sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchioles causes
Answers
Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchioles causes bronchodilation, leading to the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airway walls and an increase in the diameter of the bronchioles.
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it releases norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells in the bronchioles. This binding activates a signaling pathway that results in the relaxation of the smooth muscles.
Bronchodilation allows for increased airflow in the respiratory system. It is a protective mechanism that helps to increase the delivery of oxygen to the lungs and facilitates improved ventilation. This response is important during times of increased physical activity or when the body requires more oxygen, such as in response to stress or during exercise.
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Using the equations of enzyme kinetics to treat methanol intoxicationLiver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is relatively nonspecific and will oxidize ethanol or other alcohols, including methanol. Methanol oxidation yields formaldehyde, which is quite toxic, causing, among other things, blindness. Mistaking it for the cheap wine he usually prefers, my dog Clancy ingested about 50 mL of windshield washer fluid (a solution 50% in methanol). Knowing that methanol would be excreted eventually by Clancy’s kidneys if its oxidation could be blocked, and realizing that, in terms of methanol oxidation by ADH, ethanol would act as a competitive inhibitor, I decided to offer Clancy some wine. How much of Clancy’s favorite vintage (12% ethanol) must he consume in order to lower the activity of his ADH on methanol to 5% of its normal value if the Km values of canine ADH for ethanol and methanol are 1 millimolar and 10 millimolar, respectively? (The KI for ethanol in its role as competitive inhibitor of methanol oxidation by ADH is the same as its Km). Both the methanol and ethanol will quickly distribute throughout Clancy’s body fluids, which amount to about 15 L. Assume the densities of 50% methanol and the wine are both 0.9 g/mL.
Answers
Clancy needs to consume approximately 1.48 L of 12% ethanol wine to inhibit methanol oxidation by ADH and prevent toxicity.
To calculate the amount of ethanol required, we use the competitive inhibition equation:
V = \(V_{max}\) × ([S] ÷ (\(K_{m}\)(1 + [I] ÷ \(K_{i}\)) + [S]))
where:
V is the velocity of methanol oxidation
\(V_{max}\) is the maximum velocity of methanol oxidation
[S] is the concentration of methanol (450 mmol)
\(K_{m}\) is the Michaelis-Menten constant for methanol (10 mmol)
[I] is the concentration of ethanol, the competitive inhibitor
\(K_{i}\) is the inhibition constant for ethanol, which is assumed to be equal to \(K_{m}\) for ethanol (1 mmol)
To achieve a V/\(V_{max}\) value of 0.05, we rearrange the equation to solve for [I]:
[I] = (\(V_{max}\) ÷ [S]) × (1 ÷ (0.05) - 1) × (\(K_{m}\) + [S])
[I] = (1 mmol/s) ÷ (450 mmol) × (1 ÷ 0.05 - 1) × (1 mmol + 450 mmol)
[I] = 123 mmol
To convert this value to liters of 12% ethanol wine, we use the equation:
volume = moles ÷ concentration
The number of moles of ethanol required is half the number of moles of [I] since the wine is 12% ethanol by volume:
moles of ethanol = 0.5 x 123 mmol = 61.5 mmol
The concentration of ethanol in wine is
12 ÷ 100 = 0.12
The volume of wine required is:
volume = 61.5 mmol ÷ 0.12 mol/L
volume = 1.48 L
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what do the data suggest about how related Turtles are to humans compared to tuna and chimpanzees
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The data suggest that Turtles are less evolutionary related to humans when compared to chimpanzees and closer compared to tunes since amino acid differences account for the term divergence between species.
What does the term divergence between species mean in evolution?The term divergence between species in evolution makes reference to the difference between species in a given homolog protein sequence and or any other feature derived from a common ancestor. In this case, we can see that the aminoacid differences are higher between humans and tunas, thereby these species are evolutionary distant when compared to chimpanzees and also compared to humans and turtles (mammals and reptiles are evolutionary closer compared to tunas).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the term divergence between species is based on the presence of homologies between individuals due to a common ancestor such as occurring between species.
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the process of photosynthesis probably originated . question 1 options: a) in fungi b) in prokaryotes c) three separate times during evolution d) in plants
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The process of photosynthesis originated : b) in prokaryotes
The process of photosynthesis is likely to be originated in a group of bacteria with enfolded regions of the plasma membrane having clusters of such molecules. Function of membrane is similar to the internal membranes of the chloroplast.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert energy of light into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the activities of other organisms.
In plants, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which has chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and have a third inner membrane called thylakoid membrane that forms long folds within the organelle.
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50POINTS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Describe how energy and matter move through the environment under both aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. Must be at least two paragraphs
Answers
Answer:
Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems. Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration (including anaerobic processes) provide most of the energy for life processes.
Explanation:
how does the flow of water on earth affect the phosphorus cycle
Answers
Answer:
rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals.
Explanation:
Km is a value that tells you the 1/2 maximal velocity of a given enzyme system, True False
Answers
The statement is true. Km (Michaelis constant) is a value that represents the substrate concentration at which an enzyme system achieves half of its maximum velocity (Vmax).
The Michaelis-Menten equation describes the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme activity, and Km is a key parameter in this equation. When the substrate concentration is equal to Km, the enzyme is working at half of its maximum velocity. As the substrate concentration increases above Km, the enzyme reaches higher velocities until it reaches Vmax, the maximum velocity of the reaction. It is a parameter used to characterize the substrate-enzyme interaction and provides information about the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Therefore, the statement that Km is a value that tells you the 1/2 maximal velocity of a given enzyme system is true. Km provides insights into the substrate concentration required for the enzyme to achieve significant activity and is an important kinetic parameter used to study enzyme kinetics and understand enzyme-substrate interactions.
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Mutations within an organism can occur in body cells or reproductive cells. Which type of mutation is seen in a spen
cell but not in a skin cell?
somatic mutation
• missense mutation
• nonsense mutation
• germline mutation
Answers
Answer:
answer is Germline mutation
The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail. Originally, the vast majority of peppered moths had light colouration, which effectively camouflaged them against the light-coloured trees and lichens upon which they rested. However, due to widespread pollution during the Industrial Revolution in England, many of the lichens died out, and the trees which peppered moths rested on became blackened by soot, causing most of the light- coloured moths to die off due to predation. At the same time, the dark-coloured moths flourished because of their ability to hide on the darkened trees. Since then, with improved environmental standards, light-colored peppered moths have again become common, but the dramatic change in the peppered moth's population has remained a subject of much interest and study Which type of selection is illustrated by the peppered moth's during the Industrial Revolution?
Answers
Answer:
Directional selection
Explanation:
The phenotype of individuals and the environment where they live, interact and determines the genes´ destiny in space and time. The result of this interaction and the gene destiny is Natural Selection. Natural selection selects beneficial alleles and increases their frequency in the population.
Among the different types of natural selection, we can find "directional selection".
Directional selection increases in the proportion of individuals with an extreme phenotypic trait, in this case, dark moths color. This selection presents more frequently in those cases in which interactions between living organisms and the environment modify in the same direction.
In the exposed example, the moth population must be adapted to its environment. The coloration is related to survival strategies. In the beginning, they expressed light coloration useful to camouflage and to avoid predators while resting on their lighted-substrate (lichens and light-colored trees). After the severe environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution, the environment changed. This change acted as a selective pressure. Lichens died, and trees became darker. Light moths were exposed and died after predation. Probably at one point of the evolution, the gene for color mutated, and dark-colored moths appeared. By natural selection, the mutation got fixed. This example reflects directional selection because the population turned from light color to dark color.
In the attached files you will find two graphs expressing directional selection.
PLEASE HELP GUYS!!Scientists think an "RNA world" existed on Earth long before DNA evolved.
Why do scientists think that RNA is a likely candidate to have been the first
genetic material?
O A. Some RNA can catalyze reactions.
OB. RNA is less complex than DNA.
OC. The Miller-Urey experiment yielded RNA but no DNA.
OD. Fossilized organisms containing RNA predate those containing
DNA.
Answers
Answer:
(D)
Explanation:
RNA has great capability as a genetic molecule; it once had to carry on hereditary processes on its own. It now seems certain that RNA was the first molecule of heredity, so it evolved all the essential methods for storing and expressing genetic information before DNA came onto the scene.
Answer:
Its B
Explanation:
what is haploid?
explain it
Answers
Answer:
Haploid is the quality of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes. ... Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only their egg and sperm cells are haploid.
Answer:
Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes. Gametes are an example of haploid cells produced as a result of meiosis. Examples of gametes are the male and female reproductive cells, the sperm and egg cell respectively.
Explanation:
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Which protists can reproduce s3xually?
A. volvox and amoeba
B. euglena and amoeba
C. volvox and paramecium
D. euglena and paramecium
NEED THE ANSWER ASAP
Answers
Answer:
amoeba and eulgene is the answer
witch of the following statements regarding enzymes is NOT true
Answers
The statements regarding enzymes that is NOT true is option A. Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier.
Do enzymes affect the kinetics of a reaction?Enzymes, like other catalysts, don't change the substrate-product equilibrium position. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in contrast to chemical reactions that are not catalyzed, exhibit saturation kinetics.
Note that Proteins called enzymes aid in accelerating metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. Some substances are built, while others are deconstructed. Enzymes are a component of all life. Enzymes are produced by our bodies on their own.
Therefore, Instead of raising the kinetic barrier, enzymes lower it (the statement "Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier" is a false statement and is the correct answer choice here). Enzymes lower the activation energy (the claim that "Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation" is accurate and correct), are not consumed in reactions, and have no impact on a reaction's thermodynamics.
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Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is NOT true?
A. Enzymes increase the kinetic barrier.
B. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
C. Enzymes are not used up during reactions.
D. Enzymes do not affect the thermodynamics of a reaction.
A blue whale is louder than any animal around.
Go in search of a thing that also makes a loud sound.
Answers
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
A blue whale is louder than any animal around.
Go in search of a thing that also makes a loud sound.
Well, talking abound animals sounds, what about the roaring of a lion or a tiger. That is loud too, and scary.
If we do not want to refer to an animal sound, we could talk about the sound of the turbines of an airplane. That is loud. Indeed, floor airport operators have to use earplugs or other kinds of protection to avoid ear damage in the workplace.
The sounds of machines in many industries and factories are also very loud.
Why should plastic bags be avoided for collecting and storing biological samples containing DNA?
A. They leach chemicals.
B. They are difficult to store.
C. They are expensive.
D. They retain moisture.
Answers
Answer:
b
because they are difficult to store
2. What forms the various features of the ocean's floor, such as trenches?
Answers
Answer: The ocean floor, the tectonic plates of the world alter it.
Explanation: hope it helped.
Which of the following statements about daughter cells are true? Check all that apply.
Daughter cells do not undergo cell division.
Daughter cells are the same type of cell as the parent cell.
Daughter cells can be a different type of cell than the parent cell.
Proper cell division balances the death of older cells with the creation of new cells.
Answers
Answer: the second and last one
Explanation:
Answer: B and D
Daughter cells are the same type of cell as the parent cell.
Proper cell division balances the death of older cells with the creation of new cells.
What feature of the small intestine greatly expands its surface area, facilitating absorption?.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
There are an estimated 200 million microvilli per square millimeter of small intestine, greatly expanding the surface area of the plasma membrane and thus greatly enhancing absorption.
Answer:
There are an estimated 200 million microvilli per square millimeter of small intestine, greatly expanding the surface area of the plasma membrane and thus greatly enhancing absorption.
Explanation:
HELP PLEASE 20 points
Answers
Answer:
Answer 10
Explanation:
PLS HELP MEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
the amount of amini acids don’t matter. What matters is the sequence of the amino acid which determines the function of a protein.
a 4.00-kg object is moving east at 2.00 m/s when it collides with a 6.00-kg object that is initially at rest. after the collision the larger object moves east at 0.800 m/s.
Answers
After the collision, the smaller object moves east at 0.800 m/s.
The question provides information about a collision between a 4.00-kg object moving east at 2.00 m/s and a 6.00-kg object initially at rest. After the collision, the larger object moves east at 0.800 m/s.
To determine the final velocity of the smaller object, we can use the principle of conservation of momentum. According to this principle, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.
The momentum of an object is given by the product of its mass and velocity.
Before the collision, the total momentum is (4.00 kg) * (2.00 m/s) = 8.00 kg⋅m/s.
After the collision, the larger object moves east at 0.800 m/s.
To find the final velocity of the smaller object, we can subtract the momentum of the larger object from the total momentum and divide by the mass of the smaller object.
The momentum of the larger object is (6.00 kg) * (0.800 m/s) = 4.80 kg⋅m/s.
The momentum of the smaller object can be calculated by subtracting the momentum of the larger object from the total momentum: 8.00 kg⋅m/s - 4.80 kg⋅m/s = 3.20 kg⋅m/s.
Finally, we can find the final velocity of the smaller object by dividing its momentum by its mass: (3.20 kg⋅m/s) / (4.00 kg) = 0.800 m/s.
Therefore, after the collision, the smaller object moves east at 0.800 m/s.
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When two tectonic plates collide to form above ground volcanoes the plates are at a...
Answers
Please help me i don’t want to fail this class
Answers
Answer: 1. Some trends I see in the data is that the wing length for the surviving finches are .257 mm longer than the Non-survivors, the beak depth for the surviving finches are .079 mm shorter than the Non-Survivors, and the leg length is .021 mm shorter than the Non-Survivors.
2. The measurement that seems to vary the most is the wing length. The wing length is a significantly bigger difference than both the beak depths and leg lengths to the survivors and Non-Survivors.
Explanation: Wasn't sure if you wanted me to answer 3 and 4 since they weren't asked to be answered in the other question without the table but there's the answers for 1 and 2. :)
Explain how the 3’ and the 5’ end of the DNA molecule affects DNA replication.
Answers
Answer:
The DNA is read in the 3' to 5' direction but copied in the 5' to 3' direction
The new strand will be like the reverse of the template strand
primitive traits are more recent and derived traits are more ancient. group of answer choices true false
Answers
Primitive traits are more recent and derived traits are more ancient. False. Derived traits are newer.
Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population of organisms passed down from one generation to the next. Changes that cause evolution are caused by several things such as variation, reproduction, and selection.
In the evolution of organisms, there are two types of traits, namely first, derived traits are traits that have just emerged from new ancestors that give rise to new branches. New properties can be obtained from changes in genes due to mutations or gene transfer between populations and between species. These two primitive traits are traits passed down from distant ancestors hundreds of millions of years ago and have simpler body designs and structures. Therefore it can be concluded, the inherited properties are more recent, and the primitive properties are more ancient.
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What does order mean in biology
Answers
Answer:
A taxonomic rank used to classify organisms that is typically lower than the class and consists of families with comparable natures or characteristics.
OAmalOHopeO
The body produces extra white blood cells after it has eliminated an invading organism. What
term is used to describe these "extra" cells?
Answers
1) Currently, which event having the greatest effect on the entire interconnected ocean ecosystem?(1 point)
A tsunami
B hurricane
C plastic pollution **
D oil drilling
2 )) Of the following disturbances, which can only be categorized as extreme (i. E. , could not be considered small or medium in scale)?(1 point)
A hurricane flooding in several cities in Texas
B volcanic eruption in the middle of the ocean
C rapid glacial retreat due to climate change
D wildfire across several counties in California **
Answers
The answer to the given question 1 is option c) plastic pollution and question 2 is option d) wildfire across several counties in California
Plastic toxicity The buildup of plastic objects and particles in the environment that negatively impacts people, wildlife, and their habitat is known as plastic pollution. Depending on its size, plastic garbage is separated into micro, meso, and macro trash. An unplanned, uncontrolled, and unpredictable fire in an area of flammable vegetation is known by several names, including wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire, and rural fire. A wildfire may be more precisely referred to as a bushfire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire, depending on the type of vegetation that is present. Several natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire. Wildfires are separate from managed burning, which is a good human use of wildland fire, even though controlled burns have the potential to turn into wildfires.
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The answer to the given question 1 is option c) plastic pollution and question 2 is option d) wildfire across several counties in California Plastic toxicity The buildup of plastic.
wildfire objects and particles in the environment that negatively impacts people, wildlife, and their habitat is known as plastic pollution. Depending on its size, plastic garbage is separated into micro, meso, and macro trash. An unplanned, uncontrolled, and unpredictable fire in an area of flammable vegetation is known by several names, including wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire, and rural fire. A wildfire may be more precisely referred to as a bushfire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire, depending on the type of vegetation that is present. Several natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire. Wildfires are separate from managed burning, which is a good human use of wildland fire, even though controlled burns have the potential to turn into wildfires.
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Draw a Punnett square to represent the cross of two pea plants each hetrozygous for tallness(Tt). Use the Punnett square to identify the probability of an offspring that is short.
Answers
Answer:
25% of the offspring will be short, tt.
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached file
in what ways are macconkey agar, eosin methylene blue agar, and mannitol salt agar selective?
Answers
Gram-negative bacteria are selectively grown on MacConkey agar, gram-negative enteric bacteria are grown on eosin methylene blue agar, and Staphylococcus species are grown on mannitol salt agar.
Eosin methylene blue agar is selective in what ways?For gram-negative bacteria, EMB agar is selective. The medium contains the dye methylene blue, which prevents the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Little quantities of this dye successfully prevent the growth of the majority of gram-positive bacteria.
What distinguishes MacConkey and mannitol salt as selective and differential?Furthermore differential and selective, mannitol salt has both. Only bacteria that love salt can grow in this medium (so it is selective). Moreover, MSA will change from its initial pink colour to a vivid, neon yellow when bacteria that can ferment the sugar alcohol mannitol grow on it.
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Which conclusion should the student make from the information in the table?
Answers
From the above information, we conclude that in all the water samples number of the plant-like organisms is more than the number of animal-like organisms. When the number of nutrients in water increases the algae covers the whole area and this process is known as eutrophication.
What is eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the process in which the whole area of the water is covered by algae or phytoplankton due to the presence of nutrients in excessive amounts.
The gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem is termed eutrophication.
As we see in the given data that the number of plant organisms in all the water samples is more than that of animal-like organisms, we conclude that the process of eutrophication takes place there.
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