determine the in-plane principal stresses at point c. also compute the maximum in-plane shear stress at this point.

Answers

Answer 1

Thickness, t = 10mmLength, L = 2mWidth, b = 1mVertical load,

P = 40 kN/m2

Point, C the in-plane principal stresses at point C are;

σ_1 = 55 kN/m²σ_2 = -15 kN/m².

In the given question, it is required to determine the in-plane principal stresses at point C and compute the maximum in-plane shear stress at this point. Let us understand the concept of principal stresses and maximum in-plane shear stress. The principal stresses are the normal stresses acting on the planes of maximum shear stress. The maximum in-plane shear stress is defined as the stress that is produced when the element is subjected to equal and opposite forces that act parallel to two perpendicular planes.

So, we can determine the principal stresses and maximum in-plane shear stress using Mohr's circle. The Mohr's circle of stresses is a graphical method to find out the stresses on the inclined planes. It is formed by plotting the stress components along the horizontal and vertical axes of a circle. The radius of the circle is determined by the sum of the normal stresses at a point, and the center of the circle is the mean stress.

Let σ_x, σ_y, τ_xy be the stresses acting on the element.

The normal stresses acting on the element are given by;

σ_1\= (σ_x + σ_y)/2 + √(((σ_x - σ_y)/2)^2 + τ_xy^2)σ_2 = (σ_x + σ_y)/2 - √(((σ_x - σ_y)/2)^2 + τ_xy^2)

The maximum in-plane shear stress acting on the element is given by;τ_max = (σ_1 - σ_2)/2

Therefore, In this case, σ_x = 40 kN/m²,

σ_y = 0, and

τ_xy = 30 kN/m²

Let us draw the Mohr's circle using these values.

Now,

σ_mean = (σ_x + σ_y)/2

= 40/2

= 20 kN/m²

The circle drawn is as shown in the figure below:

From the above figure, it is clear that;

σ_1 = 55 kN/m²σ_2

= -15 kN/m²

τ_max = 35 kN/m²

Therefore, the in-plane principal stresses at point C are;

σ_1 = 55 kN/m²σ_2

= -15 kN/m²

And the maximum in-plane shear stress at point C is;τ_max = 35 kN/m²

To know more about stresses  visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/16618064

#SPJ11


Related Questions

You are writing a research paper on the dangers of e-cigarettes. One e-cigarette manufacturer's website claims its scientists have tested e-cigs and found them to be harmless. You should

a: use the information because manufacturers know their products
b: use the information because the e-cigs were scientifically tested
c: not use the information because a commercial website may present biased information
d: not use the information because you don't want people to use e-cigs

Answers

Answer:

c: not use the information because a commercial website may present biased information

Complete the following sentence: It was her job to whenever the debate became too heated or strayed from the topic. A compel B. intangible C. apathetically D. intervene I need to know this as soon as possible and I will give you brainly​

Complete the following sentence: It was her job to whenever the debate became too heated or strayed from

Answers

Answer: Intervene

Explanation: It is a thing for people to intervene when debates, etc get too heated or tend to stray. An example of intervening would be trying to get people back on topic or trying to settle down a heated debate, discussion, etc.

True or False. Characters do not develop past the exposition.
O a. True, characters can only develop in the exposition
O b. False, characters develop in the first 2 sections of a story
O c. False, characters develop throughout the story

Answers

Answer:i think it's C?

Explanation:

CAN SOME HELP ME PLEASE AND THANK YOU

CAN SOME HELP ME PLEASE AND THANK YOU

Answers

The correct answer is F. Comparison and contrast.

Explanation

A comparison and contrast paragraph is a type of text characterized by expressing an idea by associating the similarities and differences between two ideas, characters, situations, among others. According to the above, the text presented is an example of a comparison and contrast text because it expresses the reading process and relates it through similarities and differences with the process of driving a car. So the correct answer is F. Comparison and contrast.

Which of the following is not a purpose of Critical Reading?
A. evaluate ideas B. accept all information as is
C. reveal main ideas of the text D. analyze and evaluate the preciseness of reasoning

Answers

The correct option is B. accept all information as is. Critical reading is a reading strategy that entails critically analyzing the information given in a text. Critical reading, also known as critical thinking.

the following objectives:Evaluate ideas: Critical reading entails examining ideas expressed in the text to see if they are logical and consistent with the other information presented in the text .Analyze and evaluate the preciseness of reasoning: This entails evaluating the arguments presented in the text and evaluating the logic of the text.

Reveal main ideas of the text: Critical reading requires identifying the principal ideas of the text. It involves examining the text's authorship, audience, purpose, tone, and style. Based on the above explanation, the option that is not part of the objectives of critical reading is B. accept all information as is.

To know more about Critical reading  visit :-

https://brainly.com/question/12369923

#SPJ11

What is the best summary of these lines from "The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls"? Darkness settles on roofs and walls,/But the sea, the sea in darkness calls

Answers

Answer:

Even though the night is quiet, the sea is not

Explanation:

In the poem "The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls" before the statement "Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls;" the writer described the sea tide that it rises and falls which implies that the sea is constantly moving at that moment which practically means the sea is making sounds, even though everywhere was quiet or silent at that time (night).

Hence the best summary of this line is that "Even though the night is quiet, the sea is not"

In chapter 4 of to kill a mockingbird, which character trait is revealed?

Answers

The rest of the school year passes grimly for Scout, who endures a curriculum that moves too slowly and leaves her constantly frustrated in class. After school one day, she passes the Radley Place and sees some tinfoil sticking out of a knothole in one of the Radleys’ oak trees. Scout reaches into the knothole and discovers two pieces of chewing gum. She chews both pieces and tells Jem about it. He panics and makes her spit it out. On the last day of school, however, they find two old “Indian-head” pennies hidden in the same knothole where Scout found the gum and decide to keep them.

Summer comes at last, school ends, and Dill returns to Maycomb. He, Scout, and Jem begin their games again. One of the first things they do is roll one another inside an old tire. On Scout’s turn, she rolls in front of the Radley steps, and Jem and Scout panic. However, this incident gives Jem the idea for their next game: they will play “Boo Radley.” As the summer passes, their game becomes more complicated, until they are acting out an entire Radley family melodrama. Eventually, however, Atticus catches them and asks if their game has anything to do with the Radleys. Jem lies, and Atticus goes back into the house. The kids wonder if it’s safe to play their game anymore.

What effect is the writer’s use of figurative language supposed to have on readers?

Answers

The writer's use of figurative language is intended to enhance the reader's understanding and experience of the text by appealing to their imagination and emotions.

Figurative language involves the use of words or expressions that go beyond their literal meaning, such as metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole. Figurative language creates vivid and descriptive images in the reader's mind, allowing them to form a more detailed mental picture of the subject or situation being described. It adds depth and richness to the text, making it more engaging and memorable. Figurative language can evoke strong emotions in readers by creating a sense of connection and resonance. Metaphors and similes, for example, can compare unfamiliar or abstract concepts to something familiar, making them more relatable and emotionally charged. Figurative language can help readers grasp complex ideas or concepts by providing a fresh perspective or a different way of looking at things. It encourages readers to think critically and interpret the text beyond its literal meaning, promoting deeper comprehension. Figurative language adds an element of creativity and playfulness to the writing, capturing the reader's attention and keeping them engaged. It can make the text more enjoyable to read and prevent it from becoming monotonous or dry. Figurative language makes the writing more memorable by using imaginative and expressive expressions. It leaves a lasting impression on the reader's mind, making the text stand out and facilitating its recall even after reading.

Overall, the use of figurative language enriches the reader's experience by appealing to their senses, emotions, and intellect. It adds depth, nuance, and creativity to the writing, allowing readers to connect with the text on multiple levels.

film festivals are designed to do all of the following except

Answers

Film festivals are designed to achieve several objectives such as promoting films, showcasing new talents, and providing a platform for industry professionals to network. However, there are certain things that film festivals are not intended to do.

Film festivals are not designed to promote specific political or religious agendas. The primary purpose of film festivals is to celebrate the art of cinema and provide a platform for filmmakers to showcase their work. Additionally, film festivals are not intended to be a platform for profit-making ventures. While some festivals charge a fee for admission, the primary goal is not to generate revenue but to support the filmmaking community. In conclusion, film festivals are not designed to promote political or religious agendas or serve as a platform for profit-making ventures. Instead, they are designed to celebrate the art of cinema, provide a platform for filmmakers to showcase their work, and support the filmmaking community.

To know more about Film festivals

https://brainly.com/question/31149956

#SPJ11

.................can you buy some wood carvings ? A, who b, what c, why d, which e, where f, how​

Answers

Answer:

E, where

Explanation:

Answer:

e, where, Where can you buy some wood carvings?

70. Both of the twins have brown hair, but Marge’s hair is ___ .
a. darker b. more darker

71. This is the ___ taco I have ever eaten.
a. spiciest b. most spiciest

72. The sequence of events in a literary work is the ___.
a. plot b. Simile c. Allusion d. personificatio…

Answers

70. A
71. A I think
72.look it up

Research suggests that women are more likely than men to use self-references, such as "me" or "I"
True or False

Answers

Question: Research suggests that women are more likely than men to use self-references, such as "me" or "I"

True or False

Answer: True

Change these sentences into PAST tense

a) I will work hard during the test.
____________________________________________
b) I will sing on the stage.
_____________________________________________
c) I eat my lunch everyday
_____________________________________________

Answers

Answer:

1. I worked hard during the test.

2. I sang on the stage.

3. I ate my lunch.

Explanation:

Please give brainliest :)

have a nice day!

which hero had to face the temptations of mara, the fiend, for duty (dharma), kama (lust), and fear?

Answers

As part of the Brahmanical synthesis, which blended Early Vedic and Upandishadic/Renunciant doctrines, Moksha was Purushartha’s last addition.The answer is Dharma.

In Hinduism, the four supreme reasons of human being are referred to as “Purushartha.” The terms purusha and Artha, which in Sanskrit mean “human being” and “purpose,” respectively, are the source of the name. It might be understood as “the purpose of humans.”Artha is connected to money, Kama is connected to pleasure, Dharma is connected to duty, and Moksha is connected to death.

While dharma and moksha are considered to be the most important for spiritual development, artha and kama refer to the goals that humans are forced to pursue by nature.According to Luke, Jesus was allegedly tempted with food, money, and a host of other things—all of which are described as being worldly and ungodly. They both demonstrate the need for us to solely satiate the desires of the Holy Spirit and not the body.

To know more about Dharma visit:

https://brainly.com/question/17873905

#SPJ4

can we use "will" after "when"?

Answers

Answer:

Yes,of course we can.

Explanation:

Of course we can use will after when because 1 when needs a past tense or present past tense and the word will is a past tense.

An example of this could be like...

When will the apocalypse end

When will you be able to eat vegetables.

I saw you the other day at the park and you said you didn't go ,and that really made me angry,when will you stop lying to me.

You probably here the last one alot when will you stop lying to me.

See your answer is yes.

Hope it helps have a great day:)

the official record of a high school students performance is called a what

Answers

Answer:

the answer is educational record

In Maupassant’s “A piece of String,” the narrator is

a.) a character in the story who reports events he sees (1st person)

b.) the main character in the story

c.) not a character in the story

Answers

In Maupassant’s “A piece of String,” the narrator is option B: the main character in the story.

What do you mean by “A piece of String”?

In 'The Piece of String' by Guy de Maupassant, Maître Hauchecorne is accused of stealing a wallet after he becomes embarrassed that his enemy has seen him picking up string from the dirt

The main conflict surrounds a misunderstanding. One day, a peasant picks up a piece of string from the floor. His enemy sees him doing that and accuses him of having taken a lost pocketbook.

Therefore, correct option is B.

Learn more about Maupassant, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/15435754

#SPJ2

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called: Multiple choice question. sensory accommodation. perceptual constancy. habituation. intermodal perception.

Answers

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called intermodal perception. It refers to the process of combining and making sense of sensory information from different senses.

Intermodal perception is the term used to describe the ability of the brain to integrate information from multiple sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. It involves the coordination and integration of sensory inputs to create a unified perception of the environment. For example, when we watch a movie, our brain integrates visual and auditory information to create a coherent and meaningful experience. Intermodal perception plays a crucial role in our everyday experiences and understanding of the world. It allows us to perceive objects and events in a more comprehensive and accurate manner by combining information from different senses. This integration enhances our perception, interpretation, and understanding of the world around us. It also helps us to form more accurate and coherent mental representations of our surroundings. Overall, intermodal perception enables us to have a richer and more holistic perception of the world by integrating information from multiple sensory modalities.

Learn more about Intermodal perception here:

https://brainly.com/question/28330388

#SPJ11

write a report about the protest rallies set out by different political parties against inflation, write it for a newspaper .

Answers

Explanation:

Inflation Sparks Protest Rallies by Political Parties

Across the country, various political parties have organized protest rallies against the rising inflation rates. The demonstrations were held in major cities, and participants voiced their concerns over the escalating prices of essential commodities.

The rallies saw participation from multiple political parties, including the opposition parties. They accused the government of failing to control the inflation and demanded immediate measures to address the issue.

One of the leaders of the opposition party, addressing the gathering in the capital, said that the government's policies had led to a significant increase in prices, making it difficult for the common man to make ends meet. Other leaders echoed similar sentiments and called for an urgent need to curb inflation.

The protest rallies also saw the participation of trade unions and civil society organizations. They highlighted the impact of inflation on the working class and vulnerable sections of society, demanding immediate action from the government.

The government, on the other hand, assured that it is taking necessary steps to address the issue. The Prime Minister, in a recent statement, acknowledged the challenges posed by inflation and assured that the government is committed to tackling it. He also stated that several measures are being taken to stabilize prices, including import of essential commodities and increased supply of goods in the market.

As inflation continues to remain a pressing concern for citizens, it is crucial for the government to take swift and effective measures to curb it. The protest rallies serve as a reminder of the urgent need to address this issue and provide relief to the common man.

in quadruple meter, the second-strongest accent is typically on which beat?

Answers

In quadruple meter, the second-strongest accent is typically on third beat.

Meaning of Quadruple meter:

Duple meters are those with two beats per bar. The meter is referred to as triple if there are three beats in a bar and quadruple if there are four beats in a bar.

Example of Quadruple meter:

On a power drum kit, quadruple meter plays two bars of 4/4 followed by two bars of 12/8. The score is displayed in the quadruple meter figure. Simple quadruple meter, or 4/4, is used in the first rhythm, and compound quadruple meter, or 12/8, is used in the second.

For such more question on beat:

brainly.com/question/1821502

#SPJ4

In quadruple type of meter, the important and second-strongest accent is always frequently emerges by the third beat.

To highlight anything is to draw attention to its significance. In rhythmic patterns, some beats are highlighted and made more noticeable. Accent in music describes the emphasis placed on particular beats within a measure. Four beats per bar are considered quadruple meters.

The meter is referred to as triple if there are three beats in a bar and quadruple if there are four. Quadruple meter plays two bars in 4/4 and two bars in 12/8 on a power drum kit. The result is displayed using the quadruple meter figure. Simple quadruple meter (4/4) and compound quadruple meter (12/8) are used in the first and second rhythms, respectively.

Learn more about beat Visit: brainly.com/question/1821502

#SPJ4


Which answer is it pls help

Which answer is it pls help

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Lists author, date and title.

Why do we need election explain with five points?

Answers

An election is a formal group decision-making process in which a population selects one or more people to hold public office. Elections ensure that power is transferred smoothly from one form of government to the next.

People can always nominate another party to form a government if they are dissatisfied with the current administration, its policies, or the way it is run.

1. People have the ability to elect representatives who will make laws on their behalf.

2. The people elect representatives to form the government and make major decisions.

3. People can vote for a political party whose policies will guide the government in making laws.

4. Elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy.

5. People will elect those who will influence the administration and make key decisions.

To know more about election click here,

https://brainly.com/question/28629794

#SPJ4

1. what is the first thing you should do if your vehicle becomes disabled on the traveled portion of the highway?

Answers

The first thing you should do if your vehicle becomes disabled on the traveled portion of the highway is to activate your hazard lights.

The activation of the hazard lights will alert other drivers to the fact that your vehicle is disabled and help prevent any accidents from occurring. Once your hazard lights are on, you should try to move your vehicle off the traveled portion of the highway if it is safe to do so. If you are unable to move your vehicle, you should stay in your vehicle with your seat belt fastened until help arrives. It is also a good idea to call for assistance or use a roadside assistance program if you have one.

Learn more about Hazard lights:

https://brainly.com/question/24258772

#SPJ11

Please help I’ve been on this for a entire day

Please help Ive been on this for a entire day

Answers

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” is an examination of the line between life and death, and at times, how the latter can heighten and enhance the former. The bulk of the story takes place in the instant of Farquhar’s death a kind of waking dream in which he envisions a flight back to his home and family before deathe denial that occurs in Farquhar's mind as he is dying. As with most people, he has a fear of death that is so strong that it leads him to fantasize a highly unlikely escape scenarioth finally claims him.

What are the consequnces of not applyi

ng to cao in advance

Answers

Not applying to the Central Applications Office (CAO) in advance can have significant consequences for individuals seeking admission to higher education institutions. It may limit their options, reduce their chances of securing a place in their preferred courses, and potentially delay their academic and career progression.

The consequences of not applying to the CAO in advance are twofold. Firstly, it can severely limit the options available to individuals regarding the choice of courses and institutions. Many universities and colleges have limited spaces available, and popular courses often have high demand. By not applying in advance, individuals may find that their preferred choices are already filled, leaving them with fewer alternatives to pursue their desired field of study.

Secondly, not applying to the CAO in a timely manner can reduce the likelihood of securing a place in the desired course. Higher education institutions typically have specific admission deadlines, and late applications may not be considered at all or may be placed on a waiting list. Even if there are remaining spots, they may be allocated to candidates who applied earlier, based on a first-come, first-served basis. Consequently, individuals who fail to apply in advance may face increased competition for limited places or miss out on opportunities altogether.

Moreover, not applying to the CAO in advance can lead to delays in academic and career progression. Attending higher education institutions is often a significant step towards acquiring specialized knowledge, developing skills, and improving career prospects. By not applying in advance, individuals may have to wait for another academic year to begin their studies, resulting in a gap year or a delay in achieving their educational goals. This delay can have implications for future job prospects, as employers often value timely completion of qualifications and consistent educational progression.

To learn more about consequences click here: brainly.com/question/31038319

#SPJ11

Write a research-based argumentative essay for or against travel to Mars.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Many scientist are now saying that people could possibly live on Mars, but of course there are always 2 sides to a story. My personal opinion on the topic is that we don 't need to move to Mars because life on Earth is just fine right now. I also believe it would not be a good idea because it would be too expensive, there are many health hazards, and we don 't have good enough technology yet.

Firstly, I think that we should stay on Earth because it would be too expensive. According to source 6, this is a huge problem because it is not fair to the people who are still on Earth.First off if it was funded by the U.S. this would hurt our debt problem.

Secondly, humans were made to live on earth and nowhere else. According to source 4, it says that there is a great deal of health hazards. For example the sample stats that "bones and muscles get weaker", which means that by the time we get to Mars, it would be harder to survive because we would be too weak to work. It also says in source 5 that "this magnetic field helps protect life on Earth from deadly forms of space radiation". This means that it 's not a good idea to leave Earths atmosphere because your could get exposed to deadly radiation. It also states in source 4 that your optic nerve can swell from 0 gravity.

Finally, we don 't have good enough technology yet. this is scary because if you get stuck in space with a defective spaceship your in trouble. Source 2 says this will require "improvement in spacecraft and other technology". It also says that it will require 44 metric tons of weight to land on Mars and N.A.S.A. has only been able to land 1 metric ton at a time. I personally think it 's not a good idea to go to space in a spaceship that you cannot trust.

In conclusion I would not want to risk the chance of living on Mars. Right now I am perfectly happy with life on Earth and see no reason in fixing something that is not broken. Due to the fact of it being to expensive, there are many health hazards, premature technology, there is just no need to go to Mars.

Why does Mr. White have "a guilty grin" on his face?
A) He wants to distract everyone from the dangers he senses.
B) He realizes that the poor location of his house is really his own fault.
C) He knows that he's mad about losing the chess game rather than about the weather. Eliminate
D) He is afraid that his son will find out that some of his ways of playing chess are cheating.

Answers

the answer is either C or D. the key word “guilty” is enough to know that he realizes what he’s doing is wrong, but he doesn’t want to lose his cool

Answer:

C) He knows that he's mad about losing the chess game rather than about the weather.

Explanation:

Lucas makes note of the group's processes and dynamics and comments on them_______

Answers

Lucas observes and comments on the group's processes and dynamics in order to better understand how the group functions and how it can be improved. He recognizes a group's processes, such as communication and decision-making.

Can greatly impact the success of the group's goals and objectives. By acknowledging these processes and analyzing them, Lucas can identify areas for improvement and make suggestions to the group on how to optimize their effectiveness. Lucas may also pay attention to the group's dynamics, such as power struggles and interpersonal relationships, in order to ensure that they do not interfere with the group's processes and goals. He may offer advice on how to resolve conflicts or improve relationships in the group, in order to maintain a positive and productive atmosphere. Lucas recognizes the importance of understanding the group's processes and dynamics in order to ensure that the group is working towards its goals in the most efficient and effective way possible. By offering insights and recommendations, he can help the group identify and address any issues that may be hindering its progress.

To know more about Lucas

https://brainly.com/question/2188926

#SPJ11

1. Identify the exposition of the story
How the Rhinoceros got his wrinkly skin

Answers

Answer: The exposition of the story is presented in the lines; "There was once a Parsee living on an uninhabited island in the Red Sea, with a shiny hat, a knife, and a cooking-stove."

Explanation: A narrative exposition is the introduction of a character's background, the environment, or past events that preceded the story. In this tale, the exposition of the story is at the beginning. You learn that a Parsee was living in an uninhabited island and that he had a knife and a cooking stove. This is important later on in the story, since that man bakes cakes, and puts crumbs from previous ones on the Rhino's skin, to then make him rub everywhere and have wrinkles on it.

JennyTo include this signature in a formal letter, it should be revised to contain the writer’sfull first name and middle name.nickname and last name.title and full first name.full first name and last name.

Answers

Answer:only first name and last name and not nickname and middle name

Explanation:

Answer:

It's D (Full first name and last name)

Other Questions
blood types refer to exercise 75. how surprising would it be to get more than 4 adults with type o blood in the sample? calculate an appropriate probability to support your answer Miguel (m=72) and Fernando (89 kg) board the bumper cars at the local carnival. Miguel is moving at a velocity of 4 m/s when he rear-ends Fernando who is at rest in his path. Fernando and his 125-kg car lunge forward at 2 m/s. Determine the post-collision velocity of Miguel and his 125-kg car. a star has a stellar parallax of 0.26 seconds of arc. find the distance to the star in light years. The value of y directly with x. If x=3, then y=21. What is the value of x when y=105? The scale of a map is 4 meters = 18 miles. The distance on the map is 6.8 meters. Find the actual distance in miles. How do you find (1+i)^4? 0.2y is inversely proportional to V1+x.When x=8, y = 2.Find y when x = 15.Please help me with this real quick! platelets __________. a. are in involved in blood clottingb. have multiple nucleic. are the precursors to leukocytesd. none of the listed responses is correct. describe how you could measure the magnetic force due to an external uniform magnetic field using magnets and a scale Items 21-23 are worth 4 points each, for a total of 12 points.21. Traduzca la siguiente oracin al espaol.14Katy's favorite network is Fox.22. Traduzca la siguiente oracin al espaol. Use el verbo en la forma de t.It is important that you do exercises..23. Traduzca la siguiente oracin al espaol.It is certain that he is a good actor. Genetic information is stored and transmitted withinA.nucleic acids.B. proteins.C.amino acids.D.sugars. An egr _______________ is used to reduce combustion chamber temperatures. What is the 27th letter of the Greek alphabet? which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ? asking a client to emotionally reexperience a childhood experience homework assignments self-help procedures asking questions to get a better sense of the client's inner world the use of humor Easy 20 PTS PTS PTS PTS what is the most constant threat to health information integrity? group of answer choices d. humans b. environmental threats c. internal threats a. natural threats Mr. Red's first year salary is $30,000 and it increases by $500 each year. What is the explicit rule for this sequence in simplified form? Please help me... I will mark as BRAINLIEST!!!! HELP ASAP FOR BRAINLIEST infertility and spontaneous abortion increase with age primarily due to: