It is important to understand that integral equations also arise from problems in differential equations. (a) For example, write the initial value problem dx = f(t, x), x(to) = xo dt as an integral equation and indicate what kind of equation it is. (b) Show that an initial value problem d²x dt² = f(t, x), x(to) = xo, x'(to) = x₁ involving a second order differential equation can be transformed into a Volterra integral equation

Answers

Answer 1

The Volterra integral equation:

x(t) - xo = ∫[to, t] y(s) ds

y(t) - x₁ = ∫[to, t] f(s, x(s)) ds

(a) To write the initial value problem dx = f(t, x), x(to) = xo dt as an integral equation, we can use the integral representation of the solution.

Let's consider the integral equation:

x(t) = xo + ∫[to, t] f(s, x(s)) ds

This integral equation is of the Volterra type, as it involves a definite integral and depends on the function x(s) evaluated over the interval [to, t].

(b) To transform the second-order initial value problem d²x/dt² = f(t, x), x(to) = xo, x'(to) = x₁ into a Volterra integral equation, we can introduce a new variable, y(t), defined as the derivative of x(t):

y(t) = dx/dt

Now, we can rewrite the second-order differential equation as a system of first-order differential equations:

dx/dt = y(t)

dy/dt = f(t, x)

To represent this system as an integral equation, we'll integrate both equations from to to t.

This yields:

x(t) - xo = ∫[to, t] y(s) ds

y(t) - x₁ = ∫[to, t] f(s, x(s)) ds

Combining these two equations, we obtain the Volterra integral equation:

x(t) - xo = ∫[to, t] y(s) ds

y(t) - x₁ = ∫[to, t] f(s, x(s)) ds

This integral equation is also of the Volterra type, involving definite integrals and depending on the functions x(s) and y(s) evaluated over the interval [to, t].

Learn more about Volterra integral equation click;

https://brainly.com/question/32259957

#SPJ1


Related Questions

Use Newton's method to approximate the zero of the function f(x)=x^3-4x+33 to five decimal places. Round any intermediate calculations, if needed, to no less
than six decimal places, and round your final answer to five decimal places.

Answers

The answer for this is f(c) x^3-4x+33

An arithmetic sequence has a 2nd term equal to 7 and 8th term equal to -23.
Find the term of the sequence that has value -183.

An arithmetic sequence has a 2nd term equal to 7 and 8th term equal to -23.Find the term of the sequence

Answers

The 40th term of the arithmetic sequence (a) will be -183 and the 60th term of the arithmetic sequence (b) will be 242

What is an arithmetic sequence?

An arithmetic sequence in algebra is a sequence of numbers where the difference between every two consecutive terms is the same.

a) Given that, an arithmetic sequence has a 2nd term equal to 7 and 8th term equal to -23, we need to find the term of the sequence that has value -183.

We know that,

aₙ = a+(n-1)d

Where, aₙ = nth term, d = common difference, a = first term and n = number of terms.

Therefore,

7 = a+(2-1)d

7 = a+d

a = 7-d....(i)

Similarly,

-23 = a+(8-1)d

-23 = a+7d

a = -7d-23....(ii)

Equating the RHS of the equations,

7-d = -7d-23

30 = -6d

d = -5

Put d = -6 in eq(i)

a = 7-(-5) = 12

Now,

-183 = 12+(n-1)(-5)

-183 = 12-5n+5

-183-17 = -5n

n = 40

Therefore, 40th term will be -183

b) Given that, an arithmetic sequence has a 6th term equal to 26 and 9th term equal to 38, we need to find the 60th term

We know that,

aₙ = a+(n-1)d

Where, aₙ = nth term, d = common difference, a = first term and n = number of terms.

26 = a+5d

a = 26-5d...(i)

38 = a+8d

a = 38-8d....(ii)

Equating the RHS of the equations,

26-5d = 38-8d

3d = 12

d = 4

Put d = 4 in eq(i)

a = 26-5(4)

a = 6

Therefore,

a₆₀ = 6+(60-1)(4)

= 242

Hence, the 40th term of the arithmetic sequence (a) will be -183 and the 60th term of the arithmetic sequence (b) will be 242

Learn more about arithmetic sequence, click;

https://brainly.com/question/15412619

#SPJ9

How much greater is the surface area of the rectangular prism than the surface area of the cube.

Answers

The surface area of the rectangular prism is 18 sq cm greater than the surface area of the cube.

Here, we are given a rectangular prism and a cube as shown in the figure below.

The three sides of the prism are- 2, 3 and 6

Thus, the total surface area of the cube will be-

2 [(2*3) + (3*6) + (6*2)]

= 2[6 + 18 + 12]

= 2*36

= 72 cm square

Now, the side of the cube is 3 cm

Thus, the total surface area of the cube will be-

6( 3*3 )

= 6*9

= 54 cm square

Thus, the difference between the surface area of prism and cube is = 72 - 54

= 18 cm square.

Thus, the surface area of the rectangular prism is 18 sq cm greater than the surface area of the cube.

Learn more about surface areas here-

https://brainly.com/question/16519513

#SPJ4

Your question was incomplete. Check for the missing figure below.

How much greater is the surface area of the rectangular prism than the surface area of the cube.

I need the answer

Hshehxhehdbkfnehhshdbfjwisbfhfjejajfh

I need the answer Hshehxhehdbkfnehhshdbfjwisbfhfjejajfh

Answers

Answer:

c

Step-by-step explanation:

what is the answer in 6 - (-7)

Answers

Answer:

13

Step-by-step explanation:

Answer: 42

When there’s a negative in front of parenthesis, it means there is a negative 1 (-1). For example: this would be 6 (-1)(-7). -1 x -7 is positive 7. 6x7 is 42.

pentagon has five sides as shown in the figure. The perimeter can be expressed as 5+5+2x+x+2x

pentagon has five sides as shown in the figure. The perimeter can be expressed as 5+5+2x+x+2x

Answers

Answer:

5+5=10+2x+x+2x=10+5x

pleaseee this is due soon and I can’t solve ittt

 pleaseee this is due soon and I cant solve ittt

Answers

Answer:since <BAD ≅ <DCB

<B≅<D

<A≅<C

<D≅<B

∴ AB≅CD

HOPE THIS WAS HELPFUL

Which description represents the image below.

Which description represents the image below.

Answers

Answer:

d

Step-by-step explanation:

the correct answer is d

What is the midpoint of the segment shown below?

What is the midpoint of the segment shown below?

Answers

Step-by-step explanation:

simply take the average of the x and y coordinates

What is the midpoint of the segment shown below?

Help quick

The nutrition facts label on a box of crackers shows that there are 240 milligrams of sodium in every 36 crackers.

You eat 15 crackers. How much sodium do you consume?

Answers

Answer:

3600

Step-by-step explanation:

Last week, 188 students went to a museum. All 4 buses were full and 8 students had to ride in cars. How many students rode on each bus?

Answers

Answer: 45

Step-by-step explanation:

45
Explanation
188-8
180/4
45

If Jimmy's age is one year less than the sum of his ages of his siblings serena and tyler. which equation represents Jimmy's age?

Answers

Jimmy's age = (serena age + tyler age) - 1

If Jimmy's age is one year less than the sum of his ages of his siblings serena and tyler. which equation
If Jimmy's age is one year less than the sum of his ages of his siblings serena and tyler. which equation

What type of sample produces valid results?

A. Biased
B. Convenience
C. Voluntary Response
D. Systematic Random

Answers

I would say D the other answers seem wrong

0 points possible (ungraded) The 1-year risk-free interest rate of investments in US dollars is rUSD​=1.91%. The 1-year risk-free interest rate of investments in Canadian dollars is rCAD​=3.79%. The current (spot) exchange rate between the two currencies is 1.49: the price of 1 USD is 1.49 CAD. The 1-year forward price of 1 USD is 1.41 CAD. You can trade in 1-year risk-free discount bonds denominated in both US and Canadian dollars, in the forward contract to buy 1 USD 1 year from now, and in the spot foreign exchange market, where you can buy and sell USD. Consider the following strategy: 1. Borrow x USD at 1.91% today, which means that the total loan repayment obligation after a year would be (1+1.91%)x USD. 2. Convert y USD into CAD at the spot rate of 1.49. 3. Lock in the 3.79% rate on the deposit amount of 1.49y CAD, and simultaneously enter into a forward contract that converts the full maturity amount of the deposit into USD at the one-year forward rate of USD =1.41 CAD. 4. After one year, settle the forward contract at the contracted rate of 1.41. Suppose the above arbitrage strategy generates 100 USD today and nothing otherwise. Solve for x and y values. (a) 0.0/2.0 points (graded) (a) x= US dollars Save You have used 0 of 2 attempts (b) 0.0/2.0 points (graded) (b) y= US dollars

Answers

The solution to the given problem is given by

(a) x = 202.2921 USD

(b) y = 95.8132 USD

To solve for the values of x and y in the given arbitrage strategy, let's analyze each step:

1. Borrow x USD at 1.91% today, with a total loan repayment obligation after one year of (1+1.91%)x USD.

2. Convert y USD into CAD at the spot rate of 1.49. This gives us an amount of y * 1.49 CAD.

3. Lock in the 3.79% rate on the deposit amount of 1.49y CAD. After one year, the deposit will grow to \((1+3.79\%) * (1.49y) CAD.\)

4. Simultaneously, enter into a forward contract that converts the full maturity amount of the deposit into USD at the one-year forward rate of USD = 1.41 CAD.

The strategy generates 100 USD today and nothing otherwise. We can set up an equation based on the arbitrage condition:

\((1+1.91\%)x - (1+3.79\%) * (1.49y) * (1/1.41) = 100\ USD\)

Simplifying the equation, we have:

\((1.0191)x - 1.0379 * (1.49y) * (1/1.41) = 100\)

Now we can solve for x and y by rearranging the equation:

\(x = (100 + 1.0379 * (1.49y) * (1/1.41)) / 1.0191\)

Simplifying further:

\(x = 99.0326 + 1.0379 * (1.0574y)\)

From the equation, we can see that x is dependent on y. Therefore, we cannot determine the exact value of x without knowing the value of y.

To find the value of y, we need to set up another equation. The total amount in CAD after one year is given by:

\((1+3.79\%) * (1.49y) CAD\)

Setting this equal to 100 USD (the initial investment):

\((1+3.79\%) * (1.49y) * (1/1.41) = 100\)

Simplifying:

\((1.0379) * (1.49y) * (1/1.41) = 100\)

Solving for y:

\(y = 100 * (1.41/1.49) / (1.0379 * 1.49)\\\\y = 100 * 1.41 / (1.0379 * 1.49)\)

\(y = 95.8132\ USD\)

Therefore, the values are:

(a) \(x = 99.0326 + 1.0379 * (1.0574 * 95.8132) ≈ 99.0326 + 103.2595 ≈ 202.2921\ USD\)

(b) \(y = 95.8132\ USD\)

To know more about solution, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/12974354

#SPJ4

whats the area of this square help me, please

whats the area of this square help me, please

Answers

Answer:

The area is 36m^2

Step-by-step explanation:

6×6=36

Answer:

6 x 6 = 12

Step-by-step explanation:

area is length x width and all sides on a square are congruent ( so all of the sides are 6)

How many tons are equal to 36,000 pounds?
O 1,800 tons
O 180 tons
O 18 tons
08 tons

Answers

The answer is 18 tons.

Translate the sentence then solve the question

Translate the sentence then solve the question

Answers

Step-by-step explanation:

"The difference of twice of a # and 10 is  = to 12

We're gonna do this like statement reason because I don't want to write a paragraph lol

2x-10=12             Given

2x=24                 Simplify (+10 to each side cancels on left, adds on the right)

x=12                    Simplify (divide by 2)

Yay!

Also if you have 2 chances maybe try -1? but I think 12 is right

Solve the compound inequality: 4 < 3x – 1 < 20​

Answers

Answer:

x = (5/3 , 7)

Step-by-step explanation:

The cost of a loan for $600 over 2 years is $120.00. What was the rate on the loan?

Answers

Answer:

your annual interest rate will be 5%.

Step-by-step explanation:

brainliest please?

It was 120 dollars over the span of 2 years, so we divide 120 by 2.

120/2=60

So the loan costed $60 per year

---

hope it helps

The price of a packet of lamb chops with a mass of 250 grams is R24 ,how much will 800 grams of lamb chops cost ​

Answers

Answer:

76.8

Step-by-step explanation:

Im assuming that R24 stands for 24 rupees

We can set up a fraction:

\(\frac{24}{250} = \frac{x}{800}\)

Now cross multiply:

\(19200 = 250x\)

Solve for x:

\(x = 76.8\)

Andre says that 4x + 7 + 6x + (-1) and 15x + 5 + 1 - 5x are equivalent because they both equal 10x + 6.

Do you agree with Andre?

a) No

b) Yes

Answers

Answer:

Yes

Step-by-step explanation:

I know that is right.

Suppose that f(x,y)=x^2−xy+y^2−4x+4y with D={(x,y)∣0≤y≤x≤4}.
The critical point of f(x,y) restricted to the boundary of D, not at a corner point, is at (a,b).
Then a= _____
and b= _____
Absolute minimum of f(x,y) is_____
and the absolute maximum is_____

Answers

A corner point, is at (a,b).Then a=band b=a. The absolute minimum of f(x, y) within D is 0,The absolute maximum is 16.

To find the critical point of f(x, y)  to the boundary of D, to consider the boundary curve of D. In this case, the boundary curve is given by the line y = x, where 0 ≤ y ≤ x ≤ 4.

First,  the function f(x, y) in terms of a single variable, either x or y. Let's express it in terms of y:

f(x, y) = x²2 - xy + y²2 - 4x + 4y

Substituting y = x, we have:

f(x, x) = x²2 - x²2 + x²2 - 4x + 4x

= x²2

Now,  to find the critical points of f(x, x) = x²2 within the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. To find the critical points,  differentiate f(x, x) with respect to x and set it equal to zero:

f'(x) = 2x = 0

Solving 2x = 0,  find x = 0. This critical point occurs at the corner point (0, 0), which is not on the boundary curve y = x.

Since there are no critical points of f(x, y) restricted to the boundary curve y = x that are not at a corner point, that there are no critical points (a, b) within the given conditions.

The absolute minimum and maximum of f(x, y) within the region D, to consider the function values at the corners of D.

The corners of D are (0, 0), (4, 0), and (4, 4). Evaluating f(x, y) at these points:

f(0, 0) = 0²2 - 0 × 0 + 0²2 - 4 × 0 + 4 × 0 = 0

f(4, 0) = 4²2 - 4 × 0 + 0²2 - 4 × 4 + 4 ×0 = 0

f(4, 4) = 4²2 - 4 × 4 + 4²2 - 4 ×4 + 4 × 4 = 16

To know more about critical point here

https://brainly.com/question/31017064

#SPJ4

This is an example of an Undamped Forced Oscillation where the phenomenon of Beats Occurs.
Find the solution of the initial value problem:
x ′′ +33.64x=4cos(6t), x(0)=x ′ (0)=0
x(t)=

Answers

The solution of the given initial value problem, x'' + 33.64x = 4cos(6t), with x(0) = x'(0) = 0, can be expressed as a sum of the homogeneous solution and the particular solution.

To find the solution, we start by solving the homogeneous equation, x'' + 33.64x = 0. The characteristic equation associated with this homogeneous equation is \(r^2 + 33.64 = 0\), which yields the roots

r = ±i√33.64. Thus, the homogeneous solution can be expressed as

x_h(t) = A*cos(√33.64*t) + B*sin(√33.64*t),

where A and B are constants determined by the initial conditions.

Next, we need to find the particular solution for the forced oscillation. Since the right-hand side of the equation is of the form Acos(ωt), where ω = 6, we assume a particular solution of the form x_p(t) = C*cos(ω*t + φ), where C and φ are constants to be determined. Taking the derivatives, we have x_p''(t) = -ω^2*C*cos(ω*t + φ) and x_p'(t) = -ω*C*sin(ω*t + φ). Substituting these into the original equation, we obtain -ω^2*C*cos(ω*t + φ) + 33.64*C*cos(ω*t + φ) = 4*cos(ω*t).

To satisfy this equation, the coefficient of the cosine term must be 4, while the coefficient of the sine term must be zero. This gives us two equations: -ω^2*C + 33.64*C = 4 and -ω*C = 0. Solving these equations, we find C = 4/(33.64 - ω^2) and φ = 0. Therefore, the particular solution is x_p(t) = (4/(33.64 - ω^2))*cos(ω*t).

Finally, we combine the homogeneous solution and the particular solution to obtain the complete solution:

x(t) = x_h(t) + x_p(t) = A*cos(√33.64*t) + B*sin(√33.64*t) + (4/(33.64 - ω^2))*cos(ω*t).

By substituting the initial conditions x(0) = x'(0) = 0 into this equation, we can determine the values of A and B. With the obtained values, the final solution for the initial value problem can be expressed in terms of the given constants and the trigonometric functions involved.

Learn more about trigonometric functions here: https://brainly.com/question/25618616

#SPJ11

hey, this is the last thing I'm asking help with today.thank you

hey, this is the last thing I'm asking help with today.thank you

Answers

Answer:

A

Step-by-step explanation:

the middle angle has to be equal to make the entire angle equal

Meredith is 160 cm tall. Jane’s height is 90% of Meredith’s height. How tall is jane?

Answers

144cm

What is 90% of 160
9/10 times x/160
Cross multiply: 10x= 1440
Divide by 10 x=144

2/3x+5=7/3
How do you solve this!

Answers

You want to start by subtracting 5 from both sides to get 2/3x=-8/3 then cross multiply to get whole numbers which is 6=-24x then your gonna want to isolate the variable so divide both sides by -24 to get 6/-24=x then you can simplify to x=-1/4
2/3x+5=7/3 How do you solve this!

Six friends decide to split the check at a restaurant evenly.
If the total cost of dinner was $108.53, how much money should each person pay if they want to include an 18% tip?

Answers

Answer:

I think the answer would be $21

Step-by-step explanation:

On a calculator you type 108.53 then divide it by six and add 18%.

Work out the area of this circle.
Give your answer in terms of it and state its units.
6 mm

Work out the area of this circle.Give your answer in terms of it and state its units.6 mm

Answers

Answer:

113.142 mm

Step-by-step explanation:

Easy.

Formula:

pi x radius x radius

Solution: 3.141592654 or 22/7 for pi

22/7 x 6 x 6 = 113.142 mm

apply the method of undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution to the following system. x' = 7x-10y + 12 y' = 2x-5y-4e^-3t

Answers

According to the question the method of undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution is The particular solution to the given system is

\(\(x_p = -2 e^{kt}\)\) , \(\(y_p = e^{kt}\)\).

To apply the method of undetermined coefficients, we assume a particular solution of the form:

\(\(x_p = A e^{kt}\)\\\(y_p = B e^{kt}\)\)

where \(\(A\) and \(B\)\) are undetermined coefficients to be determined and \(\(k\)\) is a constant.

Differentiating the assumed forms of \(\(x_p\) and \(y_p\):\)

\(\(x'_p = Ak e^{kt}\)\\\(y'_p = Bk e^{kt}\)\)

Substituting these into the given system of equations:

\(\(Ak e^{kt} = 7(A e^{kt}) - 10(B e^{kt}) + 12\)\\\(Bk e^{kt} = 2(A e^{kt}) - 5(B e^{kt}) - 4e^{-3t}\)\)

Simplifying the equations:

\(\((Ak - 7A + 10B) e^{kt} = 12\)\)

\(\((Ak - 2A + 5B) e^{kt} = -4e^{-3t}\)\)

Since these equations must hold for all \(\(t\)\), the coefficients multiplying \(\(e^{kt}\)\) must be equal to 0:

\(\(Ak - 7A + 10B = 12\)\)

\(\(Ak - 2A + 5B = 0\)\)

Solving these equations for \(\(A\) and \(B\):\)

\(\(A = -2\)\)

\(\(B = 1\)\)

Therefore, the particular solution to the given system is \(\(x_p = -2 e^{kt}\)\) , \(\(y_p = e^{kt}\)\).

To know more about coefficients visit -

brainly.com/question/32609338

#SPJ11

during a 2-month trial period, a company institutes an exercise break for its workers to see if this will improve their sense of well-being. a random sample of 55 workers are randomly chosen: during the first month they don't take any exercise breaks; during the second month they take two exercise breaks during their work day. (a) which type of hypothesis test should be conducted?

Answers

The hypothesis test to conduct in this situation is a two-sample test for

means, specifically a paired-sample t-test.

This is because the same group of workers is being tested twice, under

two different conditions: without exercise breaks and with exercise breaks.

The two sets of data are dependent because they are coming from the

same group of individuals, and the goal is to determine if there is a

statistically significant difference in their well-being between the two

conditions.

A paired-sample t-test is appropriate because it can compare the means of

two related samples, and it takes into account the correlation between the

data points in each sample.

for such more question on hypothesis test

https://brainly.com/question/24029881

#SPJ11

Other Questions
You will write your own monologue. view the grading rubric as you complete your assignment. this is your guide to a super submission. in your monologue, you will respond to one of the following: you are a friend of hermia's and you have just heard of her plan to run away with lysander. what advice or warning do you give to her? you are friend of demetrius, who has just been rejected by hermia. what advice do you offer demetrius who is distraught over hermia's lack of love for him? write it in modern language or in the style of shakespeare. length requirements: your monologue should be 10 or more lines. save your work to your computer or drive. submit your work in segment 2 advanced 03 what's in a play? The regions with the clusters of 2/3 of the world's population are mainly located in what hemisphere?Question 2 options:a) Northernb) Westernc) Easternd) Southern How doe the goverment isr fisa polich to maintain a stable economy Is that correct?? I NEED HELP ASAP Unit 7: Right Triangles and Trigonometry Homework 2: Special Right Triangles in what ways do humans modify and adapt to their environment A pattern of blue and green beads will be used to make a bracelet. Blue beads are b = 0.5 cm long abd green beads are g = 0.8 cm long. Calculate the length of the basic bead pattern define the concept "risky behavior" and explain two factors why is it important for youths to investigate amd be knowledgeable for it giving your undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his or her message is an example of: How is this excerpt important to the poem as a whole? it provides readers with information about the conflict in the poem. it shows readers how the characters feel, think, and behave. it shows readers how the speaker feels about the other boys. it gives readers information about the setting, characters, and situation. Molly and Tess like to shop at the mall. Molly has $280 in her bank account andspends $40 on every trip to the mall. Tess has $170 in her account and spends half as much asMolly during each trip. How many trips to the mall will it take for Molly and Tess to have thesame amount of money in their accounts? suzette went to the store and bought some eye liner for $2.50. two weeks later, the price of the eyeliner was increased by 50%. what was the new price of the eyeliner Should a country protect its own pharmaceutical industry? When real GDP increases what happens to unemployment? Question 2 A cuboid made from metal plates with the dimensions x, 3x and y cm has a surface area 450 cm? a) Find the volume of the cuboid as a function of x. b) Given that x can change, find a maximum 4 hundreds 6 hundredths - 3 hundredthshelp 2 trifles cost 7how much do 6 trifles cost For the following four scenarios, indicate whether star A is more luminous, star B is more luminous, or you can't tell.Star A and B are the same size, but star A is red while star B is blue.a.Star Ab.Star Bc.Can't tellQUESTION 3Star A and B are the same color, but star A is larger than star B.a.Star Ab.Star Bc.Can't tellQUESTION 4Star A is larger than star B, and star A is blue while star B is red.a.Star Ab.Star Bc.Can't tellQUESTION 5Star A is larger than star B, and star A is red while star B is blue.a.Star Ab.Star Bc.Can't tellQUESTION 6If you could sample all of the stars in our Galaxy (which is simply a collection of stars, gas & dust which are all gravitationally bound to a common center of mass), which set (nearest or brightest) do you think would best represent the relative distribution of stars in that sample? TRUE / FALSE. one spelling strategy is when letters not normally pronounced are pronounced for the purposes of remembering an unpredictable spelling: sword. PLEASE HELP!!!The club will base its decision about whether to increase the budget for the indoor rock climbing facility onthe analysis of its usage. The decision to increase the budget will depend on whether members are usingthe indoor facility at least two times a week. Use the best measure of center for both of the original datasets to determine whether the club should increase the budget. Assume there are four weeks in a month.If you think the data is inconclusive, explain why.