Work by Non-Ideal Gas 123 Compressed gases aren't ideal. Let's consider a gas that's non-ideal only because the volume available to each of the N molecules is reduced because each other molecule occupies volume v. Instead of PV=NKT, we get: P(V-NB)=NKT. Let b=1.2 x 10-28 m3. Let's look at 3moles of this gas at T=300K starting in 0.001 m3 volume. 1) What's the initial value of the pressure? Pinitial= Pa Submit + 2) The gas expands isothermally to 0.002 m3. What's the final pressure? Pfinal= Pa Submit + 3) How much work did the gas do in this isothermal expansion? W= 6065 Submit Help Your submiss 6065 X Computed value: 6065 Feedback: Submitted: Monday, November 9 at 6:56 AM Copriabit 2020Donartment of Dhuicenivorcitu indicat Urbanachama

Answers

Answer 1

Thus, W = nRT ln(V2 / V1) = 3 * 8.31 * 300 * ln(0.002 / 0.001) ≈ 6065 J . Therefore, the work done by the gas in this isothermal expansion is W ≈ 6065 J.

1) Initial value of the pressure:We know that the pressure of a gas is related to the temperature and volume of the gas by the equation P(V - Nb) = nRT. Here, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature of the gas and b is the excluded volume of the gas.

Here, the excluded volume of the gas is given to be b = 1.2 x 10^(-28) m^3. Therefore, we can use this equation to find the initial pressure of the gas. Given that the gas consists of 3 moles, the initial volume is 0.001 m^3 and the temperature is 300K. Thus, the initial pressure is given by: P(V - Nb) = nRT => P = nRT / (V - Nb) = (3 * 8.31 * 300) / (0.001 - (3 * 1.2 * 10^(-28))) ≈ 8.96 * 10^8 Pa . Hence, the initial value of the pressure is P initial ≈ 8.96 * 10^8 Pa.2)  Final value of the pressure: The gas expands isothermally to 0.002 m^3.

Therefore, the final volume of the gas is V = 0.002 m^3. The temperature of the gas is kept constant at 300K. Therefore, we can use the same equation P(V - Nb) = nRT to find the final pressure of the gas. Thus, P(V - Nb) = nRT => P final = nRT / (V - Nb) = (3 * 8.31 * 300) / (0.002 - (3 * 1.2 * 10^(-28))) ≈ 4.48 * 10^8 Pa Therefore, the final value of the pressure is P final ≈ 4.48 * 10^8 Pa.3)

Work done by the gas in this isothermal expansion: Since the process is isothermal, the temperature of the gas remains constant throughout the process. Therefore, we can use the equation for the work done by a gas in an isothermal process, which is given by: W = nRT ln(V2 / V1)Here, V1 is the initial volume and V2 is the final volume.

We know that the gas consists of 3 moles and the temperature is 300K. Therefore, we can find the work done by the gas using this equation. Thus, W = nRT ln(V2 / V1) = 3 * 8.31 * 300 * ln(0.002 / 0.001) ≈ 6065 J . Therefore, the work done by the gas in this isothermal expansion is W ≈ 6065 J.

To know more about Isothermal  visit :

https://brainly.com/question/30579741

#SPJ11


Related Questions

How old is Earth and what do we use to keep track of major Earth events?​

Answers

earth is 4.543 billion years old

electromagnetic wav​

Answers

Answer:

e search mo sa utak mo kasi di mo alam

Please help me with this physics question, both questions have the answers.

Please help me with this physics question, both questions have the answers.

Answers

Answer: A wave is a disturbance that transmits energy as long as it is not transmitting matter?

The half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years. (a) A sample of radium-226 has a mass of 100mg. Find a formula for the mass of the sample that remains after t years. (b) Find the mass after 1000 years correct to the nearest milligram. (c) When will the mass be reduced to 30mg ?

Answers

The formula for the mass remaining after t years for a sample of radium-226 with an initial mass of 100mg is given by \($M(t) = 100 \times 0.5^{t/1590}$\). After 1000 years, the mass is approximately 87mg. The mass will be reduced to 30mg after approximately 2167 years.

(a) The decay of radium-226 follows an exponential decay model, where the amount of radium remaining decreases by half every 1590 years. The formula for the mass remaining after t years can be derived using the half-life concept. Let M(t) represent the mass remaining after t years, then the equation can be written as \($M(t) = 100 \times 0.5^{t/1590}$\). Here, 100 represents the initial mass of the sample, and 0.5 is the decay constant derived from the half-life.

(b) To find the mass after 1000 years, we substitute t = 1000 into the formula: \($M(1000) = 100 \times 0.5^{1000/1590}$\). Evaluating this expression gives us approximately 87mg.

(c) To determine when the mass will be reduced to 30mg, we need to solve the equation \($M(t) = 30$\) for t. Substituting M(t) and rearranging the equation gives us \($100 \times 0.5^{t/1590} = 30$\). Solving this equation, we find t ≈ 2167 years. Therefore, it will take approximately 2167 years for the mass of the radium-226 sample to be reduced to 30mg.

To learn more about radium-226 refer:

https://brainly.com/question/29028571

#SPJ11

A complex arrangement of pulleys forms what is called the block in a block and tackle. The rope used to lift the pulleys and the load is the tackle. A block and tackle is used to lift a truck engine, which has a weight and output force of nearly 8000 N. The input force required to lift this weight using the block and tackle is 400N. What is the mechanical advantage of the block and tackle?

Answers

Answer:

Mechanical advantage = 20

Explanation:

Given:

Output force = 8,000 N

Input force = 400 N

Find:

Mechanical advantage

Computation:

Mechanical advantage = Output force / Input force

Mechanical advantage = 8,000 / 400

Mechanical advantage = 20

A girl is outside walking on level ground. First she walks 829 m to the east, then 223 m north, and finally 387 m west. What is the magnitude of her displacement? Give your answer in meters correct to at least 1 decimal place. Do not include units in your answer.​

Answers

Answer:

not enough information need more information to answer the question

Rosa was looking for patterns to help predict the products of chemical reactions. She recorded three similar decomposition reactions in the table.

A 2-column table with 3 rows. The first column labeled reactants has entries 2 N a C l O subscript 3, 2 K C l O subscript 3, 2 L i C l O subscript 3. The second column labeled products has entries 2 N a C l + 3 O subscript 2, 3 O subscript 2 + 2 K C l, empty.

What products should she record in the last row of the table?

2LiCl + 3O2
3LiCl + 2O2
2LiO + 3Cl2
3LiO+ 2Cl2

Answers

Answer:

It's A

Explanation:

Because I know it is

The record in the last row should be 2LiCl + 3O2.

What is a chemical reaction equation?

A chemical reaction equation has two parts;

The left hand side that contains the reactants.The right hand side that contains the products.

The interaction between the atoms of the reactants lead to rearrangement hence products are formed.

For the reaction, the record in the last row should be 2LiCl + 3O2.

Learn more about chemical reaction:https://brainly.com/question/6876669

A merry-go-round is rotating at constant angular speed. two children are riding the merry-go-round: ana is riding at point a and bobby is riding at point b. 1. which child moves with greater magnitude of linear velocity? a. ana has the greater magnitude of linear velocity. b. bobby has the greater magnitude of linear velocity. c. both ana and bobby

Answers

In a merry-go-round rotating at constant angular speed, two children Ana and Bobby are riding at different points A and B, respectively.

The linear velocity of a point on a rotating object depends on its distance from the center of rotation and the angular velocity of the object. The farther a point is from the center of rotation, the greater its linear velocity.

Therefore, the child riding at the outermost point, which is Bobby in this case, will have a greater magnitude of linear velocity compared to the child riding at the innermost point, which is Ana.

Thus, option (b) is correct - Bobby has the greater magnitude of linear velocity. This concept is important in understanding centripetal force and its effects on objects in circular motion.

To know more about the angular speed refer here :

https://brainly.com/question/31642620#

#SPJ11

What is destructive interference?

a) Occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave as they travel from two different points in the same direction and at the same frequency.

b) Occurs when the crest of one wave stays separate from another wave and they continue moving in their original direction.

Answer quickly, please!

Answers

a.............,,,..,.,.,.,.,.,,,,,,,,,’

Answer:

a

Explanation:

occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave as they travel from two different points in the same direction and at the same frequency

which of the following equals the change in velocity divided by the time?
A. acceleration
B. Speed
C. momentum
D.displacement​

Answers

Answer:

Acceleration.

Explanation:

Hope this helped!

PLS HELP ITS URGENT HELP PLSSS

PLS HELP ITS URGENT HELP PLSSS

Answers

Answer:

heyyy will u be my friend

1) A football player kicks a ball at an angle of 30 and gives it a velocity of 15m/s.
A) What was the time of flight?
B) How far horizontally does the ball land?
C) How high does the ball reach?

Answers

Answer:

A) 1.53s

B) 19.8m

C) 2.869m

Explanation:

A) The time of flight for a projectile can be calculated using the formula:

t = 2μsinθ/g

Where; u = velocity

θ = angle

g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s^2)

t = 2 × 15 × sin 30°/9.8

t = 30sin30°/9.8

t = 30 × 0.5/9.8

t = 15/9.8

t = 1.53s

B) The horizontal range (distance) for a projectile can be calculated using the formula:

Range = u²sin2θ/ g

Range = 15² sin 2 × 30 / 9.8

Range = 225 sin 60/9.8

Range = 225 × 0.8660/9.8

Range = 194.855/9.8

Range = 19.8m

C) The maximum height for a projectile can be calculated using the formula:

h = u²sin²θ/2g

h = 15² (sin 30)² / 2 × 9.8

h = 225 × 0.25 / 19.6

h = 56.25/19.6

h = 2.869m

can someone please help

can someone please help

Answers

The answer is B. Mono and polyunsaturated fats because the other two are really harmful and they are not healthy whatsoever.

What happens to the speed of a ball after it is thrown upward into the air neglect air resistance?

Answers

The speed of a ball that is thrown upward into the air, neglecting air resistance, changes over time due to the force of gravity. The ball's velocity decreases as it rises, reaches zero at the peak of its trajectory, and then increases as it falls back towards the ground.

The motion of an object under the influence of gravity can be described by the laws of physics. When a ball is thrown upward into the air, it initially moves with a certain velocity. However, as the ball rises, its velocity changes due to the force of gravity acting on it. In this answer, we will neglect the effect of air resistance and focus solely on the effect of gravity.

When a ball is thrown upward, it has an initial velocity, which is equal to the magnitude of the velocity with which it was thrown. This velocity is positive, meaning that it points in the upward direction. However, as the ball rises, it is slowed down by the force of gravity, which acts in the downward direction. As a result, the velocity of the ball decreases over time.

The acceleration due to gravity, g, is a constant 9.8 m/s^2, and it acts in the downward direction. The equation for velocity, v, as a function of time, t, can be expressed as v = v0 - gt, where v0 is the initial velocity. This equation shows that the velocity of the ball decreases linearly with time as it rises into the air.

At the peak of its trajectory, the ball has zero velocity. This means that it is momentarily at rest, and from this point on, it begins to fall back towards the ground. The velocity of the ball at this point is negative, meaning that it points in the downward direction. As the ball falls, its velocity increases due to the force of gravity, and it continues to increase until it reaches the ground.

Here you can learn more about the force of gravity

https://brainly.com/question/13634821#

#SPJ11

Rank the capacitors on the basis of the charge stored on the positive plate. Rank from largest to smallest: To rank items as equivalent; overlap them: A) A = 4 cm ; C=8nF B) A = 2 cm? =8 nFC) A = 2 cm? =4 nF D) A = 4 cm? C = 2 nF E) A =1 cm? = 1ln F

Answers

According to the charge that is stored on the positive plate, the order is B, A, C, D, and E, from biggest to smallest.

The charge stored on the positive plate of a capacitor is given by Q = CV, where Q is the charge, C is the capacitance, and V is the voltage. Since the capacitors are connected in parallel, they all have the same voltage V. Therefore, the capacitor with the largest capacitance will have the largest charge stored on its positive plate.

Ranking the capacitors from largest to smallest based on their capacitances, we get:

B) A = 2 cm, C = 8 nF

A) A = 4 cm, C = 8 nF

C) A = 2 cm, C = 4 nF

D) A = 4 cm, C = 2 nF

E) A = 1 cm, C = 1 nF

Therefore, the ranking from largest to smallest based on the charge stored on the positive plate is: B, A, C, D, E.

To learn more about capacitors refer to:

brainly.com/question/17176550

#SPJ4

Please help asdfghjkll

Please help asdfghjkll

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

in comparison, the sun is a soccer ball, and the earth is a head of a needle, and the moon is a speck of salt

What is the minimum runway length that will serve? hint: you can solve this problem using ratios without having any additional information. express your answer in miles.

Answers

There are many factors that determine if an aircraft can operate from a given airport. Of course the availability of certain services, such as fuel, access to air stairs and maintenance are all necessary. But before considering anything else, one must determine if the plane can physically land at an airport, and equally as important, take off.

What is the minimum runway length that will serve?

Looking at aerial views of runways can lead some to the assumption that they are all uniform, big and appropriate for any plane to land. This couldn’t be further from the truth.

A given aircraft type has its own individual set of requirements in regards to these dimensions. The classic 150’ wide runway that can handle a wide-body plane for a large group charter flight isn’t a guarantee at every airport. Knowing the width of available runways is important for a variety of reasons including runway illusion and crosswind condition.

Runways also have different approach categories based on width, and have universal threshold markings that indicate the actual width.

To learn more about runway

brainly.com/question/11553726

#SPJ4

I n it in 20 minutes
JL.61 A producer of refrigerator compressors wants to implement
a just-in-time production line to support demand from a neighboring
appliance manufacturer. Demand from the applian

Answers

The producer of refrigerator compressors needs to determine the number of kanbans required for implementing a just-in-time production line to meet the demand for 150 compressors per day from a neighboring appliance manufacturer.

To calculate the number of kanbans required, we need to consider the production lead time, safety stock factor, and optimal production quantity. The production lead time is 5 days, which means that it takes 5 days to produce a batch of compressors once the production process starts.

The safety stock factor is 17%, indicating that the producer wants to maintain an additional 17% of the daily demand as safety stock to mitigate any unforeseen fluctuations. The optimal production quantity is 95 units, which is the batch size that minimizes setup costs.

To determine the number of kanbans, we first need to calculate the total demand during the production lead time. Since the demand is 150 compressors per day and the lead time is 5 days, the total demand during the lead time is 150 compressors/day * 5 days = 750 compressors. Adding the safety stock, the total demand becomes 750 compressors + (17% * 150 compressors) = 750 compressors + 25.5 compressors = 775.5 compressors.

Next, we divide the total demand by the optimal production quantity to get the number of kanbans required. The number of kanbans is calculated as 775.5 compressors / 95 compressors per kanban = 8.16 kanbans. Since we cannot have a fraction of a kanban, we round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, the producer of compressors requires 9 kanbans to meet the demand of 150 compressors per day from the neighboring appliance manufacturer.

Learn more about refrigerator compressors  here:

https://brainly.com/question/1383242

#SPJ11

The complete question is:

A producer of refrigerator compressors wants to implement a just-in-time production line to support demand from a neighboring appliance manufacturer. Demand from the appliance manufacturer is for 150 compressors a day. The production lead time is 5 days and the producer wants to have a 17% safety stock factor. This producer has also cut setup costs such that the optimal production quantity is 95 units. How many kanbans does this producer of compressors require?

what kind of neurons are necessary for you to detect pressure on your skin?

Answers

For you to feel pressure on your skin, mechanoreceptor neurons are required.

What kind of cells are used to measure skin pressure?

The Pacinian corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles, like the ones shown in the bright field light microscopy image, are sensitive to pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration.

What kind of sensory nerve does the skin have that can feel pressure?

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to many physical alterations, including as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

These sensors are capable of picking up feelings like pressure, vibration, and texture. Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles, and Merkel's disks are the four types of known mechanoreceptors whose sole purpose is to detect indentations and vibrations of the skin.

To know more about Mechanoreceptors visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/17947146

#SPJ13

Write 3 – 4 sentences to describe the kinetic and potential energy of a particle and how the two terms are related.

Answers

Potential energy is position relative, and kinetic energy is motion relative. The primary relationship between the two is their ability to transform into each other. In other words, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy converts into potential energy, and then back again.

Potential energy defined as :

The energy stored in a body due to either its position or change in shape is known as potential energy. Water stored in a reservoir is an example of potential energy.

PE=mgh

where,

PE is the potential energy

m is the mass of the body

g is the acceleration due to gravity

h is the height above the surface of the earth

Kinetic energy is defined as :

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object, particle, or set of particles. Any object in motion is using kinetic energy: a person walking, a thrown baseball, a crumb falling from a table, and a charged particle in an electric field are all examples of kinetic energy at work.

Kinetic Energy Formula:

For the Kinetic formula, Ek, is certainly the energy of a mass, m, motion, of course, is v2.

KE = \(\frac{1}{2} mv^{2}\)

KE = Kinetic energy

m = mass of the body

v = velocity of the body

What are the similarities between potential energy and kinetic energy?

One of the most important similarities between potential energy and kinetic energy is that they can both be converted into each other's form of energy. When a force is applied to potential energy it converts to kinetic energy. This means that when an object such as a ball is still it has the potential to move.

Learn more about difference between kinetic and potential energy :

brainly.com/question/23558991

#SPJ4



Which action will increase the gravitational force between two objects?

A. Moving the objects farther apart
B. Removing some mass from one of the objects
C. Removing half of each object
D. Moving the objects closer together

Answers

the answer is D have a nice day!

Answer:

D. Moving the objects closer together

Explanation:

A.P.E.X.

took the quiz

An object has a velocity of 8 m/s and a kinetic energy of 480 J. What is the mass of the object? (Formula: ) 7. 5 kg 15 kg 60 kg 120 kg.

Answers

Answer:

15 kg

Explanation:

KE = 1/2 * m * v²   ⇒  m = (2*KE) / v²

m = (2*480) / 8²

m=15 kg

How would you obtain a mean value for the specific heat
capacity of a material?

Answers

The heat capacity and the specific heat are related by C=cm or c=C/m. The mass m, specific heat c, change in temperature ΔT, and heat added (or subtracted) Q are related by the equation: Q=mcΔT. Values of specific heat are dependent on the properties and phase of a given substance.

Suppose a child swings around her straight arm about her shoulder joint at an angular velocity of 13 rad/s. If her arm is 40. 0 cm long, what is the speed of her hand?.

Answers

A child swings her 40 cm (0.4 meter) long, straight arm around her shoulder joint at a 13 rad/s angular velocity. So, her hand is moving at 5.2 m/s every second.

What does angular velocity mean?

angular velocity is the speed where an object rotates or revolves around an axis or alters the angle between two bodies. The angle between a line solely on a single body and a line on the other in the illustration serves as a representation of this displacement.

In what way does angular velocity rise?

The angular velocity increases with increasing rotational angle over a certain period of time. Degrees per second (o/s), radians per second (rad/s), or revolutions per minute (rpm), if appropriate, are the units for angular velocity. An element of a vector is angular velocity.

To know  more about angular velocity visit:

https://brainly.com/question/1980605

#SPJ4

what is magnetization?​

Answers

Answer:

In classical electromagnetism, magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Movement within this field is described by direction and is either Axial or Diametric

Explain what happen to a pring if the tretching force i increaed beyond the elatic limit

Answers

A material yields or flows when under stresses greater than its elastic limit. For such materials, the elastic limit signifies the transition from elastic to plastic behavior.

Stresses above the elastic limit cause fracture in the majority of brittle materials with almost minimal plastic deformation.

What is plastic behavior?

A material displays plastic behaviour under forces that exceed the elastic limit. This means that even after the load has been removed, the material has irreversibly changed shape and size. The material deforms plastically as the tension is gradually increased past the elastic limit.

To learn more about plastic behavior visit

https://brainly.com/question/14760885

#SPJ4

The ___________________ ______________ (two words) is the least dense layer of the Earth.

Answers

Answer:

lithosphere

Explanation:

the least densest layer is the outer most layer

the densest layer is the inner most layer and the inner most layer is the inner core

Answer:

lithosphere

Explanation:

i took the test and i got it right

Box is kicked (given an initial speed), causing it to slide along a level floor. There is friction acting between the box and floor surfaces. What is true about this motion

Answers

Answer:

I would assume that the box slows down due to the frictional force between the floor and the box. In addition, the frictional force points opposite of the boxes motion. As we know, the box was given an initial speed, therefore, having an applied force. Hence, we can conclude that  the frictional force opposing the motion of the crate is equal to the applied force but acting in the opposite direction. This frictional force is called static friction. When we increase the applied force (push harder), the frictional force will also increase until it reaches a maximum value.

Hope that helps!

In a powder-flavored drink solution, which substance is the solvent?
a. glass
b. flavored powder
c. water
d. sugar

Answers

Answer:

c. Water

Explanation:

The solvent is the substance in which a solute is dissolved to make the solution.

In this case, the water is the solvent, the flavored powder is the solute, and the solution is the final drink.

Which scenario is an example of a physical change?​

Answers

Mixing sand & water is a physical change

Answer: lead is melted into a liquid to form pellets

Explanation:You didn’t add the answers to the questions but this question was on my test

Other Questions
PLEASE HELP BRAINLIEST TO THE RIGHT ANSWER!!!!!A 7.8 kg object is suspended by a string from the ceiling of an elevator. The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s^2. A. Determine the tension in the string if it is accelerating upward at a rate of 1.5 m/s^2. Answer in units of N. B. Determine the tension in the string if it is accelerating downward at a rate of 1.5 m/s^2 attracting clients is not a concern for a corporate legal department. group of answer choices true false electrode wire has a natural curve that is known as its ____. HELP PLEASE THIS IS SCIENCEWhich of the following statements is correct about the force of gravity between two objects? (3 points) aIt depends on the shape of the objects. bIt is weaker when the objects are closer. cIt depends on the temperature of the objects. dIt is stronger when the objects are closer. in an intramolecular proton transfer reaction, the acidic site and the basic site are tethered in the same structure, and a proton is passed from the acidic region of the structure to the basic region of the structure. an example is shown. draw a mechanism for this brocess. The paragraph is most likely which part of an expository essay?Again, the stages of a four-stroke engine are intake,compression, power, and exhaust. And so, the next timeyou start up your car, think about how this process - amiracle of engineering - propels you down the road.A. A bridge paragraphB. A body paragraphC. The introduction paragraphD. The conclusion paragraphSUBMIT Which of the following is not an example of an impact Christianity had on Roman society? (4 points)Question 4 options:1) Followers of Christianity were persecuted for refusing to worship the emperor as a god.2) Many romans began to believe there was hope for a good life after death.3) The quick spread of Christianity caused emperor Theodosius to officially ban the religion in 313 CE.4) The apostles began to spread the teachings of Jesus to both Jews and gentiles. Assume a country has adopted a floating exchange rate regime and the central bank decides to engage in a contractionary monetary policy. Which of the following is LIKELY to occur?A) The country's currency will depreciate.B) Interest rates will rise, the currency will appreciate, and this will close any inflationary gap that might exist.C) interest rates will fall, which will reduce aggregate demandD) net exports will be larger How far does Andre have to push a box to do 430 J of work, if he applies a force of 15 Newtons Owners of preferred stock receive a fixed dividend payment. TrueFalse See the question attached. Please helpI will give brainliest to whoever says the right answer first (or whoever shows up first) in what ways do cultural differences shape the conduct ofrecruitment and selection in different countries it takes 120 newspapers to fill 8 recyceling bins what is the unit rate in newspapers to recyceling bins Tengo que poner 5 datos de los ODS. Pls, poner los 5. PLEASE HELP!! only right answers!! will mark brainlest! In passage 2, which is a logical inference of why the emancipation proclamation did not free all enslaved people Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevalence and Risk Factors from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 through 2011 Which of the following is the pythagorean theorem? Please help!!Solve for x.12x - 39 9 AND -4x + 3 -9/4d) There are no solutionse) All values of x are solutions.Will mark brainliest to the first answer!! I NEED HELP ASAP!! Read the paragraph and answer 1 and 2.