Answers
Human body can be both closed and open system.
Human body is closed system in sense that all its constituents are closed within human body and it can be open system in sense that the entire system includes both human body and its interacting environment.
There is always temperature difference between the human body and the environment, the body absorb or emits heat.Open system can exchange energy and matter, example - water in an open beaker, human body Closed system can exchange only energy but not matter, example-boiling water in covered pan, air conditioner. -Isolated system can not exchange energy and matter, example-.thermos flaskLearn more about open and closed system _
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Related Questions
Deduce the structure, and give the IUPAC name, of the ester used to obtain the 1H NMR spectrum below.
Answers
The IUPAC name is isobutyl propanate .Isobutyl propionate is widely used in food and beverage industries as a rum flavor.
Obtain the 1H NMR spectrum below?
The number of signals these molecule's produce in a 1H NMR spectrum can be determined just by counting the number of distinct hydrogens on one side of the plane of symmetry.NMR spectroscopy commonly used for compound analysis is 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Techniques can be used to determine the structure conformation, the number of protons, and the number of carbons in the structure of a chemical compound.Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.To learn more about ester refer to:
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A solution of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is found to have a sodium ion concentration of 0.063% w/v (a) Express [Na+(aq)] as ppm (b) Express [CO32-(aq)] as a Molarity (c) What mass of sodium carbonate is needed to prepare 250 mL of this solution
Answers
(a) [Na+(aq)] is 630 ppm
(b) [CO₃₂-(aq)] is 1.26 × 10-3 M
(c) Mass of Na₂CO₃ needed is 3.15 mg
What is mass of an element?The mass of an element is the average mass of the atoms of an element measured in atomic mass unit (amu, also known as daltons, D). The atomic mass is a weighted average of all of the isotopes of that element, in which the mass of each isotope is multiplied by the abundance of that particular isotope.
(a) [Na+(aq)] = 0.063% w/v × 10,000 ppm/1% = 630 ppm
(b) [CO₃₂-(aq)] = 2 × 630 ppm/1000 = 1.26 × 10-3 M
(c) Mass of Na₂CO₃ = (1.26 × 10-3 M)(250 mL)(106 mg/1 mol) = 3.15 mg
Therefore, the correct answers are as given above. It could then be concluded that Na+(aq)] as ppm is 630 ppm, CO32-(aq)] as a Molarity is 1.26 × 10-3 M, and the mass of sodium carbonate is needed to prepare 250 mL of this solution is 3.15 mg.
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Differences between voltage, current and resistance?
Answers
Answer:
Voltage is the measure of electric potential energy per unit charge, current is the flow of electric charge through a circuit, and resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current.
Ohm's Law relates these three concepts by stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Hope this helps!
(WILL GIVE BRAINIEST)
If you toast a piece of bread then spread butter onto the warm plece of toast, what would be the physical change occurring? What would be the chemical change occurring?
Answers
Answer:
I say both I hope this helps
What technology allowed scientists to collect new data on layers of the earth
Answers
Basically the answer is Seismic-Wave Data :)
Name a liquid substance that could be used in the laboratory for: dissolving dry mortar on floor tiles; (i) removing KMnO, stains; drying acid anhydrides
Answers
A liquid substance that could be used in the laboratory for dissolving dry mortar on floor tiles is vinegar; (i) removing KMnO₄, stains is sodium metabisulfite solution; drying acid anhydrides is concentrated sulfuric acid.
What are solvents?Solvents are substances usually liquids, but may also be gases or solids that dissolve other substances known as solutes.
Solvents are usually used as cleansing agents.
One possible liquid substance that could be used for dissolving dry mortar on floor tiles is a mild acid solution, such as diluted hydrochloric acid or vinegar.
KMnO₄ stains are often difficult to remove, but one substance that can be used is sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅) solution. Sodium metabisulfite acts as a reducing agent and can effectively neutralize and remove KMnO₄ stains.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is commonly used in the laboratory as a drying agent. It has a strong affinity for water and can efficiently absorb moisture, including water present in acid anhydrides.
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When heated, calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s) , decomposes to calcium oxide, CaO(s) , and carbon dioxide, CO2 . Using relevant data from your book's appendices, calculate the heat evolved or consumed when 15.0 g of calcium carbonate are decomposed. answer: kJ
Answers
As per the standard data, the heat evolved during one mole of calcium carbonate decomposes is 177.8 KJ. Thus 15 g or 0.15 moles of calcium carbonate when decomposed will produce 26.67 KJ of heat.
What is reaction enthalpy?Reaction enthalpy of a substance is the heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction. Reaction enthalpy is negative for an exothermic reaction and positive for an endothermic reaction.
Molar mass of calcium carbonate = 100 g.
no.of moles in 15 g = 15 /100 = 0.15 moles.
One mole or 100 g of calcium carbonate decompose to evolve 177.8 KJ according to the scientific record.
Thus, heat evolved by the decomposition of 0.15 moles is 0.15 × 177.8 KJ = 26.67 KJ.
Hence, the heat evolved during the decomposition of 15 g of calcium carbonate is 26.67 KJ.
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what is the independent variable in which cleans teeth better baking soda or toothpaste
Answers
What volume of CO2(g), measured at STP is produced if 15.2 grams of CaCO(s) is heated?
Answers
Answer:
Volume = 3.4 L
Explanation:
In order to calculate the volume of CO₂ produced when 15.2 g of CaCO₃ is heated, we need to first write out the balanced equation of the thermal decomposition of CaCO₃:
CaCO₃ (s) + [Heat] ⇒ CaO (s) + CO₂ (g)
Now, let's calculate the number of moles in 15.2 g CaCO₃:
mole no. = \(\mathrm{\frac{mass}{molar \ mass}}\)
= \(\frac{15.2}{40.1 + 12 + (16 \times 3)}\)
= 0.1518 moles
From the balanced equation above, we can see that the stoichiometric molar ratios of CaCO₃ and CO₂ are equal. Therefore, the number of moles of CO₂ produced is also 0.1518 moles.
Hence, from the formula for the number of moles of a gas, we can calculate the volume of CO₂:
mole no. = \(\mathrm{\frac{Volume \ in \ L}{22.4}}\)
⇒ \(0.1518 = \mathrm{\frac{Volume}{22.4}}\)
⇒ Volume = 0.1518 × 22.4
= 3.4 L
Therefore, if 15.2 g of CaCO₃ is heated, 3.4 L of CO₂ is produced at STP.
In Part 1 of this chapter, you learned that USP Chapter <797> has established guidelines for how
often and under what circumstances a detailed hood-cleaning procedure must be performed. With
that in mind, what do these strict regulations indicate about the importance of hood cleaning to
patient health and safety?
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Answers
The strict regulations established by USP Chapter <797> regarding hood-cleaning procedures indicate the critical importance of hood cleaning to patient health and safety.
What is hood cleaning?The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure that compounding pharmacies maintain a clean and sterile environment when preparing medications, especially those that will be administered to patients. The guidelines specify the frequency of cleaning and the level of detail required to ensure that the hoods are free of contaminants, which could compromise the quality and efficacy of the compounded products.
Therefore, Failure to comply with these regulations could result in contamination of medications and subsequent harm to patients. Thus, it is crucial to adhere to these guidelines to maintain a safe and sterile environment for compounding medications.
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How many particles are in 3.4 moles of NaCl?
Answers
Answer:
The answer is
2.049 × 10²⁴ particlesExplanation:
To find the number of entities or particles given the number of moles of a substance we use the formula
N = n × Lwhere n is the number of moles
N is the number of entities
L is the Avogadro's constant which is
6.02 × 10²³ entities
From the question
n = 3.4 mol
We have
N = 3.4 × 6.02 × 10²³
We have the final answer as
2.049 × 10²⁴ particlesHope this helps you
Distillation is a method of purification based on successive separations and recondensations of vapor above a solution.
A. The vapor pressure of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is 0.354 atm and the vapor pressure of chloroform, CHCl3, is 0.526 atm at 316 K. A solution is prepared from equal masses of these two compounds at this temperature. The mole fraction of chloroform in the vapor above this solution is χCHCl3 = 0.657. If the vapor above the original solution is condensed and isolated into a separate flask, the vapor pressure of chloroform above this new solution is 0.346 atm.
Calculate the mole fraction of chloroform in the vapor above a solution obtained by three successive separations and condensations of the vapors above the original solution of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform.
χCHCl3=
B. Show how this result explains the use of distillation as a separation method.
Answers
Answer:
The vapor pressure of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is 0.354 atm,
and the vapor pressure of chloroform, CHCl3, is 0.526 atm at
316 K. A solution is prepared from equal masses of these two
compounds at this temperature. Calculate the mole fraction of
the chloroform in the vapor above the solution. If the vapor
above the original solution is condensed and isolated into a
separate flask, what would the vapor pressure of chloroform be
above this new solution?
ANSWER
0.346 atmatm
Chapter 13
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problem. 1 13 asks what the, um the mole fraction of chloroform is if equal masses of carbon tetrachloride and core former mixed together. And then it asks you to condense the vapor above such a solution and figure out what the pressure of core form is above that new solution. So the problem gives you that the vapor pressure of pure carbon tetrachloride is 0.354 atmospheres, and the vapor pressure of pure chloroform is 0.5 to 6 atmospheres. Both of these at 316
Study Guide Unit 5
ICP
1) Distinguish between reactants and products.
a. The Law of Conservation of states that cannot be created nor destroyed.
b. are the substances that start a chemical reaction and are located on the side of the arrow in a chemical equation, while are the substances produced from the reaction and are located on the side of the arrow.
c. If the number of atoms in the reactants do not equal the number of atoms in the products we say the reaction is , if they do equal each other, we say the reaction is
d. A chemical equation is defined as.....
2. Understand how to classify types of reactions.
a. In your own words, explain how to recognize the following types of reactions. Use complete sentences and explain using vocabulary words.
i. Synthesis -
ii. Decomposition -
iii. Single Replacement -
iv. Double Replacement -
v. Combustion -
Answers
1) reactants are the starting material of a chemical reaction and are written on the left hand side of the equation
while
products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right hand side of the equation
a) The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor be destroyed
b) reactants are the substances that start a chemical reaction and are located on the left hand side of the arrow in a chemical equation, while products are the substances produced from the reaction and are located on the right hand side of the arrow.
c)if the number of atoms in the reactants do not equal the number of atoms in the products we say the reaction is unbalanced if they do equal each other, we say the reaction is balanced
d) chemical equation can be defined as the symbolic representation of chemical reactions in which the reactants and products are expressed in terms of their respective chemical formulae
2) combination reaction
decomposition reaction
single replacement reaction
double replacement reaction
combustion reaction
2 i synthesis is the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials
ii. Decomposition means to break up into constituent part by or as if by a chemical process
iii. single replacement is a reaction in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound
iv. Double replacement have two ionic compounds that are exchanging anions or cations
v. combustion means a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in form of flame.
What happens to the pH when a a small amount of acid is added to a buffered solution?
A.the pH goes up to 14.
B.The pH goes down to 1.
C.The pH stays about the same.
D.The pH goes to 7.
Answers
C. The pH stays about the same.
A buffered solution resists changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base. The buffer system in the solution will react with the added acid, keeping the pH relatively constantAnswer:
C.The pH stays about the same.
Explanation:
Buffer reactions maintain stable pH of solutions.
How many molecules are in 0.0023 moles of CO2?
Answers
Taking into account the definition of Avogadro's Number, 1.38529×10²¹ molecules in 0.0023 mole of CO₂ .
Definition of Avogadro's NumberAvogadro's number is defined as the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) in 12 grams of carbon-12, that is, in one mole of the substance or compound.
Its value is 6.023×10²³ particles per mole and it applies to any substance.
Molecules of CO₂ in this caseConsidering the definition of Avogadro's number, you can apply the following rule of three: If 1 mole of CO₂ contains 6.023×10²³ molecules, 0.0023 mole of CO₂ contains how many molecules?
amount of molecules of CO₂= (0.0023 moles × 6.023×10²³ molecules)÷ 1 mole
amount of molecules of CO₂= 1.38529×10²¹ molecules
Finally, there are 1.38529×10²¹ molecules.
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1. How is a covalent bond formed?
When electrons between atoms are transferred
When electrons between atoms are shared.
When electrons are subtracted from atoms.
When electrons are added to atoms.
Answers
A rigid, 26-L steam cooker is arranged with a pressure relief valve set to release vapor and maintain the pressure once the pressure inside the cooker reaches 150 kPa. Initially, this cooker is filled with water at 175 kPa with a quality of 10 percent. Heat is now added until the quality inside the cooker is 40 percent. Determine the exergy.
Answers
The minimum entropy change of the heat-supplying source is -0.87 kJ/K.
Initial entropy of the systemIn this case, given the initial conditions, we first use the 10-% quality to compute the initial entropy.
at initial pressure of 175 kPaS₁ = 1.485 + (0.1)(5.6865) = 2.0537 kJ/kg K
Final entropyThe entropy at the final state given the new 40-% quality:
pressure inside the cooker = 150 kPaS₂ = 1.4337 + (0.4)(5.7894) = 3.7495 kJ/kg K
Mass of the steam at specific volumem₁ = 0.026/(0.001057 + 0.1 x 1.002643) = 0.257 kg
m₂ = 0.026/(0.001053 + 0.4 x 1.158347) = 0.056 kg
minimum entropy change of the heat-supplying sourceΔS + S₁ - S₂ + S₂m₂ - S₁m₁ - sfg(m₂ - m₁) > 0
ΔS + 2.0537 - 3.7495 + (3.7495 x 0.056) - (2.0537 x 0.257) - 5.6865( 0.056 - 0.257) > 0
ΔS > -0.87 kJ/K
Thus, the minimum entropy change of the heat-supplying source is -0.87 kJ/K.
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No pain no gain . which figure of speech is this
Answers
Answer:
No pain, no gain is a proverb that means in order to make progress or to be successful, one must suffer. This suffering may be in a physical or mental sense. The phrase no pain, no gain was popularized in the 1980s by the American actress, Jane Fonda.
45. Which electron configuration represents an
atom in the excited state?
(1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
(2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
(3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (4) 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2
(4) 1s 2s2p5352
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is - (4) 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2
Explanation:
An excited state is a state when the valence electron has moved to some other higher energy orbital, from its ground state orbital. The ground state has a lower energy level or sublevel. In this case, the higher energy level orbit fills before the lower energy level.
In option 4, the last electron is filled in higher energy orbit 3s2 before filling the lower or ground energy level 2p5, in the ground state it would be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 instead of 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2.
Thus, the correct answer is option 4.
Predict the reactants of this chemical reaction. That is, fill in the left side of the chemical equation. Be sure the equation you submit is balanced.
_______ → Ba(ClO)2 + H2O(l)
Answers
Answer:
2HClO(aq) + Ba(OH)₂(aq) → Ba(ClO)₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
Explanation:
The reaction corresponds to a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, as follows:
2HClO(aq) + Ba(OH)₂(aq) → Ba(ClO)₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
From the equation above we have that the acid HClO reacts with the base Ba(OH)₂ to obtain a salt Ba(ClO)₂ and water.
In the balanced reaction, we have that 2 moles of HClO react with 1 mol of Ba(OH)₂ to produce 1 mol of Ba(ClO)₂ and 2 moles of water.
I hope it helps you!
Calculate the relative molecular mass of hydrated Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) CuSO4.5H₂O (Cu = 64 S = 32 H = 1 0 = 16).
Answers
The relative molecular mass of hydrated Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) CuSO4.5H₂O is 249.
What is molecular mass?Molecular mass is a measure of the total mass of one mole of a substance, which is defined as the mass of the substance divided by the number of molecules it contains. It is typically expressed in g/mol and is also known as molar mass. Molecular mass is determined by the types and number of atoms that compose a molecule, and is an important factor in understanding the properties of a substance.
This is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in the compound.
The atomic mass of copper is 64, sulphur is 32, oxygen is 16, and hydrogen is 1.
So, the relative molecular mass of hydrated Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) CuSO4.5H₂O is 64 + 32 + (16*4.5) + (1*5) = 249.
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The reaction mixture, at a certain temperature, contained concentrations of0.31 M of NH3, 0.85 M of N2 and 0.031 M of H2 when it reached equilibrium.Calculate Keq at this temperature.
Answers
ANSWER
Keq is 3798.42 or 3.798 x 10^3
EXPLANATION
Given that;
The concentration of NH3 is 0.31M
The concentration of N2 is 0.85M
The concentration of H2 is 0.031M
Follow the steps below to find the chemical equilibrium constant of the reaction
Step 1; Write the balanced equation of the reaction
\(\text{ N}_{2(g)}\text{ + 3H}_{2(g)}\text{ }\rightleftarrows\text{ 2NH}_{3(g)}\)Step 2; Write the chemical equilibrium constant for the reaction
\(\begin{gathered} \text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = }\frac{K_f}{\text{ K}_b} \\ \text{ Where} \\ \text{ K}_f\text{ = }\lbrack NH_3\rbrack^2 \\ \text{ K}_b\text{ = }\lbrack N_2\rbrack\text{ }\lbrack H_2\rbrack^3 \end{gathered}\)Step 3; Substitute the kf and kb into the formula above
\(\text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = }\frac{\lbrack NH_3\rbrack^2}{\lbrack H_2\rbrack^3\times\lbrack N_2\rbrack}\)Recall, that
[NH3] = 0.31M
[H2] = 0.031M
[N2] = 0.85M
\(\begin{gathered} \text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = }\frac{(0.31)^2}{(0.85)\times\text{ \lparen0.031\rparen}^3} \\ \\ \text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = }\frac{\text{ 0.0961}}{0.85\text{ }\times\text{ 0.0000298}} \\ \\ \text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = }\frac{\text{ 0.0961}}{0.0000253} \\ \\ \text{ K}_{eq}\text{ = 3798.42 or 3.798 }\times\text{ 10}^3 \end{gathered}\)Therefore, Keq is 3798.42 or 3.798 x 10^3
-Convert 6.02 x 1020 formula units of MgCl₂ to mol of MgCl₂:
Answers
6.02 x \(10^{20\) formula units of MgCl₂ is equal to 0.1 moles of MgCl₂.
To convert formula units of MgCl₂ to moles of MgCl₂, we need to use Avogadro's number, which relates the number of formula units to the number of moles.
Avogadro's number (NA) is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 formula units per mole.
Given that we have 6.02 x 10^20 formula units of MgCl₂, we can set up a conversion factor to convert to moles:
(6.02 x 10^20 formula units MgCl₂) * (1 mol MgCl₂ / (6.022 x 10^23 formula units MgCl₂))
The formula units of MgCl₂ cancel out, and we are left with moles of MgCl₂:
(6.02 x 10^20) * (1 mol / 6.022 x 10^23) = 0.1 mol
Therefore, 6.02 x 10^20 formula units of MgCl₂ is equal to 0.1 moles of MgCl₂.
It's important to note that this conversion assumes that each formula unit of MgCl₂ represents one mole of MgCl₂. This is based on the stoichiometry of the compound, where there is one mole of MgCl₂ for every one formula unit.
Additionally, this conversion is valid for any substance, not just MgCl₂, as long as you know the value of Avogadro's number and the number of formula units or particles you have.
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How many moles of CO2 should be placed in a 250 ml container at -24 Celsius to produce a pressure of 95 kPa?
Answers
Answer:
0.011 mol CO₂
General Formulas and Concepts:
Chemistry - Gas Laws
Combined Gas Law: PV = nRT
P is pressureV is volume (in Liters)n is amount of molesR is a gas constant - \(8.314 \frac{L \cdot kPa}{mol \cdot K}\)T is temperature (in Kelvins)Temperature Conversion: K = °C + 273.15
Explanation:
Step 1: Define
250 mL
-24°C
95 kPa
Step 2: Identify Conversions
Temp Conversion
1000 mL = 1 L
Step 3: Convert
\(250 \ mL(\frac{1 \ L}{1000 \ mL} )\) = 0.25 L
-24°C + 273.15 = 249.15 K
Step 4: Find Moles
Substitute: \((95 \ kPa)(0.25 \ L) = n(8.314 \frac{L \cdot kPa}{mol \cdot K})(249.15 \ K)\)Isolate n: \(\frac{(95 \ kPa)(0.25 \ L) }{(8.314 \frac{L \cdot kPa}{mol \cdot K})(249.15 \ K)} = n\)Rewrite: \(n = \frac{(95 \ kPa)(0.25 \ L) }{(8.314 \frac{L \cdot kPa}{mol \cdot K})(249.15 \ K)}\)Evaluate: \(n = 0.011465 \ mol \ CO_2\)Step 5: Check
We are given 2 sig figs. Follow sig fig rules and round.
0.011465 mol CO₂ ≈ 0.011 mol CO₂
densityy of a cube that is 2" and weighs 444.5 g
Answers
The density (in g/cm³) of a cube of metal that is 2 inches on a side and weighs 444.5 grams is 3.4 g/cm³ (1st option)
How do i determine the density of the metal?First, we shall obtain the volume of the metal. Details below:
Length (L) = 2 in = 2 × 2.54 = 5.08 cmVolume =?Volume = L³
Volume = 5.08³
Volume = 131.1 cm³
Finally, we shall obtain the density of the metal. Details below:
Volume of metal = 131.1 cm³ Mass of metal = 444.5 gramsDensity of metal = ?Density = mass / volume
Density of metal = 444.5 / 131.1
Density of metal = 3.4 g/cm³
Thus, we can conclude from the above calculation that the density of the metal is 3.4 g/cm³ (1st option)
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Complete question:
What is the density (in g/cm³) of a cube of metal that is 2 inches on a side and weighs 444.5 grams?
3.4 g/cm³
8.89 g/cm³
55.56 g/cm³
0.180 g/cm³
Lab Report: Paper Chromatography
As the questions when you are the same this assignment to your acher by the clear
Describe generally what happened beach set of ik had the messigments
Tube where
2. Came the sceness of each of the sens
3. has the of the unknown Use or your chim
You are gen an unknowne of thing. How could you use the procedures in this to see this dye
Answers
how to calculate theoretical yield
Answers
Answer:
I'm not really sure how but here's the formula?
To calculate theoretical yield first check chemical equations are balanced. Calculate the mole ratios of the reactants and products, Find the theoretical yield of the reaction.
Percent Yield = Mass of Actual Yield / Mass of Theoretical Yield x 100 percent.
What is theoretical yield ?The theoretical yield is the quantity of product that stoichiometry predicts will be produced, whereas the actual yield is the amount that is actually produced.
The yield of a reaction is used to represent how much of a product is produced from that reaction.
Thus, Divide the ratio by the limiting reactant's molecular weight. The answer is the theoretical yield of the desired product in moles.
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What is the mass (in g) of a solid piece of iron which has a specific heat of 0.449 J/g°C if when it absorbed 948.0 J of heat the temperature rose from 24.0°C to
82.1°C? Give your answer in 3 sig figs.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
We can use the formula:
q = mcΔT
where q is the heat absorbed, m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Given:
specific heat of iron (c) = 0.449 J/g°C
initial temperature (T1) = 24.0°C
final temperature (T2) = 82.1°C
heat absorbed (q) = 948.0 J
Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
q = mcΔT
948.0 J = m(0.449 J/g°C)(82.1°C - 24.0°C)
948.0 J = m(0.449 J/g°C)(58.1°C)
m = 948.0 J ÷ (0.449 J/g°C × 58.1°C)
m = 33.1 g
Therefore, the mass of the iron piece is 33.1 g (to three significant figures)
A diprotic acid, H₂A, has Ka1 = 3.4 × 10⁻⁴ and Ka2 = 6.7 × 10⁻⁹. What is the pH of a 0.18 M solution of H₂A?
Answers
Answer:
pH = 2.10
Explanation:
We name an acid as diprotic because it can release two protons:
H₂A + H₂O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + HA⁻ Ka₁
HA⁻ + H₂O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + A⁻² Ka₂
We propose the mass balance:
Analytical concentration = [H₂A] + [HA⁻] + [A⁻²]
As Ka₂ is so small, we avoid the [A⁻²] so:
0.18 M = [H₂A] + [HA⁻]
But we can not avoid the HA⁻, because the Ka₁. Ka₁'s expression is:
Ka₁ = [H₃O⁺] . [HA⁻] / [H₂A]
We propose the charge balance:
[H₃O⁺] = [HA⁻] + [A⁻²] + [OH⁻]
As we did not consider the A⁻², we can miss the term and if
Kw = H⁺ . OH⁻
We replace Kw/H⁺ = OH⁻. So the new equation is:
[H₃O⁺] = [HA⁻] + Kw / [H₃O⁺]
The acid is so concentrated, so we can avoid the term with the Kw, so:
[H₃O⁺] = [HA⁻]
In the mass balance we would have:
0.18 M = [H₂A]
We replace at Ka₁
Ka₁ = [H₃O⁺] . [HA⁻] / [H₂A]
Ka1 . 0.18 / [H₃O⁺] = [HA⁻]
We replace at the charge balance:
[H₃O⁺] = Ka1 . 0.18 / [H₃O⁺]
[H₃O⁺]² = 3.4×10⁻⁴ . 0.18
[H₃O⁺] = √(3.4×10⁻⁴ . 0.18)
[H₃O⁺] = 7.82×10⁻³
- log [H₃O⁺] = pH → - log 7.82×10⁻³
pH = 2.10
Following are the calculation to the pH:
For First ionization:
\([H^+] = (K_{a1} \times C)^{\frac{1}{2}}\)
where
C = initial concentration of acid \(= 0.18\ M\)
\([H^{+}] = (3.4 \times 10^{-4} \times 0.18 \ M)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\\)
\([H^{+}] = 0.007\ M\)
For Second ionization:
\([H^{+}] = K_{a2} \\\\\)
\([ H^{+} ] = 6.7 \times 10^{-9}\ M \\\)
\(Total [H^{+}] = 0.007\ M + 6.7 \times 10^{-9}\ M\\\\Total [H^{+}] = 0.007 \ M\)
\(pH = -\log[H^+] \\\\pH = -\log(0.007 \ M)\\\\pH = 2.15\)
Therefore, the pH is "2.15".
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Describe a NAMED example of a non-equilibrium system with respect to it’s energetic nature and equilibrium status.
Answers
Answer:
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Explanation: