Describe Thomson’s and Millikan’s contributions to atomic theory.

solution A initially had higher concentration of solute

When two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, the flow of water occurs across it from the region of lower solute concentration to that of higher solute concentration.

The process of water movement in the direction of higher solute concentration is called osmosis. The solution with a higher concentration of solutes initially has the higher water potential, which leads to water flow across the membrane into the lower solute concentration.

This direction of water flow will continue until equilibrium is established. The solution on the side that is increasing in volume had the lower concentration of solute initially.

In osmosis, water moves from a solution with a higher concentration of water molecules (lower solute concentration) to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules (higher solute concentration) when the two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

This movement occurs until both solutions reach equilibrium. The process of osmosis can be explained through the concept of water potential. The water potential is the measure of the energy required to move water molecules from one area to another. When two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, the solution with a higher concentration of solutes has a lower water potential compared to the solution with a lower concentration of solutes.

This leads to the movement of water from the area with higher water potential (lower solute concentration) to the area with lower water potential (higher solute concentration) until equilibrium is reached.In this case, when the level of fluid on side A increases over time, it means that water is moving from the solution on the other side of the membrane (side B) to the solution on side A.

Therefore, the solution on side B must have had a lower concentration of solutes initially. This led to the water moving from the region of higher water potential to the region of lower water potential (higher solute concentration) on side A. Hence, the solution on side A initially had a higher concentration of solute than the solution on side B.

Thus, it can be concluded that the solution that initially had the higher concentration of solute is the solution on side A. As a result, the water moved from the region of higher water potential (side B) to the region of lower water potential (side A) until both solutions reached equilibrium.

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A transparent and pliable film that can hold a coating of chemicals sensitive to light is called celluloid.

Celluloid film is a flexible plastic sheet used for taking pictures. First used as photographic film celluloid film quickly became the film material of choice for recording and capturing moving images and animation. The term film was first used to describe a particular technique.

This is a thin flexible material coated with a light-sensitive emulsion that retains the image after exposure to light. It is also the final product of this photochemical process. Celluloid film was widely used in motion pictures from the 1880s to the 1950s. However, celluloid is made of clear thermoplastic and is a much tougher and more durable option than the early filmmaking tools.

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A force of 52 N acts upon a 4 kg block sitting on the ground. The acceleration of the object is  13 m/s².

The rate at which velocity changes is called acceleration. Acceleration typically indicates a change in speed, but not necessarily. An item that follows a circular course while maintaining a constant speed is still moving forward because the direction of its motion is shifting.

An object's motion is altered by a net force; the larger the net force, the greater the acceleration. To accelerate at the same rate as less massive objects, higher net forces are needed.

The formula F=ma connects force and acceleration. The letters "F," "m," and "a" stand for force, mass, and acceleration, respectively. A push or pull that one object can apply to another is known as force. The pace at which an object's speed changes is known as acceleration.

Formula for acceleration is

a = f / m

Acceleration = force / mass

= 52N / 4kg

= 13 m/s²

Thus, The acceleration of the object is  13 m/s².

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Answer:

malleable

Explanation:

The image represent in malleable property of metal.

The image possibly represents the photoelectric effect of a metal, which is when it emits electrons after being exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Metals are also characterized by physical properties such as conductivity, malleability, metallic luster, and metallic bonding.

Based on your question, the image possibly represents the photoelectric effect, a key property of metals. This phenomenon occurs when a metal surface exposed to electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency absorbs radiation and emits electrons. These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons. Metals can also exhibit free electron model behavior, where electrons freely roam within the metal structure.

Metals possess unique physical properties like conductivity, malleability, and metallic luster. Malleability refers to the metal's ability to deform without breaking, while conductivity refers to the metal's ability to transfer heat or electricity. A metallic luster gives metals their characteristic shiny appearance.

Finally, metals are also known for their metallic bonding—a unique force that holds together the atoms within a metallic solid. Metallic bonding gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties of metals.

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The standard entropy change for the dissolution of caf2 in water at 298 K is 56.11 kJ.

Entropy is the total amount of energy that is not available to do a work.

The reaction is

CaF₂(s) → CaF₂(aq)

S° of CaF₂(s) = 68.87 J/K•mol

S° of CaF₂(aq) = –80.8 J/K•mol

ΔH°f of CaF₂(s) = –1219.6 kJ/mol

ΔH°f of CaF₂(aq) = –1208.09 kJ/mol

(– 80.8 ) – ( 68.87 )

= –149.67 J/K

(–1208.09) – (–1219.6) = 11.51 kJ

(11. 51 J) – (298 K) (–149.67 J/K) = 56112 J

= 56.11 kJ

Thus, the standard entropy change for the dissolution of caf2 in water at 298 K is 56.11 kJ

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Using a centrifuge is an important laboratory technique that requires proper execution to obtain accurate results.

Firstly, it is essential to use a test tube with a volume similar to that of the sample tube to balance the centrifuge correctly. Placing the test tubes side by side is recommended to ensure optimal separation during centrifugation. After completion, it is crucial to stop the rotation of the centrifuge promptly using a paper towel or stopper. Additionally, using the exact type of test tube and solution in 3-4 tubes will ensure consistency and accuracy of results. Before removing samples, it is vital to confirm that the centrifuge has entirely stopped spinning. Lastly, balancing the centrifuge by placing test tubes across from each other is recommended to minimize vibrations and ensure stable results.

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To determine the number of moles of oxygen required to fill a room, we need to know the volume of the room and the partial pressure of oxygen.

Once these values are known, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of oxygen. The ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Rearranging this equation, we get n = PV/RT.Now, let's assume that the room is at standard temperature and pressure (STP), which means a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C) and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. At STP, the volume of one mole of gas is 22.4 L. Therefore, to fill the room (let's assume the room is 50 cubic meters or 50,000 liters), we would need 50,000/22.4 = 2232.14 moles of oxygen.At STP, the partial pressure of oxygen in air is 0.21 atm. If we assume that the room is filled with air, then the number of moles of oxygen needed would be 0.21 x 2232.14 = 468.75 moles of oxygen. Therefore, approximately 469 moles of oxygen are required to fill the room.

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Two possible sources of systematic (determinate) error in the experiment are; Incorrect calibration of volumetric glasswareIncorrect mass of NaCl

To calculate the concentration of NaCl in the resulting solution in mg/L NaCl, we can use the formula; Concentration (mg/L) = (Mass of solute ÷ Volume of solution in L) × 1000 g / 1 mg NaCl is present in the stock solution of 25 mL. So, the mass of NaCl in the solution would be;0.0842 g ÷ 25 mL = 0.00337 g/mL. Now, in the resulting solution, a 1.00 mL aliquot of the stock solution is transferred to a 50.00 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume. Therefore, the volume of the resulting solution is 50.00 mL. We will substitute these values in the formula, Concentration (mg/L) = (0.00337 g/mL ÷ 50 mL) × 1000 g / 1 mg concentration (mg/L) = 67.4 mg/L. Therefore, the concentration of NaCl in the resulting solution in mg/L NaCl is 67.4 mg/L.7.  Concentration = 67.4 mg/LTolerance = 4.28 mg/LTotal concentration = 67.4 + 4.28 mg/L = 71.68 mg/LWe round off this value to one decimal place; Total concentration = 71.7 mg/LTherefore, the concentration of NaCl in the resulting solution using propagation of error through the calculation is 67.4+0.4 mg/L.8. Two possible sources of random (indeterminate) error in the experiment are; Errors in temperature measurement. Errors in measurement of water volume. Two possible sources of systematic (determinate) error in the experiment are; Incorrect calibration of volumetric glasswareIncorrect mass of NaCl.

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The volume of the dry nitrogen gas at STP is 57.4 mL

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Initial volume (V₁) = 77 mL

Initial temperature (T₁) = 50 °C = 50 + 273 = 323 K

Initial pressure (P₁) = 763 – 92.5 = 670.5 mmHg

Final temperature (T₂) = STP = 273 K

Final pressure (P₂) = 760 mmHg

The volume of the dry nitrogen can be obtained by using the combine gas equation as follow:

\( \frac{P_1V_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2V_2}{T_2} \\ \\ \frac{670.5 \times 77}{323} = \frac{760 \times V_2}{273} \\ \\ cross \: multiply \\ \\ 323 \times 760 \times V_2 = 670.5 \times 77 \times 273 \\ \\ divide \: both \: side \: by \: 323 \times 760 \\ \\ V_2 = \: \frac{670.5 \times 77 \times 273 }{323 \times 760} \\ \\ V_2 = 57.4 \: ml\)

Therefore, the volume of the dry nitrogen gas is 57.4 mL

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Reflecting telescopes are preferred for scientific research because they are better suited for gathering large amounts of light and producing high-quality images. However, refracting telescopes are still popular for amateur astronomers and for viewing objects on Earth.

Reflecting telescopes are different from refracting telescopes because reflecting telescopes use mirrors, whereas refracting telescopes use lenses. The reflecting telescope was invented in 1668 by Sir Isaac Newton, and it has since become one of the most popular types of telescopes.
Reflecting telescopes use a mirror to gather and focus light, while refracting telescopes use a lens to do the same thing. Reflecting telescopes can be made much larger than refracting telescopes because it is easier to make large mirrors than it is to make large lenses. The mirror in a reflecting telescope is placed at the back of the telescope, and it gathers and reflects light back to a secondary mirror, which then reflects the light to the eyepiece. The eyepiece is where the observer looks through the telescope.In contrast, the lens in a refracting telescope is placed at the front of the telescope, and it gathers and bends light as it passes through. The lens focuses the light onto an eyepiece at the back of the telescope. Refracting telescopes are generally smaller than reflecting telescopes because of the difficulty of making large lenses.
Another difference between reflecting and refracting telescopes is the way they are constructed. Reflecting telescopes have a simple tube that houses the mirrors and eyepiece, while refracting telescopes have a more complex design with a long tube that contains the lens and eyepiece.

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A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that results in the formation of a salt and water.

To make a pure, dry sample of potassium chloride in a laboratory by neutralization, the following steps can be taken:

Materials needed:

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Distilled water

Heat source (hot plate or Bunsen burner)

Glass stirring rod

Funnel

Filter paper

Evaporating dish

Balance

Procedure:

Therefore,  It is important to use precise measurements and laboratory techniques to obtain a pure and dry sample of potassium chloride. Proper safety precautions, including wearing appropriate personal protective equipment and working in a well-ventilated area, should be followed.

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The intermolecular forces that are responsible for the dissolution of Ethylene glycol in water is hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces.

Both ethylene glycol and water contains the pair of hydrogen and oxygen.

The hydrogen of one atom create a bond with the oxygen of other atom this results in the formation of intra molecular hydrogen bonding.

The electron are non uniformly distributed over the molecule or the atom which results in the fluctuation of the electron density in the atom.

So it creates are dispersion forces which is present all over the molecule this forces helps to increase the strength of the bond formed between the ethylene glycol and water because they have large masses.

Both ethylene glycol and water are polar molecules because of being polar they form dipole and the dipole of both the molecules interact with each other in order to form bond between the atoms which eventually results in the formation dissolution of ethylene glycol in water.

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Compete Question - which intermolecular forces are responsible for the dissolution of ethylene glycol? select all that apply hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, dispersion and Ion dipole interaction.

Answer:

Our world will never be the same. Our beaches will be submerged, many towns, cities, states, and even countries will be partially if not completely submerged. All these human cities being flooded will kill thousands of people, pollute the ocean, and lose billions of dollars.

Explanation:

Answer:

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Thermosphere

Troposphere

Exosphere

Explanation:

The exosphere refers to the farthest region of the atmosphere that gradually fades into space.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of atmosphere. It is the layer where weather changes occur.

The thermosphere is right above the mesosphere but just below the exosphere. It is the layer where photoionization/photodissociation of molecules occurs thereby creating ions. This largely owes to interaction of molecules in this layer with ultraviolet radiation.

The stratosphere is composed of gases. Prominent among them is ozone which serves as a blanket against the sun's ionizing radiation.

The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere but just below the thermosphere. Temperature decreases steadily with height in the mesosphere.

The 5 layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

The atmosphere has been consisted of the 5 layers that protect the earth. The layers have been present at the height that and each layer has consisted of different constituents.

The layers of the atmosphere can be described as:

The 5 layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

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The volume of a 0.141 m calcium hydroxide solution required to neutralize 25.2 ml of a 0.372 m hydrochloric acid solution is  33.242 ml.

Neutralization or neutralization is a chemical reaction wherein an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization consequences in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present inside the answer.

A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and salt and involves the aggregate of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a robust acid and sturdy base has a pH the same as 7.

calculation:-

Concentration  Ca(oH)₂ M₁ = 0.141 M

valance factor n₁ = 2

Volume V₁ of Ca(oH)₂ = ?

concentration  Hcl M₂ = 0.372 M

valance factor n₂ = 1

The volume V₂ of HCl = 25.2 ml.

n₁M₁V₁ = n₂M₂V₂

V₁ = n₂M₂V₂ / n₁M₁

     = (1×0.372 × 25.2) / 2× 0.141

    = 33.242 ml

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(a) Draw resonating structure of PhenolPhenol is a common organic molecule. It consists of a phenyl group (C6H5) attached to a hydroxyl group (OH). The hydroxyl group is connected to the benzene ring at the para position, denoted as p-phenol.

The two main resonating structures of Phenol are shown in the figure below: This reaction takes place by cleaving the double bond of Cyclohexene using ozone, followed by a reductive workup step.

(b) Phenol is heated with CH3COCl:When Phenol is heated with Acetyl Chloride, it forms Acetophenone. The reaction is as follows:Phenol reacts with Acetyl Chloride to form Acetophenone, with the elimination of HCl as a by-product.(c) Propyne reacts with hydrogeniodide in the presence of benzene peroxide:Propyne reacts with hydrogen iodide in the presence of benzene peroxide to form 2-Iodopropane.

The reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism, as shown below:The chain initiation step:This step involves the homolytic cleavage of the benzene peroxide bond to generate benzene and two free radicals. These free radicals then interact with hydrogen iodide to form iodine radicals.The chain propagation step:The chain propagation steps involve the following sequence of reactions:The chain termination step:

This reaction involves the formation of 2-Iodopropane.(d) Propoxypropane is reacted with access of NH3:Propoxypropane is reacted with excess of NH3 to form Propylamine. The reaction is as follows:Propoxypropane undergoes nucleophilic substitution with ammonia, followed by deprotonation, to form the corresponding amine. Excess ammonia is required to drive the reaction to completion.

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Explanation:

Moles of Carbon used

= 48g / (12g/mol) = 4.0mol.

Moles of Oxygen used

= 128g / (32g/mol) = 4.0mol.

C + O2 => CO2

Therefore 4.0mol of CO2 is produced, which is equal to 91.2dm³ or 176g. (depending on gas or solid)

Answer:

V₂ = 0.4 L

Explanation:

Data:

Wanted:

Equation:

Solution:

Answer:

Chromium Phosphide is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes.

Explanation:

The Periodic table of Elements

Answer: 37.32

Explanation:

Nitrogen gas (N2) - 28.02 g/mol
Hydrogen gas (H2) - 2.02 g/mol
Ammonia gas (NH3) - 17.03 g/mol
Using the given mass of nitrogen gas, we can first calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas present:

moles of N2 = mass of N2 / molar mass of N2

moles of N2 = 30.7 g / 28.02 g/mol

moles of N2 = 1.096 mol

From the balanced chemical equation, we know that one mole of nitrogen gas reacts with three moles of hydrogen gas to form two moles of ammonia gas. Since we have an excess of hydrogen gas, we can assume that all of the nitrogen gas will react to form ammonia gas. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of ammonia gas formed using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation:

moles of NH3 = (moles of N2) x (2 moles of NH3 / 1 mole of N2)

moles of NH3 = 1.096 mol x (2 mol/1 mol)

moles of NH3 = 2.192 mol

Finally, we can calculate the mass of ammonia gas formed using its molar mass:  

mass of NH3 = moles of NH3 x molar mass of NH3

mass of NH3 = 2.192 mol x 17.03 g/mol

mass of NH3 = 37.32 g

The number 0.005802 expressed in proper scientific notation is 5.802 x 10^-3

Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 355 grams of Na₂SO₄ will be formed if you start with 200 grams of sodium hydroxide and you have an excess of sulfuric acid.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

H₂SO₄ + 2 NaOH  → Na₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O

By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

By reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

It can be applied the following rule of three: if by reaction stoichiometry 80 grams of NaOH form 142 grams of Na₂SO₄, 200 grams of NaOH form how much mass of Na₂SO₄?

mass of Na₂SO₄= (142 grams of Na₂SO₄×200 grams of NaOH) ÷80 grams of NaOH

mass of Na₂SO₄= 355 grams

Finally, 355 grams of Na₂SO₄ are formed.

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Answer: Water is SUPER soluble and regarded as an universal solvent because it is polar in nature and dissolves most inorganic solutes and some polar organic solutes to form aqueous solutions.

Explanation:

WATER is a substance which is composed of the elements such as hydrogen and oxygen that are combined in the ratio of 2:1. The physical properties of water include:

--> it is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid and

--> the boiling point of water is 100°C(this is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding).

The solubility of a solute in a solvent at a particular temperature is the maximum amount of solute in moles or grams that will saturate 1000 dm³ or grams of the solvent.

Water is regarded as a universal solvent BECAUSE it is capable of dissolving many substances. This solubility helps maintain different processes in life such as acting as the solvent which helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.

Answer:

1) potential energy of the bond.

2) Linear

3) The electrons are transferred from K to Cl.

4) ClF

5) Oxygen

6) Electrolysis

7) Double displacement

Explanation:

As two atoms approach each other in a bonding situation, the potential energy of the bond is minimized as the internuclear distance of the bonding atoms decreases.

BeH2 has two electron domains and the central beryllium atom is sp2 hybridized. According to valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. A molecule having two regions of electron density will lead to a linear molecule.

KCl is an ionic compound hence there is a transfer of electrons from K(metal) to Cl(nonmetal).

ClF has partial charges because it contains a polar covalent bond. The partial charges arise from the dipole within the molecule. LiF is a pure ionic compound formed by transfer of electrons from Li to F. The species possess full and not partial charges.

When an oxygen atom bonds with another oxygen atom, what has been formed is a homonuclear covalent bond. Since the electro negativity of the both atoms is exactly the same, a pure covalent bond is formed. Recall that polar covalent bonds are formed when there is a significant electro negativity difference between the bonding atoms.

When direct current is passed through certain salt solutions during electrolysis, gases may be evolved and collected at the appropriate electrodes.

A double-replacement reaction is a reaction in which the cations and anions present in two different ionic compounds that are reacting together exchange their positions to form two new compounds on the product side. For instance, look at the reaction shown in question 7 as a typical example of this;

AgNO3 (s) + NaCl (s) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (s).

Answer: 8.1 days

Explanation:

Expression for rate law for first order kinetics is given by:

\(t=\frac{2.303}{k}\log\frac{a}{a-x}\)

where,

k = rate constant

t = age of sample

a = let initial amount of the reactant = x

a - x = amount left after decay process= \(\frac{x}{4}\) 

a) to find rate constant

Half life is the amount of time taken by a radioactive material to decay to half of its original value.

\(t_{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{0.693}{k}\)

\(k=\frac{0.693}{2.7days}=0.257days^{-1}\)

b) for completion of one fourth of reaction

\(t=\frac{2.303}{k}\log\frac{x}{\frac{x}{4}}\)

\(t=\frac{2.303}{0.257}\log{4}\)

\(t=8.1days\)

Thus after 8.1 days , one fourth of original amount will remain.

Answer:

Hcl Answer

Explanation:

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Answer:

No, you cannot.

Explanation:

Due to the Law of Conservation of Energy all chemical equations have to be balcned. The Law of Conservation of energy states that matter cannot be neither created nor destroyed. By having more atoms on either side, you are breaking this law.  

Answer:

Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.

Explanation:

Because of the number of neutron they have, they have different physical properties. Carbon-14 is considered an unstable isotope. It decays and emits radioactivity in the form of beta rays.

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Answer:2

Explanation:

8-6=2

Answer:

Agree

Explanation:

Answer:

Agree

Explanation:

Neon gas would have the largest partial pressure among the mixture of noble gases based on Dalton’s law of partial pressure and ideal gas law.

By understanding Dalton’s law of partial pressure and ideal gas law, the relationship between the mole fraction and partial pressure can be determined. Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that the total pressure of the mixture of gases is just the same as the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone (Chang and Goldsby, 2013).

Ideal Gas Law: P= nRT/V

Let: partial pressure = p and total pressure=P

p_neon + p_argon + p_xenon = P

(n_neon)(RT/V) + (n_argon)(RT/V) +(n_xenon)(RT/V)= (n_total)(RT/V)

Mole fraction is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the number of moles of a specific substance to the number of moles of all the components. Mole fraction can also be equal to the ratio of partial pressure and total pressure.

Mole fraction of neon (x_neon) = p_neon / P

x_neon = (n_neon)(RT/V)/(n_total)(RT/V)

x_neon = (n_neon)/(n_total)

Therefore, the partial pressure of a component is directly proportional to its mole fraction. This means that the higher the mole fraction, the higher the partial pressure is.

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