Which one of the following represents an overall increasing trend in human population from oldest to most recent?
Modern Times → Middle Ages → Iron Age → Bronze Age → Stone Age
Stone Age → Bronze Age → Iron Age → Middle Ages → Modern Times
Stone Age → Iron Age → Bronze Age → Middle Ages → Modern Times
Bronze Age → Iron Age → Stone Age → Middle Ages → Modern Times

Answers

Answer 1

The correct option representing an overall increasing trend in human population from oldest to most recent is: Stone Age → Bronze Age → Iron Age → Middle Ages → Modern Times

The correct option representing an overall increasing trend in human population from oldest to most recent is: Stone Age → Bronze Age → Iron Age → Middle Ages → Modern Times. During the Stone Age, human population was relatively small and scattered. With the advent of agriculture and settled societies in the Bronze Age, populations began to increase gradually. The Iron Age saw further population growth due to advancements in technology, trade, and societal organization. The Middle Ages witnessed a continuation of this trend, with population growth fueled by improved agricultural practices and urbanization. Finally, in Modern Times, population growth accelerated significantly, driven by factors such as industrialization, improved healthcare, and advances in transportation.

This pattern reflects the historical progression of human population growth over time.

For more questions on Stone Age:

https://brainly.com/question/770931

#SPJ8


Related Questions

What is the audience of the story of samuel's memory

Answers

The audience of the story of Samuel's memory are the people of Israel.

In the story of Samuel's memory, which is found in the Old Testament of the Bible, Samuel was a prophet who was chosen by God to be a leader for the people of Israel. He was born to Hannah, who had prayed to God for a child, and he grew up serving in the temple under the priest Eli. As Samuel grew older, he became a respected and trusted leader among the people of Israel. He was known for his ability to hear and understand the voice of God, and he used this gift to guide the people and to warn them of danger.

The story of Samuel's memory is told in order to remind the people of Israel of the important role that Samuel played in their history and to encourage them to follow in his example of faithfulness and obedience to God. The book of Samuel has been preserved and is widely used in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions as it contains stories about Israelite history, the leadership of Israel's first two kings, Saul and David, and God's interactions with his people.

To learn more about Audience visit here:

brainly.com/question/28566711

#SPJ11

the Nepalese society is called the multilingual society


Answers

Answer:

+91 9084477269 m.sg me on what.sapp

Answer:

because of the number of languages that are spoken here. Altogether, including the national language. Nepal has 50 different ethnic groups and most of them have their own indigenous language like Gurung and etc.

Explanation:

Congress is able to pass laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out its duties. What statement in the Constitution allows for this power of Congress?

Answers

Answer:

The Elastic Clause

Explanation:

PLATO

help me please !!!!!!​

help me please !!!!!!

Answers

Answer: I think it will Be a Specialization

Explanation:

Answer:

A. specialization

Explanation:

The intensive specialization in industrial societies is the refinement and simplification of tasks so that a worker often produces only a small part of a particular commodity because of this countries became more economically dependent on each other

The dull thud of the gas-shells mingles with the crashes of the light explosives. A bell sounds between the explosions, gongs, and metal clappers warning everyone-Gas-Gas-Gaas. These first minutes with the mask decide between life and death: is it air tight? I remember the awful sights in the hospital: the gas patients who lay in day-long suffocation cough up their burnt lungs in clots. Cautiously, the mouth applied to the valve, I breathe. The gas still creeps over the ground. .. like a big, soft jelly-fish…… Inside the gas-mask my head booms and roars-it is nigh bursting. My lungs are tight, they breathe always the same hot, used up air, and the veins on my temple are swollen. I feel I am suffocating. – The excerpt above shows evidence of which type of warfare:

A.
Formation Warfare Shelling Warfare

B.
Gas warfare and Trench warfare

C.
All Answers are correct

D.
Guerilla Warfare and Drone Warfare

Answers

Answer:

B, Gas warfare and Trench Warfare

A(n) _____ attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation.

Answers

An avoidant attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation. This is further explained below.

What is an avoidant attachment?

Generally, A kid may develop an attachment style known as an avoidant attachment if their primary caregiver, whether it their parent or another adult, does not demonstrate concern or responsiveness to the child beyond the provision of basic necessities such as food and shelter.

The youngster puts their own problems and requirements out of their mind in order to preserve the peace and remain in close proximity to their caregiver.

In conclusion, A lack of interest in exploration, minimal discomfort while removed from the connected caregiver, and a lack of contact when the attached caregiver returns from separation are the hallmarks of an avoidant attachment.

Read more about avoidant attachments

https://brainly.com/question/14027975?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ1

Legislation is powerless to [eliminate] racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences.... If the civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. Which statement best summarizes Brown’s message in this passage? African Americans are not inferior to white citizens. The law cannot cause or correct social differences. Legislation should seek to resolve social problems. African Americans should focus on making political gains.

Answers

Answer:

The statement best summarizes that, The law cannot cause or correct social differences. Otherwise known as the Answer B.

Explanation:

After re-reading the passage this would best summarize that laws cannot force against social differences. Also if you're taking the test on Edge 2021, you will know that the answer is B

Which would be the correct order of brain area activation if one were to understand a sentence and repeat it aloud

Answers

The correct order of brain area activation if someone understood a sentence and repeated it aloud is Wernicke's area, Broca's area, primary motor cortex.

What are the functions of Wernicke's areas, burr's area and prime mover cortex?

Wernicke's area is present in the left hemisphere and is a system responsible for sound comprehension. The broca's area is also located in the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe and is responsible for language. The primary motor cortex is the area responsible for moving the human body.

Therefore, each time we hear, speak and move we activate different brain areas related to such functions.

Find out more about human brain here:

https://brainly.com/question/26043723

#SPJ1

Which two countries have disagreements over borders, water, and control of the capital as Jerusalem?

Answers

Answer:

Though the United Kingdom and Iraq recognized Jordanian rule over East Jerusalem, no other country recognized either Jordanian or Israeli rule over the respective areas of the city under their control. Pakistan is sometimes falsely claimed to have recognized the annexation as well.Some borders, like that between the United States and Canada, are peaceful ones. Others are places of conflict caused by rivalries between countries or peoples, disputes over national resources, or disagreements about the past. Eight of the most contentious borders in the world are described in this list.

Explanation:

Jerusalem is a disputed area between Israelites and Palestinians both claimed Jerusalem as their capital city. England and Iraq recognized Jordan's rule over East Jerusalem but no other country recognized it.

Why Jerusalem is a disputed capital between Israel and Palestine?

Jerusalem is a holy metropolis for Jews and Arabs. Israel claimed the complete Jerusalem as its capital even as Palestine claimed that east Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine state.

In modern times Jerusalem is in control of Isreal. A number of wars broke out between both countries over Jerusalem. Jerusalem city revered by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Therefore still Jerusalem is disputed capital between both countries.

Learn more about Jerusalem here:

brainly.com/question/1199516

10. Define the word "Forgeries"

Answers

Answer:

White-collar crimes that generally refer to the false making or material alteration of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art with the specific intent to illegally obtain money

Which of the following is a legal negotiation for a lighter sentence?

a.
retribution
c.
plea bargaining
b.
rehabilitation
d.
deterrence

Answers

I think it’s plea bargaining.

i’m not sure though

Answer:

the answer is plea barganing

Explanation:

edege 2022

hope this helps

What are two exceptions to sales tax in New Jersey?

Answers

Answer:

Exempt items include most food sold as grocery items, most clothing and footwear, disposable paper products for household use, prescription drugs, and over-the-counter drugs.

Extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement works by:

O Adding a reinforcer for the problem behavior
O Taking away the reinforcer for problem behavior
O Not allowing the individual to escape the problem behavior
O Allowing the individual to escape the problem behavior

Answers

Extinction operates by abruptly ceasing to encourage problematic behavior. Extinction is described in psychology as "slowly weakening a conditioned response leading to the behavior reducing."

What word best describes decreasing?

The words abate, weaken, dwindle, reduce, and reduce are some typical synonyms for decrease. Although all of these verbs imply "to produce more or less," the term "decrease" denotes a steady reduction in size, quantity, numbers, or intensity. decreasing the pressure gradually.

Which function decreases?

Any interval in the domain of a function's derivative can be utilized to assess whether the value is increasing or decreasing. The functional is considered to be rising on I provided f′(x) > 0 for every point in the interval I. f′(x) 0 at each position in an

To know more about decreasing visit:

https://brainly.com/question/28449332

#SPJ4

a random sample of 1,500 individuals can predict the views of a population of 250 million almost as accurately as it can a population of 10,000. True or false?

Answers

A random sample of 1,500 individuals can predict the views of a population of 250 million almost as accurately as it can a population of 10,000 is True.

This is because the accuracy of a sample depends on its size rather than the overall population size. When conducting a survey, a larger sample generally leads to more accurate results. In this case, the sample size of 1,500 individuals is the key factor in determining the accuracy of the prediction.

As long as the sample is truly random and representative of the population, it can provide a reliable estimate for both the smaller and larger population sizes.

To know more about random sample refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/30759604

#SPJ1

Which of the following was one of Alexander  Hamilton's primary goals as a secretary of the treasury?

Which of the following was one of Alexander Hamilton's primary goals as a secretary of the treasury?

Answers

Answer:

It is a. reducing the national debt

global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. what is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury?

Answers

Brain injuries that are focal or global present in different ways. A worldwide brain damage almost invariably manifests as altered degree of consciousness.

What is the most common reason for localized brain damage?

The most frequent causes of focal brain injuries include some of the following: an injury to the head, especially one brought on by something sharp. Strong attacks, auto accidents, and unanticipated falls can all cause this kind of harm. a blood clot that travels to the brain and prevents the brain's oxygen-deprived region from receiving it.

What causes widespread brain damage?

Global anoxic brain injury, often referred to as global ischemia or cerebral anoxia, can occur when the entire brain is deprived of oxygen. This condition can cause catastrophic brain damage. The brain typically converts glucose into a kind of energy that can power neurons by using oxygen (brain cells).

Learn more about focal brain injuries: https://brainly.com/question/26030019

#SPJ4

Ways for maintaining the mountains

Answers

“Keeping a reusable water bottle with you.

Bringing reusable shopping bags when you run errands.

Using natural cleaning products in your home.

Planting an edible garden in your yard.

Becoming a one car family or carpooling with others.”

 -

u should know lol, or what do u think.

An agent based in Alabama directs a solicitation to a customer who lives in Connecticut while the customer is temporarily in Indiana. The customer does not accept the offer until he arrives back in Connecticut. According to the Uniform Securities Act, the Administrators of which of the following states have jurisdiction?
A) Alabama and Indiana.
B) Indiana and Connecticut.
C) Alabama, Connecticut, and Indiana.
D) Alabama and Connecticut.

Answers

Answer:

Option C

Explanation:

In simple words, The Registrar of any Territory through which the bid is made, guided or approved shall have authority over the deal. This can be understoiod by examining the Uniform securities act.

The Standardized Securities Act is indeed a model legislation developed as just a ground of reference for the control of state-level commodities. The aim of the Universal securities legislation is to cope with corruption in transactions at the state and local level as well as to support the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) throughout the compliance and regulatory phase.

The issue of seniority is popular among unions and viewed as critical to job security.
true/false

Answers

The statement is false. The issue of seniority is popular among unions, but it is not necessarily viewed as critical to job security.

Seniority refers to the length of time that an employee has been with a company or union. In many cases, union contracts include provisions that give employees with more seniority priority for job assignments, layoffs, and other employment-related decisions.

While seniority can be an important factor in job security, it is not the only factor that is taken into account. Other factors, such as an employee's performance, skills, and experience, may also be considered when making employment-related decisions.

Additionally, the importance of seniority as a factor in job security may vary depending on the industry and the specific union contract. In some cases, seniority may be more important than in others, and other factors may be given greater weight.

Therefore, while seniority is an important aspect of union contracts and can be a factor in job security, it is not necessarily viewed as the most critical factor by all unions or employers.

To know more about seniority, visit:-

brainly.com/question/32194969

#SPJ11

A physical therapist instructs a patient to squeeze a piece of paper between the index and middle fingers while the therapist attempts to pull it away. This type of testing would be the MOST appropriate to assess which of the following myotomes?

Answers

The type of testing described, where a patient is instructed to squeeze a piece of paper between the index and middle fingers while a therapist attempts to pull it away.

Most appropriate to assess the myotome associated with the muscles innervated by the C8 spinal nerve.

Myotomes refer to specific muscle groups or regions of the body that are innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

In this case, the action of squeezing the paper primarily engages the muscles controlled by the C8 nerve, which includes the flexor muscles of the hand and fingers.

By testing the strength and resistance during this activity, the physical therapist can assess the functioning of the C8 myotome and detect any potential weakness or abnormalities.

To know more about therapist

https://brainly.com/question/9360511

#SPJ11

Question 5
which principle of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Georgia Flag applies to the governor of Georgia?
А liberty
B wisdom
C moderation
D justice ​

Answers

I think your answer is D.

Justice is the principle of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Georgia Flag applies to the governor of Georgia. Hence, option D is correct.

What is Justice is the principle?

The tenet that "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally" is the cornerstone of justice and has been largely recognized since Aristotle first articulated it more than two thousand years ago. This notion is sometimes stated in its modern version as follows: "Individuals.

In addition, Rawls contends that justice as fairness is preferable to utilitarianism, which is the main school of modern political philosophy. In Rawls' egalitarian liberalism, individuals relate to one another as equals within a social structure characterized by reciprocity rather than according to the unfair status hierarchies that are prevalent in modern society.

Thus, option D is correct.

For more information about Justice is the principle, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/17259369

#SPJ6

Why are synagogues not important?​

Answers

It’s is kind of important but you worship anywhere but you can worship in the synagogue if you want to feel more in touch with god.it is almost like a church but for the Jewish religion

Discuss the role that the fertility of the soil in the Fertile Crescent played in the
development of cultural achievements in the region. How does the fertility of the soil be
affect the food that people are able to grow? How does having enough food to eat
affect people's lives?

Answers

The fertile soil found close to the rivers allowed for irrigation and agricultural development in the area. The Fertile Crescent attracted visitors thanks to its abundant natural resources.

Fertile Crescent region sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," gave rise to several technical advancements, such as writing, the wheel, agriculture, and irrigation.

Food quality and quantity are closely related to soil quality. Soils give our food-producing plants the necessary nutrients, water, oxygen, and root support for them to develop and flourish. They also help to protect sensitive plant roots from sharp temperature changes.

To learn more about Fertile Crescent, refer

https://brainly.com/question/18060621

#SPJ1

Which details develop the central idea by giving examples of ways the Utopians make gold and silver less valuable

Answers

The Utopians make gold and  tableware less  precious by  confining their use in certain ways.

For  illustration, they limit the  quantum of gold and  tableware that can be  fairly used for making coins and other forms of currency. rather, they use paper  plutocrat and other forms of exchange for everyday deals. They also control the  quantum of gold and  tableware that can be imported into the country, so that the  force remains limited. They also limit the  quantum of gold and  tableware that can be used to make jewelry and other  particulars of luxury, and they  put heavy  levies on  particulars made of gold and  tableware. Eventually, they encourage their citizens to invest in productive conditioning  similar as  husbandry, manufacturing, and trade, rather than in hoarding gold and  tableware. All of these measures combine to make gold and  tableware less desirable and  thus less  precious in Utopia.

To know more about Utopians visit:

https://brainly.com/question/28846365?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ4

In your opinion, are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an impoverished biosphere? Why or why not?

Answers

Answer:

Absolutely not for me

Explanation:

I am an environmentalist so for me creating human happiness is no excuse to harm our environment. We humans are pretty selfish in many ways as we destroy and harm other living organisms at pretty much no cost. Because of humans, habitats are being destroyed, species extinct, and not to mention the amount of pollution we create. Why should we focus on our great need when other organisms are struggling to survive on their own because of us? It may make us happier but I do not believe we should sacrifice our beautiful planet and it's resources for the extent of our happiness.

Longer and healthier lives for humans aren't worth affecting the biosphere.

Biosphere could be described as the section of the planet where living things exist. This could be described as the section of the earth where life exists, life means all the components that make up the air which is the breadth and how it sustains those who live in them.

These are ways humans have impoverished the biosphere;

-> Emission of carbon gases to the atmosphere through;

- Gas flaring

- Use of kerosene, petrol

- Burning of plastic materials.

Despite these actions are for the benefit of humans in a way, they impoverish the biosphere. Humans can live longer if they want to, and they don't have to harm the environment in order to do so. Doing this affects the sustenance of the earth and reduces the lifespan of other living organisms that aren't humans.

For more on this kindly click the link; https://brainly.com/question/17945271

In the case Gitlow v. New York, Gitlow argued

that his First Amendment rights were being violated.
that he couldn't be convicted of the same crime twice.
that his Sixth Amendment rights guaranteed him the right to a jury.
that he couldn't be jailed without being charged with a crime.

Answers

Benjamin Gitlow, in the case of Gitlow v. New York, argued strongly that A. his First Amendment rights were being violated.

The First Amendment guaranteed freedom of speech as a right for every citizen.

According to the Supreme Court, New York could not abridge or prevent free speech because of the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

With this clause, the state enacted the New York Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902, criminalizing any act that encourages the violent overthrow of government.

The New York Criminal Anarchy Law had followed  earlier publication by Gitlow of "The Revolutionary Age's" Left Wing Manifesto.

Thus, the case was monumental in making the First Amendment rights an integral part of the 14th Amendment.

Read more about Gitlow v. New York at https://brainly.com/question/18644504

A. that his First Amendment rights were being violated.

How were the Middle Colonies different from the Northern and Southern Colonies?(1 point)


A The people who lived there were mostly Puritan.

B The people who lived there were mostly Anglican.
C There was more conflict among people of different religions.,

D There was more religious diversity.

Answers

One way that the Middle Colonies were different from the Northern and Southern Colonies was that D There was more religious diversity.

What made the Middle Colonies unique?

The Middle Colonies were different in several ways from the Northern and Southern colonies and one way this was true was in the area of religious diversity.

The Middle Colonies were more welcoming of people of different ethnicities and Christian denominations than other colonies. This led to them having a more diverse and accepting population.

In conclusion, there was more religious diversity in the Middle Colonies is correct.

Find out more on the Middle Colonies at https://brainly.com/question/1711167

#SPJ1

Where do our ideas of different people come from?

Answers

Our ideas of different people come from what we know. We create new ideas out of current ones and manipulate them around I’d like to think.

Answer:

From what you see, hear and watch

These ideas then influence you to act a certain way

Explanation:

Why was the Battle of Yorktown important?

Question 11 options:

After the Continental Army won, the French pledged money and support to the patriots.


After the Continental Army lost, the French took monetary and troop support away from the patriots.


General Cornwallis surrendered and it was the last battle of the American Revolution


It gave the Continental Congress confidence that George Washington should stay commander of the Continental Army

Answers

Answer:

I could be wrong but I believe the third option.

Explanation:

General Cornwallis surrendered and it was the last battle of the American Revolution. I only think this one because it was in face the last American battle

Answer:   General Cornwallis surrendered and it was the last battle of the American Revolution

Explanation:

The outcome in Yorktown, Virginia marked the conclusion of the last major battle of the American Revolution and the start of a new nation's independence. It also cemented Washington's reputation as a great leader and eventual election as first president of the United States.

Which of the following best encompass the general characteristics of Romantic music? Choose all that apply.
expression
extremes
emotion
exotic

Answers

Answer:

emotions

Explanation:

its like umm to be romantic u can share your fellings

I think it would be expression and emotions because the difference between the classical music and romantic music was that romantic music emphasized more on expressing emotions. This movement in music marked the shift from the formal restrictions of the classical music.

So the correct answer would be expression and emotion.
Other Questions
Can yall help me with Number 3 please for right now The border collie-always ready to herd-chased the kittens onto theback deck and into their bed.What is the function of the dashes in this sentence?Select oneA.to change the subject of the sentenceB.to add information about the collieC.to contrast the collie and the kittensD.to summarize the actions taking place Note that common skills are listed toward the top and less common skills are listed toward the bottom. According to O*NET, what are some common skills needed by Accountants? Select four optionsmathematics reading comprehensionequipment maintenancequality control analysisactive listeningwriting based on what happened with tobacco and, more recently climate change, which of the following is key to scientific consensus? Sometimes when plates diverge, magma from beneath the surface comes to the surface and forms volcanoes. True False Find the slope of each of the lines below: Name the type of flight you will undertake from Abidjan to Dakar umm i need help ik im kinda slow Consider the system of equations below.4x 8y = 1211x + 7y = 33 write in short about the ancient culture of nepal Which factor may help a person to move from one social class to another?1 driving an expensive car2 getting a good education3 moving into a new house4 marrying a smart person Application: Elasticity and hotel rooms The following graph input tool shows the daily demand for hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. To help the hotel management better understand the market, an economist identified three primary factors that affect the demand for rooms each night. These demand factors, along with the values corresponding to the initial demand curve, are shown in the following table and alongside the graph input tool. Demand Factor Initial Value Average American household income $40,000 per year Roundtrip airfare from Los Angeles (LAX) to Las Vegas (LAS) $250 per roundtrip Room rate at the Exhilaration Hotel and Casino, which is near the Triple Sevens $250 per night Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 PRICE (Dollars per room) QUANTITY (Hotel rooms) Demand Graph Input Tool Market for Triple Sevens's Hotel Rooms Price (Dollars per room) Quantity Demanded (Hotel rooms per night) Demand Factors Average Income (Thousands of dollars) Airfare from LAX to LAS (Dollars per roundtrip) Room Rate at Exhilaration (Dollars per night) For each of the following scenarios, begin by assuming that all demand factors are set to their original values and Triple Sevens is charging $150 per room per night. If average household income increases by 50%, from $40,000 to $60,000 per year, the quantity of rooms demanded at the Triple Sevens fromrooms per night torooms per night. Therefore, the income elasticity of demand is , meaning that hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens are . If the price of an airline ticket from LAX to LAS were to increase by 20%, from $250 to $300 roundtrip, while all other demand factors remain at their initial values, the quantity of rooms demanded at the Triple Sevens fromrooms per night torooms per night. Because the cross-price elasticity of demand is , hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens and airline trips between LAX and LAS are . Triple Sevens is debating decreasing the price of its rooms to $125 per night. Under the initial demand conditions, you can see that this would cause its total revenue to . Decreasing the price will always have this effect on revenue when Triple Sevens is operating on the portion of its demand curve. Which two issues predominately plagued the generally good relationship between the u.s. and mexico during the 1970s and 1980s? the probability of randomly drawing a green marble out of a bag of gree, red, and blue marbles is 3/5. what is the probability of randomly drawing a red or blue marble Explain why the initial value ofany function of the form f(x)=a(b^x) is equal to a Could you solve number and the rate of change and start value and relation create an outline that organizes the major events of Samuel Beckett's Endgame into a traditional five-act structure. Your outline must include explanations for why you chose the events you did in each act. ACT IExplanation:Events:[first event][second event]ACT IIExplanation:Events: How does population growth most affect force globally a certain forest covers an area of 1700km^(2). Suppose that each year this area descreases by 7.5%. What will the area be after 11 years?round your answer to the nearest square kilometer. can someone work out this number:A rectangular field measures 616m by 456m.Fencing posts are placed along its sides at equal distances. What will be the distance between the posts if they are placed as far as possible? How many posts are required?