal cost, and marginal revenue, ensuring a long-run equilibrium.

Therefore, option (d), P=ATC=MR=MC, accurately represents the long-run equilibrium condition for perfect competition, reflecting the balance between price and cost for firms operating in a competitive market.

Know more about Equilibrium here:

https://brainly.com/question/30694482

#SPJ11

Describe the unique properties of water and how they affect the following:
phase changes
physical properties

This is my answer. Is it ok? Do you have suggestions to make it better?
Unique properties of water are polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high boiling point, density and the ability to dissolve other substances. The three phases of water are solid (frozen), liquid and gas and are changed by temperature. Water molecules don't change between the phases, the molecules just interact differently to make the change.

Answers

Unique properties of water

Water molecules have a bent overall structure, partial positive charges on the hydrogens, partial negative charges on the oxygen, and are polar. This is due to the fact that oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, making it more effective at drawing electrons. Excellent solvents include water.

Temperature alters the three states of water, which are solid (frozen), liquid, and gas. Although the interactions of the water molecules change, the molecules themselves do not alter between the phases.

Water quality's physical characteristics

Color: Polluted water may be coloured; pure water is colourless.

Turbidity: Clear, light-unabsorbing water is the opposite of pure water.

Taste and odour: Pure water never has a taste or an odour.

How many distinct characteristics does water have?

Given their polar nature, water molecules form hydrogen bonds. This gives water its distinctive properties, including polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and the capacity to act as a buffer. A solute that has dissolved in a solvent creates a homogeneous mixture known as a solution.

To know more about unique properties of water visit:

https://brainly.com/question/19045958

#SPJ1

What is the random movement and mixing of particles?
9 letters in the world the second one is “i” and the 6th “s”

Answers

Answer:

diffusion

Explanation:

Diffusion can be defined as the net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. This sounds like the most plausible word in this case.

Microwave ovens emit microwave energy with a wavelength of .129 m. What is the energy of exactly one photon of this microwave radiation?​

Microwave ovens emit microwave energy with a wavelength of .129 m. What is the energy of exactly one

Answers

λ=Wavelength = .129 m = 0.129 m

E = energy = ?

h =Planck constant = 6.63 × 10^-34 J.s

f = frequency of photo/ electromagnetic radiation = c/λ

c = Speed of light in a vacuum = 3 × 10^8 m/s

___o___o___

\(E = hf \\ \\ E = h \frac{c}{λ} \\ \\ E = 6.63 \times {10}^{ - 34} \frac{3 \times {10}^{8} }{0.129} \\ \\ E = \frac{6.63 \times {10}^{ - 34} \times 3 \times {10}^{8} }{0.129} \\ \\ E = \frac{663 \times {10}^{ - 36} \times 3 \times {10}^{8} }{129 \times {10}^{ - 3} } \\ \\E = \frac{1989 \times {10}^{ - 28} }{129 \times {10}^{ - 3} } \\ \\ E = 15.4 \times {10}^{ - 25} J \\ \\ E = 1.54 \times {10}^{ - 24} J\)

I hope I helped you^_^

How many grams of O2 are in 1.51 x 1023 molecules?

Group of answer choices

8.00 g

0.251 g

4.00 g

16.0 g

Answers

Answer:

I think is c 4.00 g

Explanation:

that was my answer

Please help with these two I’ll give you brainiest!

Please help with these two Ill give you brainiest!

Answers

The first answer would be C. The climate has changed. Tropical turtles are unable to survive in cold waters therefore, overtime the warm water that used to be in that area changed with the climate causing the turtles in the area to go extinct in the process.

The second question’s answer would be D. In this diagram, the barracuda is at the top of the food chain, therefore, all of the organisms it consumed will increase in size because they no longer have a barracuda preying on them.
Other Questions
text: Required information Use the following information for the Quick Studies below. (Algo) [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.) Cash Accounts receivable Equipment, net Land Current Year $ 8,600 56,500 49,000 94,000 $ 208,100 Prior Year $ 10,000 21,000 44,000 68,500 $ 143,500 Total assets QS 13-6 (Algo) Vertical analysis LO P2 Express the items in common-size percents. (Round your percentage answers to one decimal place.) Prior Year Current Year % Cash % % Accounts receivable Equipment, net % % % % Land % Total assets % % QS 13-9 (Algo) Computing current ratio and acid-test ratio LO P3 Pritchett Company reported the following year-end data: Cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable (current) Inventory Prepaid (current) assets Total current liabilities $ 27,000 9,200 23,800 20,000 16,000 40,000 Compute the (a) current ratio and (b) acid-test ratio. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Current Ratio Acid Test Ratio Compute the current ratio. Current Ratio Denominator: Numerator: 1 Current Ratio Current ratio to 1 1 11 < Current Ratio Acid Test Ratio > QS 13-11 (Algo) Computing accounts receivable turnover and days' sales uncollected LO P3 Mifflin Company reported the following for the current year: Net sales Cost of goods sold Beginning balance in accounts receivable Ending balance in accounts receivable $ 69,760 44,000 15, 200 6,600 Compute (a) accounts receivable turnover and (b) days' sales uncollected. Hint. Accounts receivable turnover uses average accounts receivable, and days' sales uncollected uses the ending balance in accounts receivable. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Accounts Receivable Turnover Days Sales Uncollected Compute the accounts receivable turnover. Accounts Receivable Turnover Denominator: = Numerator: 1 / = Accounts Receivable Turnover Accounts receivable turnover times 1 = < Accounts Receivable Turnover Days Sales Uncollected > QS 13-12 (Algo) Computing inventory turnover and days' sales in inventory LO P3 SCC Company reported the following for the current year: Net sales Cost of goods sold Beginning balance in inventory Ending balance in inventory $ 53,000 46,200 2,500 8,500 Compute (a) inventory turnover and (b) days' sales in inventory. Hint Inventory turnover uses average inventory and days' sales in inventory uses the ending balance in inventory. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Inventory Turnover Days Sales In Inventory Compute the inventory turnover. Inventory Turnover Denominator: Numerator: = Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover / = 1 times = Inventory Turnover Days Sales In Inventory > Kylo Ken RoomInsert the code from the Kylo Ren Room to escape. Can you use the force to escape from Kylo? a current of 1.322 a flows through a resistor with a voltage difference of 115 v across it. determine the resistance of this resistor. How does the author connect her points in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the narrative?A. by describing the varying characteristics of the ocean waves and their impact on herOB. by explaining how the ocean's buoyant motion described her personal journey through lifeOC. by describing how the ocean waves first soothed her and then threatened her lifeOD.by explaining that the ocean was a teacher for her much like her own teacher was Vicky wants to buy a car that is available at two dealerships. The price of the car is the same at both dealerships. Hickey Motors would let her make quarterly payments of $8,900.00 for 5 years at a quarterly interest rate of 4.79 percent. Her first payment to Hickey Motors would be due immediately. If Mailman Cars would let her make equal monthly payments of $4,500.00 at a monthly interest rate of 2.02 percent and if her first payment to Mailman Cars would be in 1 month, then how many monthly payments would Vicky need to make to Mailman Cars? The governor of Utah wants to know how long they have before the entire state is zombified. If there are 3.67 million people living in Utah (3,670,016 to be exact), how many days until the entire state is infected?options:19 days2 years11 days52 days 10. Which of these did the colonists consider a way the British tried tocontrol them? *A. the Boston Tea PartyB. the Proclamation of 1763C. the French and Indian WarD. the First Continental Congressdotc? 4. What are managed services? Directions: This Unit has explored cellular structures and functions, including types of cells, RNA and DNA, and cancer. Using the Text Editor, explain protein synthesis from how it starts in the nucleus until it is translated by the ribosomes, and how it relates to the genetic code. Be sure to use terms studied in the Unit in your explanation, including those like DNA, complementary bases, mRNA, tRNA, codons, anticodons, amino acids, etc.Review the steps outlined in The Writing Process as well as the Rubric located on the toolbar at the top of the page so you know what will be expected for a superior essay. cos2theta + sin2theta = 0, solve for theta balt company maintains a standard cost system. last period, balt spent $25,000 during the period to purchase 3,000 pounds of material h. the company used 5,000 pounds of material h to produce 800 units of product c8. the company has established a standard of 7 pounds of material h per unit of c8, at a price of $7.50 per pound of material. the debit to direct materials control account is group of answer choices $41,667 $25,000 $22,500 Worth five points !! it doesnt tell me if what answer is right but if i get 75 % or up i will mark the first person who answered with an actual answer brainliest and i don't lie about brainliest !!In the 1970s, womens rights activists worked to secure the passage of?a. Title IXb. the Civil Rights Actc. the Voting Rights Actd. the Equal Rights Amendment Georgia is wrapping a shoe box with dimensions 12 x 5 x 7. What is the surface area of her box? Does anyone know how to do this its Spanish and has command from with usted/ustedes Ways in which woolworths contributes its time and effort in improving the well being of communities The questions of economics address which of the following? Check all that apply.whowhatwherewhenwhyhow Write a Matlab program to compute the height, h covered by a freely falling object in time t. The formula is h=1/2 gt Have the user input the values of g and t Each of the small shaded squares inside therectangle below has an area of 9 cm.What area of the rectangle is unshaded?Give your answer in cm. Economic challenges faced in Auckland in 1970s Calculate the gradient of the table;