Taxes are a price-based policy tool intended to internalize the negative externality imposed on society by the pollution that results from the production of goods and services.
Taxes are often used as a policy tool to address negative externalities, such as pollution, that arise from certain economic activities. When firms engage in production, they often generate negative externalities that impose costs on society, such as air and water pollution. These costs are not reflected in the market prices of the goods and services produced, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources. Taxes, specifically known as Pigouvian taxes, are designed to internalize these external costs and incentivize firms to reduce their pollution levels. By imposing taxes on pollution, governments aim to make firms internalize the negative externalities they generate. The tax serves as a price signal that reflects the true social cost of production, including the environmental impact. As a result, firms face a higher cost of production, which encourages them to adopt cleaner and more environmentally friendly technologies or reduce their pollution levels. The tax effectively internalizes the external costs by aligning private costs with social costs, leading to a more efficient allocation of resources and a reduction in pollution.
The use of taxes as a policy tool for internalizing pollution externalities has several advantages. First, it provides economic incentives for firms to invest in cleaner technologies and pollution control measures. The higher cost of production encourages firms to seek ways to reduce pollution, innovate, and find more sustainable production methods. Second, taxes can generate revenue for the government, which can be used to fund environmental protection programs or invest in renewable energy sources. Finally, taxes offer flexibility in implementation, as they can be tailored to specific industries or pollutants, allowing policymakers to target the sources of pollution more effectively.
However, it is important to design and implement taxes carefully to achieve the desired outcomes. The tax rate should reflect the true social cost of pollution and strike a balance between incentivizing pollution reduction and avoiding excessive burdens on businesses. Additionally, taxes should be accompanied by monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance and prevent firms from simply passing on the tax burden to consumers through higher prices. Overall, taxes serve as an important policy tool to address pollution externalities and promote more sustainable and environmentally responsible production practices.
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Attitude is your belief in your own effectiveness.
Т
F
Answer:
f
Explanation:
this mf emmanuel made me get it wrong. its false bro trust
when business owners look at leading economic indicators, they generally are doing this to help predict what will happen over the following___
three to nine weeks
there to six years
six to nine months
three to six months
Your local Digger dealer needs their Digger (s) serviced.
You have been working very hard for the last week of July 2021 to get the work completed before the end of the month.
You are sending Local Digger Dealer Co an invoice for the work completed for the month. You have decided to apply a 10% discount on your labour charges.
find the relevant function in Xero to create the following invoice:
1. To: Local Digger Dealer Co
2. Date: 2021-07-31
3. Due Date: 2021-08-10
4. Invoice #: INV-9802
5. Service labour hours: 100
6. Discount 10%.
The specific steps and options may vary slightly depending on the version of Xero or any customizations made to your accounting . It's always a good idea to refer to Xero's official documentation or contact their support if you encounter any issues or need further assistance.
Here's how you can create the invoice:
1. Log in to your Xero account.
2. From the dashboard, click on the "Sales" tab in the top navigation menu.
3. Select "Invoices" from the drop-down menu.
4. Click on the "New Invoice" button.
Now, you can enter the relevant information for the invoice:
1. To: In the "To" field, enter "Local Digger Dealer Co" as the customer name.
2. Date: In the "Date" field, enter "2021-07-31" as the invoice date.
3. Due Date: In the "Due Date" field, enter "2021-08-10" as the due date.
4. Invoice #: In the "Invoice #" field, enter "INV-9802" as the invoice number.
Next, you'll need to enter the line item for the service provided:
1. Description: In the "Description" field, enter a description of the service, such as "Service labour hours: 100".
2. Quantity: In the "Quantity" field, enter "1" (assuming you're charging for 100 labour hours as a single service item).
3. Unit Price: Enter the appropriate hourly rate for your service. For example, if your hourly rate is $100, enter "100" in the "Unit Price" field.
Now, let's apply the 10% discount:
1. Discount: In the "Discount" field, enter "-10%". Xero will automatically calculate the discounted amount based on the unit price and quantity.
Review the invoice details to ensure accuracy and make any additional adjustments as necessary.
Once you have entered all the required information, click on the "Save" button to create the invoice. Xero will generate the invoice with the given details and apply the 10% discount to the labour charges.
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how long does algorithm take to run how muh memory space does it require?
Answer:
The running time of an algorithm for a specific input depends on the number of operations executed. The greater the number of operations, the longer the running time of an algorithm.Space complexity is the total amount of memory space used by an algorithm/program including the space of input values for execution. So to find space-complexity, it is enough to calculate the space occupied by the variables used in an algorithm/program.
Explanation:
Develop a value chain that depicts six to nine activities that makes Fowler’s Farm competitive.
Evaluate the competitive advantage each activity confers upon the company.
Justify which activity you believe is the most valuable for company growth.
Justify your choice of the activity that you believe would benefit most from optimization or alteration.
Recommend a change that you would make to your selected activity to optimize it and support your assertion quantitatively. Make sure to include any assumptions or data values that need to be made to support your recommendation
Fowler's Farm can be competitive in the market by following a value chain that involves activities like seed selection, planting, cultivation, harvesting, packaging, distribution, marketing, and sales.
Each of these activities contributes to the competitive advantage of the company. Seed selection and cultivation ensure the quality of the produce, while packaging and distribution guarantee that the products reach the market fresh and in good condition. Marketing and sales activities increase brand awareness and customer reach, leading to increased sales and revenue.
Out of these activities, I believe that marketing and sales are the most valuable for the company's growth as they directly impact the revenue. The activity that I think would benefit the most from optimization or alteration is distribution. Improving distribution efficiency can help in reducing transportation costs and ensure timely delivery to the market, leading to increased sales.
To optimize distribution, I would recommend investing in a GPS-enabled tracking system to monitor the movement of the vehicles and optimize routes for timely delivery. Assuming an investment of $100,000 in this system, I estimate a reduction of $20,000 per year in transportation costs, leading to a 20% increase in revenue. This optimization can help the company to gain a competitive advantage in the market and increase profitability.
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What is your major(potential) in college?
Holy macaroni! That's Almost It!
We're done with the four habits of millionaires-to-be.
Do you remember what the habits were? Let's see...
Check the sentences that best describe the "Big Four
Habits."
And you'll see this question again in the test
. You're not quite there yet. Try again.
Virtually all of the 7 million millionaires in the United States
never had to think about tomorrow, since they knew they would be
rich.
were always thinking ahead.
wanted their money to work for them.
wanted to store their money under the bed.
were looking forward to buying a lot of nice toys.
assumed all sellers were telling the truth.
learned how to make smart decisions by doing their homework.
always paid their cell phone first.
always paid themselves first.
Answer:
2,3,7 and the last one
Explanation:
Just had the same question and went back into the lesson to look . THESE TAKE FOREVER HAHA
Seven million millionaires in U.S :
we're always thinking ahead.wanted their money to work for them.learned how to make smart decisions always paid themselves first.Who are millionaires?Millionaires are those individuals who have a net worth that is equal to or are then one million units of currency.
These people include businessmen that have own business and own large amount of shares in other companies. The millionaires networth and financial assets also contribute to the nation's GDP.
Find out more information about the millionaires.
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What is the formula to calculate your weekly or biweekly income?
Answer:
dividing Explanation: Divide your annual salary by 52
explain advertisement
Answer: Advertisement is a marketing communication. It is used to promote businesses and their products. Used to promote more effectiveness in a businesses profit and their sales. May be seen in the form of commercials or billboard announcements in everyday life.
according to this information, what will sivar's ebit be if sales actually turn out to be $720,000 rather than $800,000
what will be EPS be?
Without knowing Sivar's specific financials, it's impossible to determine exactly what their EBIT and EPS would be with a change in sales. However, we can make some general assumptions based on the relationship between these terms.
EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) is a measure of a company's profitability that takes into account revenue and expenses, but does not include interest payments or taxes. EPS (earnings per share) is a measure of a company's profitability that takes into account net income (which includes interest and taxes) and divides it by the number of outstanding shares.
Assuming that Sivar's expenses remain constant, we can estimate that their EBIT would be lower if sales were $720,000 instead of $800,000, since they would be generating less revenue. Similarly, their EPS would also be lower, since their net income (which includes interest and taxes) would also be lower.
However, it's important to note that these estimates are based on simplified assumptions and may not reflect the specific financials of Sivar or any other company. It's always best to consult a financial advisor or accountant for personalized advice.
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If the approximate market value for of a $1,000 corporate bond is $1,200 and it pays 6 percent interest, then what are comparable bonds paying?
The comparable bonds pay a 5% interest rate when the approximate market value of a $1,000 corporate bond is $1,200 and it pays 6 percent interest.
What are bonds?A bond is a type of financial security in which the issuer owes the holder debt and is obligated depending on the terms to repay the principal of the bond as well as interest over a specified period of time.
Given that,
Approximate market value of $1,000 is $1,200
Interest rate is 6%
\(\rm\,Annual \; Interest = (face \; value)\times Interest \; rate\\ \rm\,Annual \;Interest = 1,000 \times 6\%\\ \rm\,Annual \;Interest = 60\\\\Calculation of comparable bond interest rate:\\\\Approximate \;bond \;value = \frac{Annual\; interest}{Comparable \;interest\; rate} \\\\1200 =\frac{60}{Comparable\; Interest \;Rate} \\\\Comparable\; Interest\; Rate = 5\%\)
Hence, the comparable bonds pay a 5% interest rate.
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denti-way systems, a manufacturer of dental appliances, invented and patented a new x-ray machine that radically reduced maintenance and operational issues. responding to global demand, it decided to sell the machines manufactured at its plant in the united states to various markets across the globe. since the product features provided by denti-way were not provided by any other competitor, denti-way did not feel any pressure for cost reductions. which strategy is most likely being pursued by denti-way? group of answer choices international localization global standardization transnational nationalization
The most likely strategy being pursued by Denti-way based on the given information is option (a) international
Based on the information provided, it seems that the strategy being pursued by Denti-way is internationalization. This is because Denti-way is selling its products manufactured in the US to various markets across the globe, which indicates an effort to expand its business internationally. Additionally, the fact that Denti-way is not feeling pressure for cost reductions suggests that it is not necessarily focused on adapting its products or operations to specific local markets, which is a key characteristic of localization.
Global standardization and transnational strategies both involve balancing standardization and adaptation to local markets, which does not seem to be the case for Denti-way based on the given information. Nationalization involves the government taking control of a company or industry, which is not applicable to this scenario.
Therefore, the correct option is (a) international
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Which of the following observations would provide evidence against the semistrong form of the efficient market theory?
The semi strong form of the efficient market theory assumes that all publicly available information is reflected in stock prices.
Therefore, any observation that shows abnormal returns can be considered evidence against this theory. For example, if a particular company releases earnings information that is significantly better than expected, and this information is not already reflected in the stock price, investors who act on this information can earn abnormal returns. This suggests that the market was not efficient in incorporating this information.
Another example of evidence against the semi strong form of the efficient market theory could be insider trading. If insiders have access to information that is not yet publicly available and they use this information to make profitable trades, this suggests that the market is not fully reflecting all available information. Insider trading is illegal, but it is still a common occurrence, which means that the market is not completely efficient.
Overall, any observation that suggests that stock prices are not reflecting all available information can be considered evidence against the semistrong form of the efficient market theory. However, it is important to note that the theory is still widely accepted and has been supported by many studies.
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under msrb rules, which of the following statements are true regarding discretionary accounts?
The true statement with respect to discretionary account is C. Purchase a municipal bond where the broker-dealer has a control relationship with the issuer
If a brokerage business and the municipal security being advised have a control connection, this security cannot be bought in discretionary accounts without customer's express consent. The problem here is that when such a link exists, there may be an inherent conflict of interest. A municipal control relationship, might arise if the broker-dealer's president is a representative of the municipality whose bonds are being recommended. If such a broker-dealer were dishonest, it would have the motivation to support the issue's price in the secondary market, increasing the likelihood that the municipality would choose that company for future underwritings.
By making purchases of that issue in its discretionary accounts, it may achieve this. Selling nak-ed covered calls in discretionary accounts does not require any special permission. The only requirements are that discretionary trades be done in a manner that is consistent with the customer's investment objective, not too frequently, and not in an amount that is overly big. Since there is no control connection with the issuer in this scenario, no particular authorization is required to purchase stocks for a discretionary customer account when the firm is a market maker in the security.
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Complete Question:
Under msrb rules, which of the following statements are true regarding discretionary accounts?
A. Sell nak-ed calls
B. Sell covered calls
C. Purchase a municipal bond where the broker-dealer has a control relationship with the issuer
D. Purchase a municipal bond where the broker-dealer is a market maker in the security
"Nepal has a great potentiality of operating local level Industries." Justify this statement with suitable example.
Answer:
tyo comments delete kinn garyau??
According to the Nepal Rastra Bank's Economic Activity Study Report, the average industrial capacity utilization in the fiscal year 2019 was 57.1 percent, which was lower than the average capacity utilization in the previous two years.
Which is the biggest industry in Nepal?Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal, as well as the largest source of foreign income and revenue. Nepal is well-known among mountaineers for having several of the world's tallest mountains.
In Nepal, industries are very important because agriculture alone cannot meet human needs in the modern era. Due to a lack of skilled resources, Nepalese agriculture has not improved. Cottage industries that can be started locally and use locally available raw materials create jobs and supply consumer goods.
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required informationskip to questionassignments and delegations introduction read the overview below and complete the activities that follow. contracts are typically private agreements in that they bind the two parties and no one else. thus, parties not in privity of contract usually do not have rights to a contract. however, there are exceptions to the general rule. this activity outlines the importance of paying special attention to ramifications that result from assigning or delegating a contract, including the effects these actions have on assignees. concept review: contracts create situations in which both parties have a duty to perform the agreed-on action and a right to be the recipient of the other party's duty. these rights and duties can be transferred to third parties. the transfer of rights is known as assignment; the transfer of duties is known as delegation. mini-case: read the case and then answer the questions to create a strategy for how someone might determine the results of the scenario. katerina owned property in miami right on the beach that she leased to scotty. scotty used the property for business purposes, which was allowed under the lease. three months into the lease, scotty transferred his lease to a sports agent company for $5,000, which became the new tenant under the lease. katerina became upset with scotty's transferring of the lease because she thought that since she leased the property to scotty, he should not be allowed to let anyone else lease the property. furthermore, she had a strong aversion to sports agents after watching the movie jerry maguire, and she did not want any money-grubbing sports agents working on her property. subsequently, katerina wonders whether there is any way she can limit the ability of scotty to transfer the lease. walk through the different types of transferring of rights and duties. what type of transfer of rights or duties is described in this case? what is the role of the relevant parties in the case? katerina clearly does not like the transfer of the lease. are there any factors that could limit the transfer of these rights or duties?the scenario above is an example of what legal concept?multiple choicevesting of rightsdelegationassignment
This scenario is an example of an assignment in contracts. Assignment is a legal concept that involves the transfer of rights from one party to another. In this case, the transfer of rights occurred when Scotty transferred his lease to a sports agent company for $5,000, making them the new tenant under the lease.
Katerina, the lessor, was not pleased with the transfer of the lease and has the right to challenge it. However, Katerina's challenge must be based on legal grounds and not simply on the fact that she has an aversion to sports agents. Depending on the specific language of the lease agreement, Katerina may be able to challenge the assignment based on clauses which limit assignment of the lease, as well as any other clauses which would not be valid had the lease been assigned.
There are also factors that could limit the transfer of rights or duties in this scenario. For instance, the assignment may not be enforceable if the lease itself does not permit assignment. Additionally, the parties of the contract must be in agreement and in good faith for the assignment to be valid. If either of these conditions are not met, the assignment may be void.
In conclusion, this case is an example of an assignment of rights in contracts. Katerina has the right to challenge the assignment, though her challenge must be based on legal grounds. Furthermore, there are certain factors that can limit the assignment, such as the presence of clauses limiting assignment and the requirement that both parties agree and act in good faith.
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interest incurred, but not yet paid during an accounting period, should be recorded as an expense and a(n) . multiple choice question. revenue contra account asset liability
Interest incurred, but not yet paid during an accounting period, should be recorded as an Accrued Expense.
Accrued Expense is an expense which is incurred in one accounting period but not yet paid.
Recording an accrued expense means that transaction has been recorded when it incurred but not yet paid.
It is shown on the liability side of the balance sheet as a current liability because it makes obligation for the company to pay its expenses.
It helps in showing the true and fair view of the financial statements .
It requires more journal entries to record than simple cash balance accounting.
It increases both expense and liabilities as unpaid bills get accumulated.
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Unethical behavior should be reported to the proper authority, but care must be taken to ______.
a.
Report your perceptions
b.
Explain what you think was happening
c.
Report only what happened
d.
Explain how you were able to see it
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
A Report your perceptions
Explanation:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Your older sister is planning on saving money by paying her bills, spending money on fun, and then saving whatever is leftover. Why is this not the best option for saving her money?
Answer:
spend money on bills first then food then save the leftover money for later
Make a list of getting information about employment an publishes.
( GETTING LIST OF INFORMATION ABOUT EMPLOYMENT AND PUBLISHES : )
-Personal contacts.
-School career planning and placement offices.
Classified ads.
-National and local newspapers. Professional journals.
-Trade magazines.
-Internet networks and resources.
-State employment service offices.
-Federal government.
-Professional associations.
-Labor unions.
Richard Voith estimated the price elasticity of demand for round-trip rail fare to be 0.62. If fares rose by 30 percent, one would expect the quantity of round-trip tickets purchased to:
Answer:
Fall by 18.6%.
Explanation:
Calculation for quantity of round-trip tickets purchased
Using this formula
Quantity of round-trip tickets purchased=Round-trip rail fare*Fares percentage
Let plug in the formula
Quantity of round-trip tickets purchased=30%*0.62
Quantity of round-trip tickets purchased=0.186*100
Quantity of round-trip tickets purchased=18.6%
Therefore one would expect the quantity of round-trip tickets purchased to:Fall by 18.6%.
What is feedback, positive feedback, and negative feedback? Why are the usual automatic control systems all negative feedback systems? Please give examples of the principle of negative feedback in dai
Feedback refers to the process of using information from the output of a system to regulate or adjust the system's behavior. Positive feedback amplifies the initial change or disturbance, while negative feedback counteracts the change and stabilizes the system. Most automatic control systems use negative feedback because it helps maintain stability and accuracy in controlling a system's output. Negative feedback in daily life can be seen in various examples, such as room temperature control and cruise control in vehicles.
Feedback is a process that involves taking information from the output of a system and using it to modify the system's behavior. It helps regulate and control the system's performance. Positive feedback occurs when the output of a system amplifies the initial change or disturbance, leading to further amplification and potential instability. This type of feedback is not commonly found in automatic control systems as it tends to destabilize the system.
On the other hand, negative feedback is a process where the system's output is compared to a desired reference value, and any deviation is used to generate a corrective signal that counteracts the deviation. This feedback mechanism helps maintain stability, accuracy, and desired performance in a system. Negative feedback systems are commonly used in automatic control systems because they provide stability and reduce the effects of disturbances.
In daily life, the principle of negative feedback can be observed in various examples. For instance, consider room temperature control. When the temperature rises above the desired setpoint, the thermostat detects the deviation and activates the air conditioning system to cool the room. As the temperature reaches the setpoint, the air conditioning system is turned off, preventing further cooling. This feedback loop helps maintain a relatively constant temperature.
Another example is cruise control in vehicles. When the vehicle speed exceeds the desired setpoint, the cruise control system reduces the throttle to decrease the speed. If the speed drops below the setpoint, the throttle is increased to accelerate the vehicle. By continuously adjusting the throttle based on the difference between the actual speed and the desired speed, the system maintains a relatively constant speed.
These examples demonstrate how negative feedback systems are used in daily life to maintain stability, accuracy, and desired performance in controlling various processes and systems.
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Which action would a government most likely take to reduce its
unemployment rate?
A. Use tax money to hire workers for government projects
B. Cut taxes on businesses that operate with very few workers
C. Increase taxes on businesses that operate outside the country
D. Cut off loans to businesses in order to reduce the money supply
SUBMIT
The unemployment rate is the unemployed divided by the sum of employed and unemployed, in order to reduce it the government can hire workers for a new project by using tax money.
What is the unemployment rate?It is the rate of unemployment calculated by the number of people unemployed to the total number of people employed and unemployed multiplied by 100.
In order to reduce it, the government can hire workers for a new project by using tax money
Therefore, option A can help in the reduction of the unemployment rate.
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To what extent is primary product dependency the
most significant constraint on economic
development (25 marks)
Answer: Primary product dependency is a large constraint on economic growth and development within LEDCs due to the fact that commodities and their producers are highly susceptible to price fluctuations.
Explanation:
Primary product dependency discourages investment in other aspects of the economy. Concentrating on primary products does not always help the long-term development of an economy because it can contribute to a lack of investment in other aspects such as education and industrial production.
El Torro Company produces industrial gauging equipment that it sells to other companies. Budgeted overhead for the year was $260,000, and budgeted direct labor hours were 20,000. The average wage rate for direct labor is expected to be $25 per hour.
Calculate the overhead rate based on direct labor cost.
a.45%
b.64%
c.55%
d.52%
The answer is option d) 52%. This means that for every dollar of direct labor cost incurred, El Torro Company expects to incur an additional 52 cents of overhead cost.
To calculate the overhead rate based on direct labor cost, we need to first calculate the total budgeted direct labor cost, which is simply the product of the budgeted direct labor hours and the average wage rate for direct labor
In this case, the total budgeted direct labor cost is $500,000 ($25 per hour x 20,000 hours).
Next, we can calculate the overhead rate by dividing the budgeted overhead for the year by the total budgeted direct labor cost. This gives us an overhead rate of 52% (i.e. $260,000 divided by $500,000).
This information can be used to help the company price its products, allocate costs, and make other financial decisions.
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On Wednesday, your boss asks you if you'd be willing to work an
extra day on Saturday. You agree to come to work. On Friday,
your best friend invites you to go to the beach the next day.
Should you go to work or to the beach on Saturday? Why?
Answer:
Explanation:
I would go to work on Saturday as it has been agreed upon before my friend invited me to the beach.
why is it important for both the cfo and investor to know the intrinsic value of a company’s stock?
It is important for both the CFO and investor to know the intrinsic value of a company's stock because it can help determine whether or not a stock is a good investment.
The intrinsic value is the actual value of a company's stock based on its assets and future cash flows. If the intrinsic value is higher than the current market price, it may be a good investment opportunity for the investor. For the CFO, knowing the intrinsic value can help them make informed decisions about the company's financial strategy and future growth plans.
Additionally, knowing the intrinsic value can help the CFO and investor assess the overall health and stability of the company. By understanding the intrinsic value of a company's stock, both the CFO and investor can make informed decisions about their investments and ensure that they are making the best possible choices for their financial goals.
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Last year when john graduated and received a 20 percent pay increase, the average number of restaurant meals he consumed rose from once a week to three time a week. Hence his income elasticity for restaurant meals is.
Because of its elasticity, which is greater than zero, it qualifies as a typical good. Option B (5.00), which is just half as elastic as the genuine value, is the closest match, but none of the other possibilities are the right answer.
According to the demand's income elasticity, the amount required is responsive to changes in income. Divided by the percent change in income, it is determined as the percent change in quantity required.
John's compensation increased by 20% in this instance, but his average number of meals out each week increased by 200%, from one to three.
Therefore, the demand for restaurant meals is income elastic at: (200% / 20%) = 10.
If anything has elasticity above zero, it is said to be normal. Alternative B (5.00), is correct answer.
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Last year when John graduated and received a 20 percent pay increase, the average number of restaurant meals he consumed rose from once a week to three time a week. Find out the income elasticity for restaurant meals.
Which statement best describes the circular flow of an economy?
the flow between businesses and resources
the exchange of money, goods, and services in an economy
a circular flow happens only in a resource market
a circular flow happens only in a goods and services market
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The statement "the exchange of money, goods & services in an economy" should represent the best description of the economy's circular flow.
According to the economic perspective, circular flow refers to the money flow and the resources i.e. goods and services lies between the people in which there is an exchange of resources that could be done in return for the money.
It involved two types of market i.e. factors and goods and in these two markets, the resources should be provided in order to receive the monetary value.
The following statements represent the circular flow of an economy:
It does not have a flow between the business and resources.It does not have the flow only in the resource market.It does not have the flow only in the goods and services market.Therefore we can conclude that the statement "the exchange of money, goods & services in an economy" should represent the best description of the economy's circular flow.
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QUESTION 1 of 10: Large-cap stocks have a market capitalization of:
0 0 0 0
a) Between 300 million and 2 billion
b) Between 10 billion to 200 billion
c) Between 200 billion and 500 billion
d) Between 500 billion and 900 billion