1. How might the waiving Covid vaccine patents have sped up the vaccination process in poorer countries? Explain in words how you would illustrate your answer with a graph or graphs (e.g., S & D, monopoly).
One way to illustrate the effect of patent waivers is to use a supply and demand graph for vaccines in a poorer country. The demand curve shows the quantity of vaccines that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices, while the supply curve shows the quantity of vaccines that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices.
If the patent is waived, other producers can enter the market and compete with the patent holder, driving down the price and increasing the quantity of vaccines supplied. This reduces the deadweight loss and increases the total surplus, as more consumers can afford and access the vaccine. The graph below shows this effect.
2. Referring to your graph(s), carefully explain what happens to total surplus when a patent is waived.
In the graph above, total surplus without patent waiver is equal to area A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H. Total surplus with patent waiver is equal to area A + B + C + D + E + F + I + J + K + L. Therefore, when a patent is waived, total surplus increases by area I + J + K + L, which is equal to the reduction in deadweight loss.
3. Given your answers to questions 1 and 2, why are vaccine patents granted in the first place? Are they simply a give-away to pharmaceutical companies?
Vaccine patents are granted to provide an incentive for innovation and research and development (R&D). Developing new vaccines requires a lot of time, money, and expertise, and involves a high degree of uncertainty and risk. Without patents, pharmaceutical companies may not have enough motivation or reward to invest in R&D, as they would face competition from other firms that could copy their products without bearing any of the costs. Patents give them a temporary monopoly over their inventions, allowing them to recoup their costs and earn profits.
4. There were two primary responses to critics who voiced concern about the dangers of voiding intellectual property protections:
a. The vaccines have already been developed (so no further investment is required).
b. The developers will make a lot of money - more than enough to cover their development costs - even if they now lose patent protection.
Think like an economist and evaluate these responses.
These responses are not very convincing from an economic perspective.
a. The vaccines have already been developed (so no further investment is required).
This response ignores the fact that R&D is not a one-time activity but an ongoing process that requires continuous investment.
b. The developers will make a lot of money - more than enough to cover their development costs - even if they now lose patent protection.
This response assumes that profits are the only or main driver of innovation and that development costs are fixed and known in advance. However, profits are not only determined by costs but also by revenues, which depend on market conditions, demand elasticity, competition, regulation, etc.
5. What might be an alternative to a patent waiver if the goal is to speed the vaccination process in poorer countries? What are the pros and cons as compared to a patent waiver? Which would you recommend and why?
One possible alternative to a patent waiver is voluntary licensing agreements between patent holders and other manufacturers or distributors in poorer countries. This means that patent holders grant permission to use their technology in exchange for royalties or fees. This could speed up the vaccination process by increasing production capacity and reducing transportation costs while maintaining quality standards and respecting IP rights.
Some pros of voluntary licensing agreements are:
- They can be tailored to specific contexts and needs of different countries or regions.- They can avoid legal disputes or trade tensions that may arise from imposing a patent waiver.Some cons of voluntary licensing agreements are:
- They may involve restrictive terms or conditions that limit competition or access.- They may not be transparent or accountable.Compared to a patent waiver, voluntary licensing agreements may be more feasible and less disruptive in terms of IP protection but also less effective and less equitable in terms of vaccine access.
About CovidCovid is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus. People with COVID-19 can experience fever, dry cough and difficulty breathing.
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Nick, who is 13, regularly drinks beer with three friends of the same age. How much more likely are they to become dependent on alcohol than if they had waited for another eight or nine years before they started drinking?
why community is needed by man
fill in the blank.using an unstructured method of inquiry,___involve a trained moderator guiding the conversation of a small group of individuals in an intensive discussion about a particular topic.
The statement is completed as follows: Using an unstructured method of inquiry, focus groups involve a trained moderator guiding the conversation of a small group of individuals in an intensive discussion about a particular topic.
Unstructured inquiry methods are a set of research techniques that do not follow a specific plan or design, but are more flexible and open to exploration. These methods are characterized by the lack of a formal framework or predetermined structure in data collection and analysis.
An example of an unstructured research method is the focus groups method.
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Baby June is now 8 months of age. Her mother has noticed that, lately, June has become extremely fearful of unfamiliar people. June is displaying _____ anxiety.
Answer:
Stranger
Explanation:
Baby June is now 8 months of age. Her mother has noticed that, lately, June has become extremely fearful of unfamiliar people. June is displaying stranger anxiety.
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THE BOOK IS “THE LIGHTING THIEF”
While reading chapter 12, look at important events in
the chapter. Important events could be defined as
moments in which the character makes an important
realization, moments in which the plot changes in some
way, or moments that change the relationship between
two characters.
List what you think are the three most important events
in this chapter and explain why.
Answer:
is this percy jackson and the lightning theif if so the here are some events
Explanation:
1.They camp out in the middle of the woods where kids like to have parties.
2.They decide to take turns keeping watch through the night. Percy takes the first watch
3. Grover can't sleep. All of the litter and the pollution makes him sad: "This is a terrible time to be a satyr"
4.Grover tells Percy that it's his life's dream to find Pan. He tells Percy about Pan:
"The God of Wild Places disappeared two thousand years ago […] A sailor off the coast of Ephesos heard a mysterious voice crying out from the shore, 'Tell them that the great god Pan has died!' When humans heard the news, they believed it. They've been pillaging Pan's kingdom ever since. But for the satyrs, Pan was our lord and master. He protected us and the wild places of the earth. We refuse to believe that he died."
5.Annabeth realized that there is something weird about this quest: all of the monsters seem to be holding back a bit
6.Percy confesses to Grover that he's only on this trip so that he can get his mom back from Hades, not because he cares about the master bolt or because he cares about helping his dad
Hope this helps!
i need help its due in three minutes 20 points
Explanation:
1.list 4 countries in NE africa,
Northeastern Africa: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya.
The UNICF estimates that each day up to 30,000 children die due to poverty.
True
False
6. He agreed to participate in the talent show but refused dancing without his
friends.
7. Margaret prefers to stay in the library rather than watching games all day.
8. I like listening to classic songs more than to spend time on popular songs.
9. She prefers staying at home than to party.
10. Eggs, however, are high in cholesterol and rather fat-filled.
Fixing the faulty parallelism in the sentences below would make them appear as:
He agreed to participate in the talent show but refused to dance without his friends.Margaret prefers to stay in the library rather than watch games all day.I like listening to classic songs more than spending time on popular songs.She prefers to stay at home than to party. Eggs, however, are high in cholesterol and are rather fat-filled.What is faulty parallelism?This refers to a grammatical error where the structure of the sentence does not follow the same grammatical form.
For instance, the sentence "He agreed to participate in the talent show but refused dancing without his friends." had a faulty parallelism issue when "dancing" was used instead of "to dance."
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is the process by which we decide how resources will be allocated and which policies government will pursue.
Politics is the process by which we decide how the allocation of resources is to take place and which government policies are to be pursued.
Politics is the practice of attaining and using power within a government in order to establish and realize certain objectives, particularly those connected to the distribution of resources within a country. Governmental and economic systems are sometimes used interchangeably.
This is due to the fact that specific political ideologies and governmental structures often coincide with certain types of economic systems or evolve alongside them. A lot of Americans prefer to connect democracy, a form of self-governance, with capitalism because representative government and capitalism both originated in the United States.
Theoretically, a democratic government encourages independence and the freedom to do as one pleases rather than being subject to the whims of the state, for good or ill.
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Why does Robert Nozick disagree with John Rawls explanation of justice?
Answer:
Robert Nozik's idealogy was quite different from John Rawls's point of view. Let's understand how:
Nozick disagrees with Rawls' origination of distributive equity in accordance with financial imbalances.Nozick trusted that nobody had any business "allowing" monetary disparities by any stretch of the imagination. To Nozick, as long as financial disparities emerge from deliberate trade, they can't be crooked.Nozick's 1974 book contends from a few distinct premises. As far as one might be concerned, his economy seems, by all accounts, to be inhabited by generally independent men whose efficiency owes barely anything to each other or others.I hope you are satisfied with the answer. For further information go to
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kammy vividly imagines being ignored by her mother while her therapist triggers eye movements by waving a finger in front of kammy's eyes. the therapist is apparently using a technique known as
The psychotherapeutic technique Kammy's therapist uses, known as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), involves inducing eye movements while the patient concentrates on distressing memories or thoughts.
EMDR is frequently used to assist people in processing and recovering from traumatic events because it can lessen symptoms like anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It appears that Kammy's therapist is utilizing the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) method.
By waving a finger in front of the client's eyes, the therapist causes eye movements as the client vividly imagines a traumatic event, such as being ignored by her mother. The purpose of EMDR is to assist the client in processing and reducing the emotional pain brought on by the traumatic memory.
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What does reparations mean?
Answer: monetary or other compensation payable by a country to an individual for a historical wrong:
i.e The article is about reparations to Black people for the enslavement of their ancestors
Artists such as vermeer are believed to have used a ____________ to help them understand how to depict 3d space on the 2d surface of their drawing or painitng.
Artists such as Vermeer are believed to have used a camera obscura to help them understand how to depict 3d space on the 2d surface of their drawings or painting.
Camera obscura is an optical device capable of projecting an image onto a flat surface which helped him to understand and evaluate 3d objects into 2d surfaces.
He used the characteristic optical distortions merely as a springboard for his own creativity although he was undoubtedly familiar with the device. Baroque and Dutch Golden Age was the most famous of his styles.
A Badger brush was used by Vermeer in order to obtain such delicate transitions. The badger brush was standard equipment during 17th-century workshops.
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a frequently used method of rti used to track progress in reading, writing, spelling, and math for students with disabilities is:
Curriculum-based measurement is a popular RTI technique used to monitor students with disabilities' progress in reading, writing, spelling, and math.
What does special education's curriculum-based measurement entail?Teachers utilize the Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) approach to assess students' progress in fundamental academic subjects like arithmetic, reading, writing, and spelling. CBM can be useful to parents since it gives them up-to-date, weekly information on the development of their kids.
One student and a teacher will sit down, and the student will read aloud for one minute each two or three chosen paragraphs. Any mistakes made when reading the texts will be noted by the teacher.
Why is it vital to use curriculum-based assessment?Regardless of the type of learning environment in which their instruction takes place, the use of CBA principles helps to ensure that specific pupils, both inside and outside of a classroom setting, meet teachers' instructional objectives.
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What are the top challenges consumers face with grocery delivery today, according to you? * your answer
The top challenges consumers face with grocery delivery today are-
Questionable quality.Availability problem.wait for a long time.Delivery of packaged food.Ordering ExperienceThe biggest challenge faced in grocery delivery was serving its customers within the promised time. The perishability of the product also adds to the complexity of Bigbasket. The emergence of multiple players in the e-grocery market means that customer satisfaction is the single key differentiator.
A supermarket's greatest strength is the quality and variety of food they carry. A major perceived weakness is the lack of follow-up to consumer questions and requests. Many consumers would like to be more involved in decision-making and are frustrated when they are not.
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Which battle was won by the Continental army?
a. The Battle of Cowpens
b. The Battle of Charleston
c. The Battle of Britain
d. The Battle of Kings Mountain
Answer:
well it's multiple! It's D,C and A
Why were some Roman’s happy about being conquered by the Huns?
Answer:
Some Roman's were happy about being conquered by the Huns because the Huns were a more stable and better organized empire than the Romans. The Huns also brought new technologies and ideas to the Romans.
Explanation:
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ILL BRAINLIST HELPP
What kind of governing body is used to make decisions for local schools?
A.
single-purpose
B.
city commission
C.
town council
D.
state legislature
Answer:
The answer is D. State Legislature
Explanation:
The state legislature makes policy decisions affecting local schools
3. Which term describes a business that has operations all over the world?
a. trade bloc
b. common market
c. micro-enterprise
d. multinational corporation
The answer would be Trade bloc
Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior.
What is this called?
(a) functional behaviorism
(b) radical behaviorism
(c) descriptive behaviorism
(d) logical behaviorism.
Skinner's approach to manipulating environmental events, such as reinforcement contingencies, and observing their effects on behavior is called (b) radical behaviorism.
Meaning of radical behaviorism: Radical behaviorists believe that verbal behavior is explicable in the same way as other behavior and is composed of natural events. Utterances do occur, and they should be understood in the context of both recent and historical environmental (natural) events. The effectiveness of private events can seem to be supported by common sense.Meaning of functional behaviorism: Abstract. All behavior, from reflexes to personality, is subject to functional behaviorism, an evolutionary stimulus-response psychology.Meaning of descriptive behaviorism: The study of conduct that constitutes psychology ought to be restricted to descriptions of organisms' behaviors. See radical behaviorism for more information.Meaning of logical behaviorism: According to logical behaviorism, any assertion about mental processes can be transformed into a statement about behavioral dispositions without losing any of its significance.
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Which of the following reduces stress by allowing withdrawal from the stressor?
A) Flexible work schedules
B) Vacations
C) Work addiction
D) Telecommuting
E) Workaholism
The option that reduces stress by allowing withdrawal from the stressor is Vacation. So, the correct answer is option B.
Taking a break from work and going on a vacation can help reduce stress levels as it allows individuals to physically and mentally withdraw from the stressor and engage in activities that promote relaxation and rejuvenation.
Flexible work schedules, telecommuting, work addiction, and workaholism, on the other hand, may not necessarily reduce stress levels as they can lead to individuals working longer hours or being constantly connected to work, resulting in burnout and increased stress levels. It is important to prioritize self-care and take regular breaks from work to maintain overall well-being and reduce stress levels.
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Demanding rights without responsibilities means anarchy
Answer:
Rights are given to the citizens by the government.It is for all over development of citizens.But government also do expect from its citizens to fulfill their duties. If citizens will seek for their rights shamelessly without fulfilling their respective duties {expected from them to be fulfilled},then the country will be nothing more than a RIGHT SEEKING AREA and the all the governmental,political and social activities will be STOP .
Explanation:
Why did China adapt Arabic style?
The reason that China adapt Arabic style is that Due to its reliance on outside resources and capitalist expansion, China was forced to abruptly change its foreign policy in response to the "Arab style."
What impact did Islam have on China?Muslims from around the world began to trade in China, where they soon had a significant economic impact. Muslims controlled China's international trade and the import/export sector to the south and west during the Song dynasty (960–1279).
Indeed, Arabic was significantly influenced by both Greek and Persian, both theoretically and in terms of the large number of acquired words. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire, and the Sasanian Empire were the two primary regional powers at the time Islam emerged, and they spoke Greek and Persian respectively.
Lastly, During the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279), Islam was brought to China via the land and sea routes of the Silk Roads. Mosques and tombs were constructed by Persian and Arabian traders, combining Chinese and traditional Arab architectural styles.
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Under the English colonial system of mercantilism,
American Indians became
cmn 101 how does advance preparation of visual aids help you maximize the effectiveness of this material?
Advance preparation of visual aids can greatly enhance the effectiveness of your presentation or material in several ways. Here are some of the ways - Ensures accuracy and professionalism, Saves time, Increases audience engagement and Improves clarity and understanding.
Advance preparation of visual aids can greatly enhance the effectiveness of your presentation or material in several ways. Here are some of the ways:
Ensures accuracy and professionalism: Preparing visual aids in advance allows you to double-check for accuracy, typos, and formatting errors.
Saves time: Preparing visual aids in advance saves you time during your presentation.
Increases audience engagement: Visual aids can help break up the monotony of a long presentation and keep your audience engaged.
Improves clarity and understanding: Visual aids can help clarify complex concepts and ideas, making them easier for your audience to understand.
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When letters were added to telephone rotary dials, which word could not have been spelled out?.
If letters were added to telephone rotary dials, the word could not have been spelled out is one that has the letters Q and Z.
What is the letters about?In the times that telephone numbers were said to be longer than five digits, because the fear looms that consumers would have a hard time taking in phone numbers, all the number from 2 to 9 was given three letters.
Note that letters Q and Z were said to be the only two letters that were not used and as such, If letters were added to telephone rotary dials, the word could not have been spelled out is one that has the letters Q and Z.
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What is the difference between racism and discrimination?
why women empowerment is required in our society
Answer:
Empowering women is critical for a family's, community's, and country's health and social development. Women can achieve their full potential when they are safe, happy, and productive. Giving back to the community and raising happy and healthy children is a solution where everyone benefits. Besides that, they can also help to keep the economy going in a way that is good for the world and for the people who live in it. Education is a big part of being able to be more powerful. Girls who are well-educated later in life will be able to do decent work and help their country's economy. Also, when they have eight years of education, they are four times less likely to get married at an early age, which makes them and their families better off.
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What is a possible negative aspect of the elastic clause?
You will now write a reflective paragraph that clearly explains which constitutional
principle you consider to be most important today and why you think so. Your
paragraph should be at least five sentences in length. The writing portion of this
assignment is worth 6 points.
In today's rapidly changing and interconnected world, the constitutional principle of freedom of speech stands as one of the most crucial and relevant principles. Freedom of speech is vital because it ensures that individuals have the right to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas without fear of censorship or reprisal. It serves as a cornerstone of democracy, allowing for the exchange of diverse viewpoints and the challenging of established norms and practices. In an era of increasing polarization, where echo chambers and misinformation abound, freedom of speech enables us to engage in constructive dialogue, promote critical thinking, and arrive at informed decisions. Moreover, it empowers marginalized communities to raise their voices, advocate for their rights, and effect positive change. However, with great power comes responsibility, and it is important to strike a balance between free expression and preventing harm, such as incitement to violence or hate speech. Safeguarding and upholding freedom of speech is essential in fostering an open and democratic society that values the principles of free thought, diversity, and progress.
chatgpt
reflective paragraph is when someone writes about what they
think and feel
about a topic
they talk about their own experiences and
what they know.
It helps them
understand themselves better and
share their ideas with others.