Discuss the identification assumption required for Differences
in Differences to yield a causal effect: (i) state it in general
terms and then as applied to this problem; (ii) explain in simple
and in

Answers

Answer 1

The identification assumption required for Differences-in-Differences (DiD) to yield a causal effect is the parallel trends assumption. This assumption states that, in the absence of treatment, the average treatment and control groups would follow parallel trends over time.

(i) In general terms, the parallel trends assumption implies that there are no time-varying confounding factors that affect the treatment group differently from the control group. It assumes that any differences observed in the outcome variable after the treatment is introduced can be attributed to the treatment itself, rather than pre-existing differences between the groups.

(ii) Applied to this problem, the parallel trends assumption means that, in the absence of the policy intervention, the average outcomes for the treatment group and control group would have followed similar trends over time. For example, if we are studying the impact of a new employment law on wages, the assumption implies that, without the law, wages for both the treatment group (affected by the law) and the control group (unaffected by the law) would have changed in a similar way.

In simple terms, the parallel trends assumption assumes that any differences observed between the treatment and control groups after the treatment can be attributed solely to the treatment itself. It assumes that the treatment group and control group would have experienced the same changes over time if they had not received the treatment.

By comparing the changes in outcomes before and after the treatment between the two groups, DiD leverages the parallel trends assumption to estimate the causal effect of the treatment. If the assumption holds, it suggests that any differences in outcomes are indeed caused by the treatment, strengthening the argument for a causal relationship.

However, it is important to note that the parallel trends assumption cannot be directly tested, and violations of this assumption can lead to biased estimates. Researchers often rely on study design, pre-treatment trends, and robustness checks to assess the plausibility of the assumption.

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Related Questions

What is one of the advantages of globalization?
a. greater markets for goods and services
b. better communication among countries
c. improved ability to monitor economic trends
d. expanded capacity for selling and buying

Answers

a. greater market for goods and services

what two factors led to the expansion of the cotton industry in the south

Answers

Explanation:

The first factor that led to the expansion is the cotton gin that was invented by Eli Whitney which it helped the cotton industry by making the process for the slaves much more faster and also the cotton industry and the cotton gin expanded all over the south and north.

Pleaseeeeee help 25 points!!!!!!!! :)) dangerous things that happened in china in the middle ages

Answers

The limitation of land resources and the continual acceleration of population led to a shortage of living substances, and then accelerated social contending, at last, initiated social turbulence.

What is the purpose of replication?
A. to make an RNA template from DNA
B. to produce copies of a DNA molecule
C. to move mRNA through the ribosome
D. to change the number, type, or order of bases
in DNA

Answers

Answer:

What is the purpose of replication?

B. to produce copies of a DNA molecule

Explain
advantages of Public Joint Stock Companies

Answers

Answer:

Monopolistic authority.increased cases of conflicts of interestsno secrecyDelay in decision makingexcessive law regulationincreased fraudulent cases.encouragement of reckless speculation

What is the literacy rate? A. the percentage of people who are students in the educational system B. the rate of government spending on education (including libraries) C.the proportion of people in a society who can read and write D. an indicator of cultural commitment to all-around learning (including mathematics)

Answers

The literary rate is the proportion of people in a society who can read and write. Therefore, option C is correct.

The term "literacy rate" refers to the percentage of individuals in a given population who possess the ability to read and write at a specified age or level of education. Literacy is considered a fundamental skill that enables individuals to understand and engage with written information, communicate effectively, and participate fully in society.

The literacy rate is typically measured by conducting surveys or assessments that evaluate individuals' reading and writing skills.

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Nancy is a cashier at a grocery store. A boy from her school, who she knows is underage, attempts to buy beer. Nancy hesitates before completing the transaction. According to Aristotle's ethics, which question should Nancy ask herself? How can I reach a compromise? What kind of person should I be? Why is this action right, and why is it wrong? Are there possible consequences of this action that could harm me?

Answers

Answer:

What kind of person should I be?

Explanation:

Aristotle's ethics aims at finding the mean in a given situation. According to Aristotle, people should strive to be virtuous. So in a situation where one's ethics is questioned, the person should determine what kind of virtues he has and needs to apply in that situation.

The person should aim at being virtuous and that implies always doing the right things.

susan usually does well on her written assignments and she says this is because she works really hard. but when she gets a bad grade on her last written assignment, she says it is because the teacher does not like her. her explanations show that she is making a

Answers

Susan is exhibiting cognitive dissonance by attributing her success to hard work and failure to the teacher's bias.

Susan's behavior indicates cognitive dissonance, a psychological phenomenon where an individual experiences conflicting thoughts or beliefs. In this case, Susan is trying to reconcile her belief that she is a good writer (supported by her past success) with her recent failure. She is likely experiencing psychological discomfort, which she tries to alleviate by blaming external factors such as the teacher's bias. This behavior allows her to maintain a positive self-image while avoiding the realization that her performance may not always be consistent.

It is essential to recognize cognitive dissonance to overcome self-justification and engage in honest self-reflection. In Susan's case, she needs to evaluate her writing skills critically, identify areas of improvement, and seek feedback from the teacher to improve her future performance.

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Here are two statements:
1. The SOX Act makes management responsible for Internal Control
2. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations provides a set of standards for Internal Control.
Which of them are true?
1 only
2 only
neither are true
both are true

Answers

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is a US law that set a number of standards and regulations for publicly traded companies and management of those companies, including the requirement for management to be accountable for their internal control systems.

Both statements are true.

The COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations) is a nonprofit organization that sets standards for Internal Control. Their Internal Control - Integrated Framework provides a framework and set of principles and guidelines for developing, evaluating, and operating an internal control system. So both statements are true.

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According to K. Warner Schaie, what is the main cognitive developmental task before reaching adulthood?
A) acquisition of wealth
B) acquisition of information
C) acquisition of morality
D) acquisition of power

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According to K. Warner Schaie, the main cognitive developmental task before reaching adulthood is the acquisition of information. This refers to the development of cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, and thinking that enable an individual to process and make sense of information in their environment.

As individuals progress through the stages of cognitive development, they become increasingly capable of more complex thinking, such as abstract reasoning and problem-solving. The acquisition of information is a fundamental component of cognitive development as it is necessary for individuals to learn, adapt, and function effectively in their environments. Schaie's theory emphasizes the importance of ongoing cognitive development throughout the lifespan, with individuals continuing to acquire new information and skills in response to changing environmental demands. In summary, cognitive development involves the acquisition of information and is a critical task in preparation for adulthood and lifelong learning.

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Where did the Lewis and Clark Expedition end?in East Florida in Spanish Territory
in St. Louis at the Mississippi River
at the Pacific Ocean in Oregon Country
at the Atlantic Ocean in British North America

Answers

Answer:

At the Pacific Ocean in Oregon Country

Explanation:

They started at the East, ended at the west. That said, it would be obvious that the answer would be B

At the Pacific Ocean in Oregon Country

Compare the location of the Nile River to the population distribution of Egypt.

Answers

Answer:

See below.

Explanation:

The population is more denser along the Nile River. People tend to live near bodies of water because of their access natural resources (fishing, for example). However, the rest of Egypt's population is sparse since the country is mostly part of the Sahara Desert and you can't really find any beneficial resources in a desert.

Answer:

Most of the Egyptian population live along the Nile River. The heaviest concentration of people live in the Nile Delta region, where the river meets the Mediterranean Sea.

Explanation:

Hope this helps!!

One story tells of a samurai who got into a quarrel with another samurai when

What?

Answers

Answer:

In one famous tale, Bokuden reportedly incurred the wrath of a young samurai while traveling on a boat. When Bokuden attempted to explain the virtue of solving arguments without violence, the young samurai insisted that the boat’s captain pull up to the nearest island so he and Bokuden could duel.

what are women's rights ? mention them.

Answers

Women's rights are human rights!
These include the right to live free from violence and discrimination; to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; to be educated; to own property; to vote; and to earn an equal wage.

Precaution is better than the management after disasters occurs.Justify the statement. PLS TELL

Answers

Explanation:

when precaution help people to save resources for future use .precautlon help some poeple to do proper management to avoid disaster.

How does Moses relate to God?
Why was he important?
thanks :)

Answers

Answer:

Moses is the most important Jewish prophet

Explanation:

Moses is best remembered as the lawgiver who encountered God face-to-face on Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments after leading his people, the Hebrews, out of slavery in Egypt and to the "promised land" of Canaan, according to the biblical Book of Exodus and the Quran.

Which type of goals is most likely to enhance motivation and persistence? Why?

Answers

Goals that are specific, challenging, and personally meaningful are most likely to enhance motivation and persistence.

Specific and challenging goals provide individuals with a clear target to work towards and create a sense of urgency and excitement. When goals are clearly defined, individuals can develop a clear plan of action and can track their progress, which increases motivation and persistence. Additionally, challenging goals push individuals to exert greater effort and engage in problem-solving, which enhances their level of commitment and determination.

Moreover, goals that are personally meaningful and aligned with an individual's values, interests, and aspirations have a stronger impact on motivation and persistence. When individuals feel a deep sense of personal connection and importance to their goals, they are more likely to invest their time and energy into pursuing them. Personal meaning fuels intrinsic motivation, as individuals derive satisfaction, fulfillment, and a sense of purpose from working towards goals that hold personal significance.

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this union leader and socialist candidate ran for president five times, and was jailed under the sedition act.

Answers

A founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) who ran five times for president of the United States as a candidate for the Socialist Party of America.

What has the history of Industrial Workers of the World been?

IWW, also known as the Wobblies, is a labor union that was established in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 different organizations. The American Federation of Labor's support of capitalism and opposition to including unskilled workers in craft unions were both things the IWW opposed. William D. was one of the IWW's founders.

Who are the Industrial Workers of the World members?

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood, Vincent Saint John, Ralph Chaplin, James Connolly, Daniel De Leon, Eugene V. Debs, Thomas Hagerty, Lucy Parsons, Mary Harris "Mother" Jones, Frank Bohn, William Trautman, and many others were among the founders of the IWW.

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True of False
18. Thomas Nagel's finding an objective value using the view from nowhere arguably refutes the 'argument from weirdness' objection raised by Mackie in his article on the subjectivity of values.

Answers

The given statement "Thomas Nagel's finding an objective value using the view from nowhere arguably refutes the 'argument from weirdness' objection raised by Mackie in his article on the subjectivity of values" is false.

The "argument from weirdness" is a philosophical argument. It is an argument against objective morality. The" argument from weirdness" was developed by John Leslie Mackie, who was an Australian philosopher. According to this argument, if objective moral values do exist, then they would have to be entities that are strange and inexplicable. Therefore, the argument concludes that objective moral values do not exist. This argument has also been known as the queerness argument.

In his book 'The View from Nowhere,' Thomas Nagel argues for the possibility of finding a perspective that is not tied to any particular perspective or worldview. This view from nowhere is a perspective that enables us to see things objectively. According to Nagel, this objective view is essential for understanding the world around us and for answering questions about its nature. However, Nagel does not believe that this view can be used to discover objective moral values. Nagel holds that subjective value judgments are inevitable and that they are the only way to explain moral phenomena. Thus, Nagel's view from nowhere does not refute Mackie's "argument from weirdness".

Thus, the given statement "Thomas Nagel's finding an objective value using the view from nowhere arguably refutes the 'argument from weirdness' objection raised by Mackie in his article on the subjectivity of values" is false.

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The Framers of the Constitution created a representative democracy which divides power between a federal and state governments. In our representative democracy, the public elects representatives at both the state and federal levels to create policy for them. Write an essay in which you take a stance on whether our representative democracy effectively serves the needs and desires of the American people.

Answers

Answer:

The Framers of the Constitution created a representative democracy that represents the will of people at the national, state, and regional levels.

Explanation:

Representative democracy is effective in the case of the United  States where a single elected official reflects the will of a large number of citizens. In the US, only two senators represent the desire of all the residents in their states. Countries with democratic democracy save time and resources by holding a small number of government elections, which can then be dedicated to other public services. And if the representatives fail up to the aspiration of people they can be changed in the next elections.

Please I need help I’m struggling this is due today

Please I need help Im struggling this is due today

Answers

Three things that we can notice from the Louisiana purchase are:

It acquired territory that doubled U.S. size. It gave the U.S. access to the Western territories. It increased the U.S. border with the Spanish territories.

Some potential problems that came with the purchase:

The U.S. would be more likely to get into conflict with Spain to gain more territory. The U.S. would have to deal with the Natives in the new lands. The U.S. would have to spend a lot to adequately secure its new borders.

What was the result of the Louisiana Purchase?

The Louisiana Purchase gave the U.S. access to land that was so large, it doubled U.S. size. This meant that the U.S. now had access to the territories to the west, and was closer to achieving the Manifest Destiny.

However, this newfound land meant that the U.S. now had to face off against the Spanish which meant spending a lot of money to ensure that its borders were secure.

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What is Assessment of lagging skills and unsolved problems?

Answers

It is preferable to use the Assessing of Lagging Skills & Unsolved Problems (ALSUP) as a discussion guide as opposed to a checklist or scoring scale. Meetings should be nearly entirely devoted to finding gaps in knowledge and unresolved issues.

A child's inability to satisfy these expectations or react appropriately to these cues is caused by lagging skills. • Look at this list of provokes and use the Cognitive Skills Assessment on the pages that follow to make an educated guess as to which individual lagging abilities are making a contribution. Executive function, emotion regulation, emotion reactivity, chronic irritability, and/or anxiety are the main CPS lagging skills, followed by language, language processing, social skills, and executive function (e.g., insufficient working capacity, poor impulse control).

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in the u.s. court system, tort claims may result in___.

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In the U.S. court system, tort claims may result in damages. A tort claim refers to a lawsuit in which an individual or entity seeks compensation from another party for harm caused by their conduct.

Torts may include acts of negligence, intentional misconduct, or strict liability for defective products. Some common examples of tort claims include personal injury cases, medical malpractice suits, and product liability lawsuits.Tort claims may result in damages that are awarded to the plaintiff if they are successful in proving their case. Damages may be compensatory or punitive in nature, depending on the circumstances of the case. Compensatory damages are designed to compensate the plaintiff for their losses, such as medical bills, lost wages, and pain and suffering. Punitive damages, on the other hand, are intended to punish the defendant for their conduct and deter similar behavior in the future.In summary, tort claims in the U.S. court system may result in damages, which can be compensatory or punitive in nature, depending on the circumstances of the case.

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fill in the blank creative behaviors are influenced by a number of _____ and ____ factors. external / organizational wholistic / situational cognitive / emotional problem formulation / idea evaluation person / situation

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Creative behaviors are influenced by a number of external and organizational factors.

The term creativity refers to the ability to invent new and novel things, procedures, or constructs, whether in a theoretical or practical context. It is the ability to perceive things in a different way and develop new ideas as a result.

Creativity is highly valued in all aspects of life, including arts, music, literature, science, engineering, and technology. It necessitates the development of new things that have never been seen before, as well as the advancement of existing objects, processes, and constructs to make them better and more efficient. This implies that creativity can be seen as a key driver of innovation and change across many fields.

The external and organizational factors that influence creativity are those that come from outside an individual, such as environmental or societal influences. These can include culture, family background, and social norms, among other things.

The organizational factors, on the other hand, include the organizational culture, leadership, work environment, and policies and procedures that can either support or hinder creativity in individuals.

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in seven pages, excluding reference page, discuss the relevance of studying ethics as an academic discipline as espoused by Rohr, Applebey, and cooper and explainthe importance of regime values to the study of ethics in public administration. lastly, state and explain the ethical theories that provide the foundation for understanding a real life scenario to illustrate your understanding of the relationship between the theories and ethics in public administration

Answers

The study of ethics as an academic discipline is of great importance because it gives individuals a systematic understanding of moral principles and their application in different scenario. Scholars such as Rohr, Applebay, and Cooper argue that ethics fosters critical thinking, decision-making, and it is responsible for personal and professional spheres.

It provides individuals with the ability to navigate complex ethical dilemmas, encourages moral thinking, and promotes a sense of social responsibility.

System values ​​are the shared principles and norms that govern individual behavior within a particular administrative system. They provide a moral compass and help shape ethical standards and behavior in public administration.

Various ethical theories serve as a basis for understanding ethical dilemmas in public administration.

For example, utilitarianism emphasizes maximizing the overall well-being or happiness of the greatest number of people. De-ontological ethics focus on following moral rules and obligations regardless of consequences. Virtue ethics focuses on the development of moral character and virtue.

These theories offer different perspectives and frameworks for analyzing ethical issues in public administration, considering the consequences, principles, and virtues involved. Understanding these theories helps facilitate ethical analysis, decision-making, and ethical behavior in public administration. 

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In an effort to create an environment that exemplifies EBP, the nursing leadership has made a concerted effort to include as many caregivers as possible, from numerous levels, in the process. Which result is the group prioritizing in this proce

Answers

Promoting engagement  is the group prioritizing in this process. The right answer is a.

Your whole leadership team must support efforts to increase employee engagement, and a successful strategy calls for careful planning. The level of motivation, enthusiasm, and investment that employees have in their work is referred to as employee engagement. Engagement also reveals a person's dedication to the organisation and their emotional ties to their coworkers.

Successful companies provide a wide range of rewards and activities for their staff, from company outings to flexible work arrangements. It's crucial to remember that a variety of elements, such as geography, corporate culture, and individual traits, affect employee engagement.

The correct answer is option a.

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The question seems incomplete. The complete question is:

In an effort to create an environment that exemplifies EBP, the nursing leadership has made a concerted effort to include as many caregivers as possible, from numerous levels, in the process. Which result is the group prioritizing in this process?

Select one:

a. Promoting engagement

b. Identifying and removing barriers

c. Identifying goals

d. Prioritizing clinical issues

The divorce rate for second marriages is lower than the divorce rate for first marriages. Group of answer choices True False

Answers

As regards this statement on second marriages having a lower divorce rate than first marriages, this statement is false.

How do first marriages compare to second marriages?

According to statistics on marriage in the United States, second marriages have a higher divorce rate than first marriages.

While the data varies, over 60% of second marriages seem to end in divorce compared to around 50% for first marriages.

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The war did not terminate until the fifth year of Aahmes' reign. Its result was the complete defeat of the invading hordes which had held Lower and Middle Egypt for so long, and their expulsion from Egypt with such ignominy and loss that they made no effort to retaliate or to recover themselves.... It is thought that these captives were so numerous as to become an important element in the population of the eastern Delta, and even to modify the character of the Egyptian race in that quarter. --George Rawlinson, How the Hyksos were Expelled from Egypt, 1881 Because this description of Egyptian history was written by a non-participant, it would be considered an example of A) a biased source. B) a primary source. Eliminate C) a tertiary source. D) a secondary source.

Answers

Answer:

D) A secondary source.

Explanation:

A secondary source is any source of getting information or without the author participating in the scenes described in the text. The author may or may not be taking or writing based on his research in writing the book which can be a result of interpreting, evaluating, and analyzation of the scene described. Secondary sources can be academic/ scholarly books, articles, and commentaries, etc.

George Rawlinson's "How the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt" is a secondary source for it describes a scene that is from the past but which he is not a participant of. He is just interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating the event and then writing about it.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Answer:

b

Explanation:

virginia is 6 years old. georgia is 16 years old. both girls like figure skating, but neither is a very good skater. given developmental trends in attributions, we can predict that virginia is more likely than georgia to believe that:

Answers

Virg/inia is 6 years old. Georgia is 16 years old. both girls like figure skating, but neither is a very good skater. given developmental trends in attributions, we can predict that Virg/inia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:  She can become an excellent skater if she continues to work at it.

Who is a skater?

Generally, Genuine skateboarders will spend the majority of their time at the skate park actually skating and working on their trick repertoire. True skateboarders give the social gathering going on around them at the skate park very little attention if any attention at all.

Both of these young ladies like figure skating, but none of them is very skilled at the sport. We may anticipate that Virg/inia is more likely than Georgia to think that She can become a great skater if she continues to practice at it since developmental patterns in attributions lead us to this conclusion.

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What is the BEST way to increase entrepreneurship?

What is the BEST way to increase entrepreneurship?

Answers

I’m gonna say that it’s A

Answer:

If I had to choose I would choose A.

Explanation:

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