The rule that determines whether a taxpayer must include in income a refund of an amount deducted in a previous year is the "tax benefit rule."
Under the tax benefit rule, if a taxpayer receives a refund of an amount that was previously deducted on their tax return and the deduction provided a tax benefit in the prior year, then the refund must be included in the taxpayer's income in the year it is received. This is because the taxpayer received a tax benefit from the deduction in the previous year, so it is considered income when the refund is received.
The purpose of the tax benefit rule is to prevent double tax benefits. If a taxpayer were allowed to deduct an expense in one year and then exclude the corresponding refund in a later year, they would effectively receive a tax benefit twice for the same expense.
To determine whether the tax benefit rule applies, the taxpayer should consider whether the deduction reduced their tax liability in the prior year. If it did, then any subsequent refund of that amount must be included in their income in the year it is received.
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The technology S-curves points to:
Forever increasing returns with technology adoption
Diminishing returns at some point of technology adoption
Forever decreasing returns with technology adoption
The shock events that change the technology used in an industry
The technology S-curves point to the fact that there are initially low returns when a new technology is adopted, followed by a period of rapid growth and increasing returns as adoption becomes more widespread.
However, there eventually comes a point where the returns begin to diminish as the technology matures and reaches its peak potential. This does not necessarily mean that there will be forever decreasing returns with technology adoption, as new technologies can emerge and replace older ones, leading to another S-curve of growth and adoption. Shock events, such as major disruptions or breakthroughs, can also change the technology used in an industry and potentially accelerate the adoption of a new S-curve.
Hi! The technology S-curves point to diminishing returns at some point of technology adoption. In the context of S-curves, as technology adoption increases, there is initially rapid growth and improvement, but over time, this growth slows down, leading to diminishing returns. Eventually, a new technology may emerge, starting a new S-curve and potentially changing the technology used in an industry.
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Which of the following is not an effective strategy for verbal communication?
A) Repeat facts back to the other person.
B) Speak in a respectful tone of voice.
C) Avoid slang or unfamiliar jargon.
D) Choose your vocal tone and pitch carefully.
Answer: A)
Explanation: Its not a effective strategy because if you repeat the acts the other peron will get tired of hearing you and it can turn into a boring conversation.
the sources of product differentiation do not include: group of answer choices the perception by consumers that products are different, even if they are physically identical. consumers' value in uniformity. differences in location. differences in quality.
The sources of product differentiation do not include consumers' value in uniformity.
What are examples of uniformity?
Uniformity is defined as the state or characteristic of being even, normal, equal or similar. An example of uniformity is a dance troupe dressing exactly alike. An example of uniformity is two entrées made from the same recipe looking and tasting the same.
Is uniformity good or bad?
If things don't change, you can say there is uniformity. Uniformity can be a good or a bad thing. A uniformity in TV shows would be boring. On the other hand, you would like to see uniformity among the standards of medical schools, so you know all doctors are qualified.
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two different companies of approximately similar financial strength and with similar management teams both have 30-year bonds that trade in active secondary markets. nile company is located in a country with relatively small increases in overall price levels; its bonds have a 4% return. amazon company is located in a country with relatively large increases in overall price levels each year; its bonds have a 14% return. what is the difference in the interest rate between nile company's bonds and amazon company's bonds called?
The answer is Inflation premium, The difference between the bonds of the Nile Company and the Amazon Company would be inflation premium because both have 30-year bonds which they have traded in the active secondary market.
What is an easy way to define inflation?The pace of price growth over a specific time period is referred to as inflation. Inflation is frequently measured broadly, such as the general rise in prices or the rise in the cost of living in a nation.
What are the primary three reasons for inflation?Inflation has three basic causes: demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and inherent inflation. When there isn't enough supply of goods or services to meet demand, prices for those goods and services rise as a result, which is known as demand-pull inflation.
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Question 1 of 10 If you make a plan to get a certain amount of a project done each day, what skill have you demonstrated? A. Time management B. Punctuality O C. Moral standards D. Integrity
Answer: A
Explanation: not sure, but i think its correct
A business analyzes what competitors are charging for products.
When a business analyzes what the competitors are charging for their products, it is known as the process of marketing info management.
What is the significance of business competitors?A business competitor can be referred to or considered as an organization that deals in the same product that is offered for sale by other enterprises in the same market.
It is important for a business to keep an eye on the acts of its competitors, as it helps them in keeping themselves updated with marketing info management.
Therefore, the significance regarding the business competitors has been aforementioned.
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding operating costs:
They are fixed expenses.
They are not directly related to production.
They occur once or twice a year.
Only some businesses have them.
Answer:
They are not directly related to production.
Explanation:
Operating expenses are the costs incurred in running the affairs of a business on a day-to-day basis. They refer to the expenses associated with the maintenance and administration of a business. Operating expenses are also operational costs and include rent, machinery, payroll services, utilities, uniforms, and office supplies. operating cost also covers overhead expenses as well as the cost of goods sold
Spanner company is a retailer that uses the periodic inventory system. on march 1, it had 100 units of product m at a cost of $1590. On march 6 spanner purchased 200 units of m for $3600. on march 10 it purchased 125 units of m for $3000. on march 15 it sold 200 units of m for $6000. calculate the march cost of goods sold and ending inventory at march 31 using (A) first in-first out (B) last in first out and (C) the weighted-average cost method. round your final answer to the nearest dollar.
(A) First-in, first-out (FIFO) Method:
COGS = (100 units x $15.90) + (100 units x $18.00) + (100 units x $24.00) = $4,290
Ending Inventory = (125 units x $24.00) + (200 units x $18.00) = $6,150
(B) Last-in, first-out (LIFO) Method:
COGS = (200 units x $24.00) + (100 units x $18.00) + (100 units x $15.90) = $6,030
Ending Inventory = (125 units x $24.00) + (100 units x $15.90) = $3,962.50 (rounded to $3,963)
(C) Weighted-average cost method:
COGS = 200 units x $19.30 + 100 units x $15.90 + 100 units x $24.00 = $4,860
Ending Inventory = 125 units x $19.30 = $2,412.50 (rounded to $2,413)
What is Cost of Good Sold?The direct costs of producing or acquiring the goods that a company sells to its customers over a given time frame are referred to as the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in accounting. It includes the costs of the goods' materials, labor, and overhead.
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Which nation in the region has made huge investments in the development of deep-water wells to extract fossil water
all of these are considered key factors in underwriting life insurance except
All of the options listed—Tobacco use, Health history, Age, and Marital status—are considered key factors in underwriting life insurance, except for Marital status (option D).
Marital status is generally not considered a significant factor in underwriting life insurance. The underwriting process assesses various risk factors to determine the insurability and premium rates for an individual. Tobacco use is an important consideration because it is associated with health risks and potential complications. Health history provides insights into pre-existing medical conditions, which can affect mortality risk.
Age is a crucial factor as life insurance premiums typically increase with age due to higher mortality rates. However, marital status does not directly impact life insurance underwriting. It is worth noting that some types of life insurance policies, such as joint life insurance or policies with a spousal benefit, may consider marital status for specific purposes. However, in general, marital status is not a primary underwriting factor for individual life insurance coverage.
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The Complete question is
All of these are considered key factors in underwriting life insurance EXCEPT A) Tobacco use. B) Health history. C) Age D) Marital status. D) Martial status.
United pigpen is considering a proposal to manufacture high-protein hog feed. The project would require use of an existing warehouse, which is currently rented out to a neighboring firm. The next year’s rental charge on the warehouse is $100,000, and thereafter, the rent is expected to grow in line with inflation at 4% a year. In addition to using the warehouse, the proposal envisages an investment in plant and equipment of $1. 2 million. This could be depreciated for tax purposes straight-line over 10 years. However, pigpen expects to terminate the project at the end of 8 years and to resell the plant and equipment in year 8 for $400,000. Finally, the project requires an immediate investment in working capital of $350,000. Thereafter, working capital is forecasted to be 10% of sales in each of years 1 through 7. Working capital will be run down to zero in year 8 when the project shuts down. Year 1 sales of hog feed are expected to be $4. 2 million, and thereafter, sales are forecasted to grow by 5% a year, slightly faster than the inflation rate. Manufacturing costs are expected to be 90% of sales, and profits are subject to tax at 25%. The cost of capital is 12%. What is the npv of pigpen’s project?.
$686,544.07 is Pigpen's PV. The needed discounting rate is used to compute present value by discounting future cash flows.
What is present value?The needed discounting rate is used to compute present value by discounting future cash flows. The present value of future cash flows will be low if the discounting rate is higher.
In order to get a tax credit or liability, we shall compute book value.
The total of the depreciation from years 1 through 6 is the accumulated depreciation, which is the first calculation we make.
$171,480 + $293,880 + $209,880 + $149,880 + $107,160 + $107,160 = $1,039,440
We can compute book value after calculating accumulated depreciation.
Investment cost minus accumulated depreciation is the book value.
$1,200,000 - $ 1,039,440 = $ 160,560
We estimated the plant's resale value at a profit.
Profit on sales = Plant Book Value - Resale Price
$400,000 - $ 160,560 = $239,440
There will be tax owed, according to the anticipated profit from the plant's sale. The tax is calculated as follows.
$239,440 * 35 % = $83,804
The net sum that will be earned from the sale of the plant is
Revenue from Resale - Tax Owed
$239,440 - $83,804 = $155,636
Cash flow for the first year
10% of revenues plus the initial outlay for working capital
$350,000 + 10 %
*4,2000,000
$350,000 +$420,000 = $770,000
$686,544.07 is Pigpen's PV.
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write the short note on durable and non durable materials
What is NOT an advantage of being an entrepreneur?
Answer: Disadvantages include a lack of guarantee of success and the heightened responsibility of owning a business
Answer:
The advantages of entrepreneurship include the ability to shape one's own business, control of one's own working habits, and significant stock in the venture. Disadvantages include a lack of guarantee of success and the heightened responsibility of owning a business.
Explanation:
A record of income and expenditures for a given period of time is called a/an:
Interest
Budget
Credit
Investment
A record of income and expenditures for a given period of time is called a BUDGET.
Which accounting concept is used in each of the following accounting treatment?
The cost of a tape dispenser has been charged to an expense account, although in fact it could still be in use in ten years’ time.
A sole proprietor has sold his private house, but has not recorded anything about it in the business records.
A debt has been written off as a bad debt even though there is still a chance that the debtor eventually may be able to pay it.
A machine has been bought for an exceedingly low figure,and it has been entered in the asset account at that figure even though it is worth more.
A motor van broke down in December , 2017. The repair bill for it was not until 2018 yet it has been treated as a 2017 expense.
The accounting concepts that provide guidance for recording the following business events are as follows. The business transactions are numbered from (a) to (e) below:
1) Materiality Concept is applied because the impact of the cost of the tape dispenser being "expensed" is not significant on the reader of the financial statement.
2) Entity Concept requires separation between the finances of the owner from the finances of the business. The business is a separate economic unit distinct from the sole proprietor.
3) Prudence Concept demands that expenses (like the bad debt written off) and liabilities are not underestimated and revenues and assets should not be overestimated.
4) Historical Cost Concept: Generally accepted accounting principles require the initial recognition of an asset at its purchase cost and not fair value.
5) Accrual Concept and Matching Principle: The accrual concept requires that expenses that have been incurred for a period should be accounted for in that period, whether cash payment is made or not. The matching principle states that expenses (Van Repair Expense) should be matched to the revenue that they generate.
Thus, accounting concepts are the basic assumptions, rule, and principles for recording business transactions and events and preparing accounts and financial statements.
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Lyla purchases a Gold plan, pays her premiums for 14 months, and then suffers a broken ankle that costs $17,000 for surgery.
How much did Lyla pay in premiums and her out-of-pocket expenses combined?
(Mathematics I think, not business)
The accounting records of Pinecone Inc. show the following data for 2020:
1. Life insurance expense on officers was $6,000. 2. Equipment was acquired in early January for $450,000. Straight-line depreciation over a 6-year life is used, with no salvage value. For tax purposes, Pinecone used a 30% rate to calculate depreciation. 3. Interest revenue on municipal bonds totaled $6,600. 4. Product warranties were estimated to be $80,000 in 2020. Actual repair and labor costs related to the warranties in 2020 were $36,000. The remainder is estimated to be paid evenly in 2021 and 2022. 5. Sales on an accrual basis were $750,000. For tax purposes, $500,000 was recorded on the installment-sales method. 6. Fines incurred for securities violations were $9,500. 7. Pretax financial income was $630,000. The tax rate is 28% for 2020 and 22% for future years.
Required:
a. Prepare a schedule starting with pretax financial income in 2020 and ending with taxable income in 2020.
b. Prepare the journal entry for 20 to record income taxes payable, income tax expense, and deferred income taxes.
To calculate the taxable income for Pinecone Inc. in 2020, we need to prepare a schedule that starts with the pretax financial income and accounts for various income and expense items. The journal entry will record income taxes payable, income tax expense, and deferred income taxes.
a. Schedule to calculate taxable income in 2020:
Pretax financial income: $630,000
Add: Life insurance expense on officers: $6,000
Add: Depreciation expense (for tax purposes): ($450,000 * 30%)
Add: Fines incurred for securities violations: $9,500
Less: Interest revenue on municipal bonds: $6,600
Less: Actual repair and labor costs related to warranties: $36,000
Less: Estimation of product warranties to be paid in future years: $80,000 - $36,000
The resulting figure will be the taxable income for 2020.
b. Journal entry to record income taxes payable, income tax expense, and deferred income taxes:
Income Tax Expense Dr.
Income Taxes Payable Cr.
Deferred Income Taxes Cr.
This journal entry reflects the recognition of income tax expense based on the taxable income calculated in the previous step. The income taxes payable account represents the tax liability for the current year, while the deferred income taxes account represents the temporary differences between financial and tax reporting that will impact future tax payments.
Please note that for detailed calculations and further analysis, it is advisable to consult with an accountant or tax professional who can provide specific guidance based on the company's financial records and applicable tax laws.
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A beta coefficient reflects the response of a security’s return to:
-the risk-free rate.
-an unsystematic risk.
-a systematic risk
-. the market rate of return.
-idiosyncratic risk.
A beta coefficient is a measure of how a security's returns move in relation to the overall market's movements. It reflects the response of a security's return to systematic risk and is used to estimate the expected return of an asset based on its level of risk.
Beta is an important tool for investors to assess the risk of their portfolios. It measures the sensitivity of an asset's returns to macroeconomic factors, such as changes in interest rates, economic downturns, and political instability. A beta of 1 indicates that the security moves in line with the market, while a beta greater than 1 suggests that the security is more volatile than the market, and a beta less than 1 indicates that the security is less volatile than the market.
Beta does not consider unsystematic or idiosyncratic risks, which can be reduced through diversification. Therefore, a high beta stock can provide higher returns, but it also carries a higher risk of loss. On the other hand, a low beta stock may offer lower returns but may be more stable and less risky. Understanding an asset's beta is important for portfolio diversification and risk management. It can help investors identify and balance the risks and returns of their investments based on their risk tolerance and investment objectives.
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True or false: if rajiv is risk averse, then he prefers a guaranteed $150 over a 50-50 gamble between $0 and $300.
True, if Rajiv is risk-averse, he prefers a guaranteed $150 over a 50-50 gamble between $0 and $300.
If Rajiv is risk-averse, it means he dislikes uncertainty and prefers safer options. In this case, the 50-50 gamble offers a potential gain of $300 but also a potential loss of $0. The expected value of the gamble is $150 (0.5 * $0 + 0.5 * $300 = $150). However, since Rajiv is risk-averse, he is likely to prioritize the guaranteed outcome of $150 over the uncertain gamble. This is because the certainty of the guaranteed $150 aligns better with his risk-averse attitude, ensuring he avoids the possibility of ending up with nothing.
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share four legal/ethical issues (including laws) that international marketers should be aware of when operating business outside the us. - list in bullet points and discuss
Four legal/ethical issues (including laws) that international marketers should be aware of when operating business outside the us are
Anti-bribery and anti-corruption lawsIntellectual property lawsLabor lawsData privacy and security lawsWhile conducting business outside of the United States, foreign marketers should be mindful of four legal/ethical considerations, including laws Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws law governing intellectual property Data privacy and security regulations
In addition to the legal issues mentioned above, international marketers must also be aware of cultural differences and ethical considerations when operating business outside the US. This includes respecting local customs, beliefs, and values, as well as avoiding practices that may be considered unethical in other cultures.
It is important for international marketers to conduct thorough research and due diligence before entering new markets to ensure that they are operating in a legal and ethical manner.
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1. If the world price of apples is higher than Argentina's domestic price of apples without trade, then Argentina O A. should import apples O B. should refrain altogether from producing apples C. should produce just enough apples to meet its domestic demand O D. has a comparative advantage in apples 1. Assume, for England, that the domestic price of wine without international trade is higher than the world price of wine. This suggests that, in the production of wine. A. a. other countries have a comparative advantage over England and England will import wine. O B. other countries have a comparative advantage over England and England will export wine O C. England has a comparative advantage over other countries and England will export wine D. England has a comparative advantage over other countries and England will import wine 1. In a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure are O A. always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller OB. never equal because total income always exceeds total expenditure ° C. equal only when the government purchases no goods or services O D. seldom equal because of the ongoing changes in an economy's unemployment rate
If the world price of apples is higher than Argentina's domestic price of apples without trade, then Argentina should import apples (Option A).
This is because importing apples from the international market at a lower price than the domestic price allows Argentina to benefit from the price difference and satisfy its domestic demand. For England, if the domestic price of wine without international trade is higher than the world price of wine, it suggests that other countries have a comparative advantage over England in the production of wine (Option A). In this case, England would import wine from other countries to take advantage of their lower production costs and benefit from the price difference. In a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure are always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller (Option A). This means that the total income generated by producing goods and services in an economy is equal to the total expenditure incurred by consumers who purchase those goods and services.
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Define problem solving skills and Write its importance.
Answer:
Define: Problem solving skills refers to our ability to solve problems in an effective and timely manner without any impediments
Importance: It involves being able to identify and define the problem, generating an alternative solution, evaluating and selecting the alternative, and implementing the selected solution
Problem-solving allows us to identify and capitalize on opportunities in the environment, as well as exert some control over the future. Problem-solving abilities and the problem-solving process are essential components of daily life for both individuals and organizations.
What is the concept of problem-solving?The act of defining a problem, determining the cause of the problem, identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution, and implementing a solution is known as problem-solving.
The ability to identify problems, brainstorm and analyze solutions, and implement the best solutions is referred to as problem-solving skills. Problem-solving, which is a common part of most activities, is the process of achieving a desired outcome by overcoming obstacles. Problems that require resolution range from simple personal tasks to complicated problems in business and technology.
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If the marginal benefit of the first donut is 30, the marginal benefit of the second donut is 15, and the marginal benefit of the third donut is 10,
what is the total benefit from eating 2 donuts?
Answer:
45
Explanation:
Marginal benefit is the additional satisfaction gained from consuming an additional unit of the good. It refers to the advantage associated with the consumption of one more unit of a product. The total benefit is total satisfaction derived from the consumption of goods and services.
The total benefit of consuming two doughnuts is the sum of consuming the first two doughnuts.
= 30 +45
=45
5. Describe at least three investments you want
to make with your income. Explain whether
each one is an equity investment or a debt investment, and explain why you chose these
particular types of investments
With the money I'd make, I'd like to buy a car as an equity investment.
This item was chosen because it would assist me in getting to work and other locations on my own.
I'd also like to utilize my money to purchase or rent a house, which would also be an equity investment and provide me with a place to live for an extended length of time.
I'd like to invest in a powerful firm that wants to do good in the world; this is a debt investment that would offer the world a strong face.
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true or false, to advance the progress completion percentage in a smartbook assignment, only one question per concept must be answered correctly
Answer:
FalseExplanation:
A SmartBook assignment's progress completion % may not always be dependent on correctly answering just one question per idea. The requirements for increasing a SmartBook assignment's progress completion percentage can change based on the particular assignment, the course, and the instructor. It could be determined by properly answering a predetermined number of questions overall, a predetermined number of questions in each topic area, or by doing a predetermined number of activities or evaluations inside the assignment. The easiest way to find out the precise requirements for raising the progress completion percentage in a SmartBook assignment is to study the assignment instructions or speak with the instructor.
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Polaroid allow employee the opportunity to try out retirement with a leave program, or gradually reduce their work hour a they approach retirement age. Thi i an example of:
Quetion 5 option:
a everance leave
phaed retirement
family-friendly benefit
policie recommended by Social Security
The answer is option b. pre-retirement program, Polaroid allow employee the opportunity to try out retirement with a leave program, or gradually reduce their work hour a they approach retirement age. This is an example of pre-retirement program.
The real purpose of retirement, what is it?The decision to permanently leave the workforce is referred to as retirement. The majority of developed nations, including the United States, have a 65-year-old standard for retirement, and many of these nations also have some sort of national pension or benefits system in place to help seniors supplement their wages.
How does retirement serve a purpose?Retirement, in the broadest sense, is the stage of life when you are no longer dependent on employment to support your standard of living and can instead rely on savings or other passive sources of income. Financial independence and retirement are terms that are frequently used synonymously.
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The table identifies how many thousands of units of corn and diamonds the United States and Congo can produce in one week. Use this data to answer the question that follows.
Corn Diamonds
United States
60 10
Congo
20 5
Which fraction represents the opportunity cost for the United States to produce corn?
A. 60⁄10
B. 10⁄60
C. 20⁄5
D. 5⁄20
Based on the units of corn and diamonds produced by the United States, the opportunity cost of producing corn is B. 10⁄60.
What is the opportunity cost of producing corn?The opportunity cost of producing corn to the United States would be the number of diamonds that are given up to make one unit of corn.
This can be found as:
= Units of diamonds / Units of corn
= 10 / 60 diamonds
In conclusion, option B is correct.
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Answer:
B. 10⁄60
Explanation:
Took the test and got it right.
Have a nice day!
Jason owns a small pizza restaurant, where he works full time in the kitchen. His total revenue last year was $113,250, and his rent was $2,720 per month. He pays his one employee $2,050 per month, and the cost of ingredients and overhead averages $975 per month. Jason could earn $36,500 per year as manager of a competing pizza restaurant nearby. What's Jason's accounting profit for the entire year?
Jason's accounting profit for the entire year is $44,310.
Jason's accounting profit for the entire year can be calculated by subtracting all of his total expenses from his total revenue. Here are his expenses:
Rent for the year: $2,720/month x 12 months = $32,640
Employee salary for the year: $2,050/month x 12 months = $24,600
Cost of ingredients and overhead for the year: $975/month x 12 months = $11,700
Here is the calculation of his total expenses:
Total expenses = Rent + Employee salary + Cost of ingredients and overhead
Total expenses = $32,640 + $24,600 + $11,700
Total expenses = $68,940
Now, here is the calculation of his accounting profit:
Accounting profit = Total revenue - Total expenses
Accounting profit = $113,250 - $68,940
Accounting profit = $44,310
Jason's total accounting profit for the year is $44,310.
To summarize, the calculation of Jason's accounting profit for the entire year, which is $44,310, is done by subtracting his total expenses from his total revenue.
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which of the following is true of stakeholders? creditors are examples of internal stakeholders. stakeholders do not engage in an exchange relationship with their company. stockholders are internal stakeholders that provide an enterprise with risk capital. the goals of different stakeholder groups within a company are the same and therefore do not lead to any conflicts. it is mandatory for a company to satisfy the claims of all stakeholders.
Stockholders are internal stakeholders who provide risk capital to an organization. This assertion is true.
Who are stockholders?A individual who owns shares in a company is referred to as a stockholder or shareholder. The right to vote for board members, the right to interest and dividend payments from the firm, and the right to file a lawsuit against the company or the board members are just a few of the rights that the stockholder possesses.
Do stockholders work anywhere?A shareholder, usually referred to as a stockholder, takes part in corporate management. An individual, organization, or business that owns stock in a corporation is known as a shareholder. Since stockholders are also the company owners, they benefit whenever the stock value rises because they are also owners.
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of a market economy?restricts personal freedomdiscourages creativity & new ideasdoes not allocate resources as efficiently as other types of economiessustains a high degree of uncertainty
The negative aspects of a market economy encompass monopolies, no government intervention, terrible working conditions, and unemployment.
What is the drawback of one of a kind about market conditions?There are some risks also related with a market system. Unsupervised management should end result in a loss of profit. Demerit items and serviced will be on hand to the consumers. Prices may want to expand accordingly causing demand to fall.
Monopoly power. Private possession of capital permits companies to achieve monopoly energy in product and labour markets.
Market economies have a tendency to produce inferior items and services. It harms the environment.
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