which molecule has a nitrogen atom with sp 2 hybridization
a.-NO3-
b.-HCN
c.-N2
d.-NH3
Answers
The molecule that has a nitrogen atom with sp² hybridization is NH₃. Option d is correct.
Nitrogen in NH₃ has a lone pair of electrons, which means it requires three orbitals in a plane with a trigonal planar geometry. This is achieved by hybridization of the 2s and two 2p orbitals of nitrogen to form three sp² hybrid orbitals. The remaining p orbital of nitrogen is used to form a bond with hydrogen.
In contrast, NO₃⁻ has a nitrogen atom with sp³ hybridization, HCN has a nitrogen atom with sp hybridization, and N₂ has a nitrogen atom with sp hybridization in the triple bond. Hence Option d is correct.
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Related Questions
This is not a multiple choice question
Answers
Concentration (M)
Reaction: G F
What does the
graph tell us about
this reaction at
equilibrium?
Time (sec)
A. The reaction is reactant favored (K<1).
B. The reaction is product favored (K>1).
C. The reaction has equal concentrations of reactants
and products.
Answers
Answer:
i think its a if not sorry i have it in a test right now
Explanation:
compare and explain the buffer performance for the buffers in this experiment. which buffer was the best and why? g
Answers
The best buffer in this experiment is the one with the highest buffering capacity, maintaining a stable pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
To compare the buffer performance in this experiment, you need to evaluate the buffering capacity of each buffer, which is the ability to maintain a stable pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. A higher buffering capacity indicates better performance.
To do this, you can compare the pH changes of each buffer upon addition of the same amounts of acid or base. The buffer with the smallest pH changes demonstrates the highest buffering capacity and is considered the best. Factors that influence buffering capacity include the concentration of the buffer components and the pKa of the buffering agent, which should be close to the desired pH of the buffer solution.
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The buffer in this experiment that can maintain a steady pH when modest quantities of acid or base are introduced has the highest buffering capacity.
The ability of each buffer to maintain a stable pH when tiny additions of acid or base are made is its buffering capacity, which must be assessed in order to compare the buffer performance in this experiment. Better performance is indicated by a larger buffering capacity.
To achieve this, you may evaluate how each buffer's pH changes when the identical amounts of acid or base are added. The buffer that exhibits the least amount of pH change is said to have the maximum buffering capability. The concentration of the buffer components and the pKa of the buffering agent, which should be near to the intended pH of the buffer solution, are factors that affect buffering capacity..
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Suppose that it rains when the temperature of the ground, and the air just above the ground, is below the freezing point of water (0 C). The rain freezes. Will the freezing lower or raise the temperature near the ground? Explain.
Answers
Rain freezing is a condition of "exothermic" process. The freezing rain emits thermal energy, which is then transmitted to the earth. The earth will receive thermal energy if the rain loses thermal energy. As a result, the ground's temperature rises.
Due to the salt in saltwater, it freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water, approximately 28.4 degrees Fahrenheit (ca. -2 °C). However, because only the water portion of saltwater freezes, very little salt is present in the ice when it is formed. Water may be made from it by melting it down.
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why is it not possible to test for ammonia as evidence of nitrate reduction to ammonia in the nitrate broth culture
Answers
Ammonia as proof that nitrate was converted to ammonia in the cultivation of nitrate broth Because amino acids are produced during protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism will always exist.
Nitrifying microorganisms in the soil change ammonia into nitrates. Nitrates are taken up by plants from the soil and used to assemble proteins. Animals may consume the plant, and its biomass may be used to produce animal protein.
The process of nitrate (NO3) being used as an electron acceptor for respiration microbes results in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification.
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Thompson changed out the
metal and still consistently
observed the same cathode ray.
What did this observation mean
for atomic theory?
A. The atomic is a small hard sphere.
B. The atom is indivisible.
C. The atom contained something small and
negative.
D. The atom is mostly empty space.
Answers
Thompson's model concluded that the atom contained something small and negative. The correct option to this question is C.
What is Thompson's model?Thomson's description of the atomic model is one of many scientific models of the atom. Created by J.J. Thomson in 1904, shortly after the electron was discovered. However, the atomic nucleus had not yet been discovered at that time. So he proposed a model based on the known properties available at the time. Known properties are:
Atoms are neutrally charged
Inside an atom are negatively charged particles called electrons. According to the assumptions of Thomson's atomic model, an atom resembles a positively charged sphere with electrons (negatively charged particles) inside.
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eugenol can also be isolated from cloves using extraction with co2. a. true b. false
Answers
b. false
Eugenol is typically extracted from cloves using methods such as steam distillation or solvent extraction, but not with CO2 extraction. CO2 extraction is a technique commonly used to extract essential oils from various plant materials, but it is not the preferred method for isolating eugenol from cloves.
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CO
O 2
NaCl
H 2
MgO
N 2
Cl 2
K 2 O
LiF
CaO
How many of the above contain ionic bonding in them. Write their formulas below. Write one major
reason that how do you come to know that your given answers contain ionic bonding in them
Answers
Answer:
1) The number of the listed compounds that have ionic bonds between them are 5 compounds
2) Their formulas showing their charges within the compounds are;
NaCl ↔ Na⁺+Cl⁻
MgO ↔ Mg²⁺+O²⁻
K₂O ↔ 2K⁺+O²⁻
LiF ↔Li⁺+F⁻
CaO ↔ Ca⁺+O²⁻
3) The major reason they were selected is because they are compounds formed by the combination of a metal and a nonmetal
Explanation:
1) An ionic bond involves the transfer of an atoms valence to another atom, such that the ions formed by the ionic chemical bond will be oppositely charged
Therefore, metals, which are elements that mainly have a few electrons in their outermost shell, loses their valence electrons and become positively charged, while non metals, which require a few electrons to complete the stable octet electronic configuration, receive the electrons from the metallic atoms and become negatively charged
Therefore, the compounds formed between a metal and a nonmetal in the list are the the compounds containing ionic bonds, including
NaCl, MgO, K₂O, LiF, and CaO
Therefore, 5 compounds contain ionic bonds between them;
2) Their formulas are;
NaCl, MgO, K₂O, LiF, and CaO
3) The major reason that the chosen compounds contain ionic bonding between them is because they involve the combination of a metal and a nonmetal as follows;
a) NaCl → Na⁺ (metal ion) + Cl⁻(nonmetal ion)
b) MgO → Mg²⁺ (metal ion) + O²⁻(nonmetal ion)
c) K₂O → 2K⁺ (metal ion) + O²⁻(nonmetal ion)
d) LiF → Li⁺ (metal ion) + F⁻(nonmetal ion)
e) CaO → Ca⁺ (metal ion) + O²⁻(nonmetal ion)
Phenyl magnesium bromide is used as a Grignard reagent in organic synthesis. Determine its empirical and molecular formula if it’s molar mass is 181. 313 g/mol and it contains 39. 7458 % C, 2. 77956 % H, 13. 4050 % Mg, and 44. 0697 % Br
Answers
Phenyl magnesium bromide (\(PhMgBr\)) is an organomagnesium reagent specially utilized in Grignard reaction, which unearths utility as the important thing step within side the synthesis of (S)-2(diphenyl methyl) pyrrolidine, a chiral solvating agent for the NMR analysis.
All possibilities should upload as much as a 100– can discover the lacking percent of Br. a 100-55.93036 = 44.06964% Br.
Assume a 100 g of sample → 39.7458 g C, 2.77956 g H, 13.4050 g Mg, 44.06964 g Br Convert grams to moles. 39.7458 g C / 12 g/mol = 3.309392173 mol C2.77956 g H / 1 g/mol = 2.77956 mol H13.4050 g Mg / 24.31 g/mol = 0.5514191691 mol Mg 44.06964 g Br / 79.9 g/mol = 0.5515599499 mol Br divide via through the bottom variety of moles. C = 6H = 5 Mg = 1 Br = 1.Empirical formulation = \(C_{6} H_{5} MgBr\).To discover the molecular formulation, first calculate the molar mass of the empirical formulation. 181.27 g/mol divide the molar mass of the molecular formulation through the empirical formulation to calculate the issue you should multiply the empirical formulation through. In this case, 181.313/181.27 = 1, so the molecular formulation = \(C_{6} H_{5} MgBr\).Read more about the Grignard reaction at:
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Determine the mass of the object below with accuracy and to the correct degree of precision.
324 g
324.25 g
324.30 g
324.2 g
Answers
We have acquired a sense of measurement through millions of years of living because measurement is necessary for us to comprehend the outside world. Tools that supply scientists with a quantity are needed for measurements. Here the precision is 324 g. The correct option is A.
Accuracy is the capacity of an instrument to measure the precise value. In other words, it refers to how closely the measured value resembles a reference or genuine value. Small readings can be taken to increase accuracy. The calculation's inaccuracy is decreased by the little reading.
The precision of a substance is defined as the degree to which two or more measurements agree with one another. Here mass of object is 300 g and 324 g is close to it.
Thus the correct option is A.
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Cu2(s)+O2(g)=Cu2O(g)+SO2(g)
please help urgent will give brainiest
Answers
Answer:
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 = 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2
Explanation:
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 = 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2
Create a new name for Jupiter then explain its meaning.
Answers
Answer:
rudo
Explanation:
rudo means In the Shona language of souther Africa, this simple and wearable boys' name means love.
heating a dicarboxylic acid will form a _____ anhydride, which is type of _____ reaction.
Answers
When heating a dicarboxylic acid, it will form an anhydride, which is a type of condensation reaction.
This type of reaction involves the removal of a molecule of water to form a new molecule. An anhydride is a compound that is formed when two molecules of a carboxylic acid undergo a condensation reaction, in which water is eliminated from the reaction mixture. This results in the formation of a cyclic anhydride.
Anhydride is a type of chemical compound that is characterized by the removal of water (H2O) from a substance. Anhydrides are formed when two or more molecules join together with the elimination of water molecules. The removal of a water molecule occurs due to the interaction of a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a hydrogen ion (H+). A cyclic anhydride, on the other hand, is a type of anhydride that is formed when two molecules of a carboxylic acid undergo a condensation reaction, in which water is eliminated from the reaction mixture. This results in the formation of a cyclic anhydride.
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Which of the following statements about water are true 1) water cover 75% of Earth 2) once water is used it can never be reused 3) only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh 4) water comprises the majority of all plants and animals.
Answers
Answer:
I guess the 1st one idk
Fe2(CrO4)3 + LiNO3 -> Fe(NO3)3 + Li2CrO4
Answers
Answer:
I am guessing you want to balence this
1,6,2,3
Fe2(CrO4)3 + 6LiNO3 -> 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Li2CrO4
David noticed that when he ate chocolates they melted in his hands faster when his hands were slightly wet from sweat than his hands were dry. He was curious to see if other liquids would affect how fast they would melt? He decided to test out four different liquids, water, milk, lemon-lime soda, and orange juice. He then timed how long it took them to melt. He thought the chocolate would melt faster in orange juice that the other liquids because it is more acidic. The results are below.
QUESTIONS:
1) What was David's Question?
2) What was David Hypothesis?
3) What his independent Variable?
4) What his Dependent variable?
Answers
Answer:
1. What liquid would melt the chocolate faster?
2. He thought that the orange juice would melt the chocolate faster.
3. The independent variable is the liquids.
4. The dependent variable is the chocolate.
Explanation:
1. He was curious to see if other liquids would affect how fast they would melt? This is his question.
2. He thought the chocolate would melt faster in orange juice than the other liquids because it is more acidic.
He made a prediction or a hypothesis.
3. His independent and dependent variables are chocolate and liquid. Since he wants to know how fast the chocolate melts in different liquids, how fast the chocolate melts is dependent on the liquid that he uses.
HELPPPPP PLZZZ ASAPPPPPPPP
Answers
Does anyone have 01. 07 laboratory techniques? Density Measurements Virtual Lab
Answers
Yes, 01. 07 laboratory techniques density measurements virtual lab is available on the internet.
The virtual lab contains a simulated experiment that students can perform to learn the concept of density and how to measure it accurately.
The lab is designed to assist students in mastering the concept of density measurements through hands-on experimentation in a simulated environment.
Students may also practise calculations and critical thinking abilities while performing this lab.The main answer to the question is yes; the 01. 07 laboratory techniques density measurements virtual lab is available on the internet.
The laboratory techniques density measurements virtual lab is a simulated experiment that allows students to learn how to measure density accurately.
It is intended to help students learn how to measure density and critical thinking skills via hands-on experimentation in a simulated environment.
The laboratory techniques density measurements virtual lab is useful for mastering the principles of density and how to measure it accurately.
Through the virtual lab, students may practice calculations and critical thinking skills. The virtual lab is essential to learning about density measurements. T
herefore, it is a good resource to use for students who want to learn more about this concept.In conclusion, the 01. 07 laboratory techniques density measurements virtual lab is available on the internet, and it is a useful tool for mastering the principles of density and how to measure it accurately. Students may practice calculations and critical thinking abilities while performing this lab.
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The standard free energy change for the reaction catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase is +7.9 kJ mol-1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ⇄ Dihydroxyacetone phosphate a) Calculate ΔG at 37 oC when the concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is 0.1 mM and the concentration of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is 0.5 mM. R=8.314x10-3 kJ K-1 mol-1 b) Is the reaction spontaneous under these conditions? c) Would the reverse reaction be spontaneous?
Answers
The standard free energy change for the reaction catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase is +7.9 kJ mol-1.
To calculate ΔG at 37 oC, we can use the equation ΔG = ΔG° + RTln(Q), where ΔG° is the standard free energy change, R is the gas constant (8.314x10-3 kJ K-1 mol-1), T is the temperature in Kelvin (37 oC = 310 K), and Q is the reaction quotient.
a) To calculate ΔG, we need to determine the reaction quotient Q. Q is equal to the ratio of the product concentrations to the reactant concentrations, raised to their stoichiometric coefficients. In this case, Q = [Dihydroxyacetone phosphate] / [Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate].
Given that [Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate] = 0.1 mM and [Dihydroxyacetone phosphate] = 0.5 mM, we can substitute these values into the equation.
b) To determine if the reaction is spontaneous under these conditions, we compare the calculated ΔG with zero. If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
c) To determine if the reverse reaction is spontaneous, we can consider the fact that ΔG for the reverse reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the ΔG for the forward reaction. If ΔG for the forward reaction is negative, then ΔG for the reverse reaction would be positive, indicating non-spontaneity.
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For the following example, identify the following. 2 Cl2O(g) + 2 C12(g) + O2(g) O at low temperature, the reaction is spontaneous and AG <0 and at high temperature, the reaction is spontaneous and AG < 0 at low temperature, the reaction is nonspontaneous and AG >0 and at high temperature, the reaction is spontaneous and AGO at low temperature, the reaction is spontaneous and AG <0 and at high temperature, the reaction is nonspontaneous and AG > O at low temperature, the reaction is nonspontaneous and AG >0 and at high temperature, the reaction is nonspontaneous and AG > 0 It is not possible to determine without more information.
Answers
The given example shows the reaction between 2 Cl2O(g), 2 C12(g), and O2(g). The spontaneity of the reaction is determined by the value of Gibbs free energy (AG). At low temperature, the reaction is spontaneous with AG<0, which indicates that the reaction can occur without any external energy.
This is because the reactants have a lower energy state than the products. At high temperature, the reaction is also spontaneous with AG<0, indicating that increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction. However, at low temperature, the reaction is nonspontaneous with AG>0, meaning that external energy is required for the reaction to occur. This is because the products have a lower energy state than the reactants. Finally, at high temperature, the reaction is also nonspontaneous with AG>0, suggesting that increasing the temperature does not favor the reaction. Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the spontaneity of the reaction by affecting the energy of the reactants and products.
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A 10.00 {~L} tank at 4.7^{\circ} {C} is filled with 7.88 {~g} of boron trifluoride gas and 6.44 {~g} of dinitrogen difluoride gas. You can assume both gases behave as ideal gases under these conditions. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas. Round each of your answers to 3 slgnificant digits.
Answers
The mole fraction of boron trifluoride (BF3) is approximately 0.116, and the mole fraction of dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) is approximately 0.884.
To calculate the mole fraction of each gas, we first determine the number of moles for boron trifluoride (BF3) and dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) using their respective masses and molar masses.
Given:
Mass of BF3 (m1) = 7.88 g
Molar mass of BF3 (M1) = 67.81 g/mol
Number of moles for BF3 (n1) = m1 / M1 = 7.88 g / 67.81 g/mol
Given:
Mass of N2F2 (m2) = 6.44 g
Molar mass of N2F2 (M2) = 66.01 g/mol
Number of moles for N2F2 (n2) = m2 / M2 = 6.44 g / 66.01 g/mol
Now, let's calculate the mole fractions:
Mole fraction of BF3 (X1) = n1 / (n1 + n2)
Mole fraction of N2F2 (X2) = n2 / (n1 + n2)
Substituting the values:
X1 = (7.88 g / 67.81 g/mol) / ((7.88 g / 67.81 g/mol) + (6.44 g / 66.01 g/mol))
X2 = (6.44 g / 66.01 g/mol) / ((7.88 g / 67.81 g/mol) + (6.44 g / 66.01 g/mol))
Calculating these values, we find:
X1 ≈ 0.116
X2 ≈ 0.884
Rounding each answer to three significant digits, we get:
X1 ≈ 0.116
X2 ≈ 0.884
Therefore, the mole fraction of boron trifluoride (BF3) is approximately 0.116, and the mole fraction of dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) is approximately 0.884.
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10 While a student is holding a piece of metal in her hand, her hand gets colder. What happens to the temperature of the metal? * m (6 Points) A. The piece of metal will get warmer because some thermal energy is transferred from the metal to the student's hand. B. The piece of metal will get warmer because some thermal energy is transferred from the student's hand to the ON metal. C. The piece of metal will stay at the same temperature because an equal amount of thermal energy is exchanged between the student's hand and the metal. D. The piece of metal will stay at the same temperature because thermal energy is not transferred between the student's hand and the metal.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
thermal energy is the energy between one object to another
An atom has the following three isotopes: 24 amu (percent abundance = 78.99%)25 amu (percent abundance =10.00\%) , and 26 amu (percent bundance=11.01\%) . Calculate the average atomic mass. What is the identity of this atom based on your calculation?
Answers
24*(78.99/100) = 18.96
25*(10/100)= 2.5
26*(11.01/100)= 2.86
Then add these together.
18.96+2.5+2.86= 24.32amu
An element that has an average mass of nearly 24.32amu would be Mg (magnesium)
1. The average atomic mass of the element is 24.32 amu
2. The identity of the atom is Magnesium (Mg)
Let the 1st isotope be A
Let the 2nd isotope be B
Let the 3rd isotope be C
From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
For Isotope AMass of A = 24 amu
Abundance of A (A%) = 78.99%
For Isotope BMass of B = 25 amu
Abundance of B (B%) = 10%
For Isotope CMass of C = 26 amu
Abundance of C (C%) = 11.01%
Average atomic mass =?The average atomic mass of the atom can be obtained as follow:
Atomic mass = [(Mass of A × A%)/100] + [(Mass of B × B%)/100] + [(Mass of C × C%)/100]
= [(24 × 78.99)/100] + [(25 × 10)/100] + [(26 × 11.01)/100]
= 18.9576 + 2.5 + 2.8626
= 24.32 amu
Therefore, the atomic mass of the atom is 24.32 amu.
From the periodic table, the element having atomic mass of 24.32 amu is Magnesium (Mg).
Therefore, the identity of the atom is Magnesium (Mg)
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1. If all of the eg orbitals are filled, can an electron from the t2g level be promoted to the eg level by the absorption of a photon of visible light? 2. Draw the crystal field splitting diagram for octahedral Zn^2+ and Ca^2+ complexes. Predict the color of aqueous solutions of Zn^2+ sals and Ca^2+ salts. Does it matter if the complexes are high-spin or low-spin?
Answers
If all the eg orbitals are full, it is impossible to promote an electron from the t2g level to the eg level because there are no empty energy states.
The energy of the photon must be sufficient to promote an electron to a higher energy level.2. Draw the crystal field splitting diagram for octahedral Zn^2+ and Ca^2+ complexes. Predict the color of aqueous solutions of Zn^2+ sals and Ca^2+ salts. Does it matter if the complexes are high-spin or low-spin. The crystal field splitting diagram for Zn2+ and Ca2+ are as follows: Zn2+:
It is colorless in both high-spin and low-spin complexes. Ca2+:
In high-spin complexes, it is colorless, but in low-spin complexes, it is purple.
To summarize, the color of Zn2+ complexes is colorless in both high-spin and low-spin complexes. The color of Ca2+ complexes is dependent on the spin-state, being colorless in high-spin complexes and purple in low-spin complexes.
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how can I identify easliy Amphoteric oxide from basic oxide
Answers
Answer:
A general guideline to determine if oxide is acidic, basic, or amphoteric is to use the periodic table. Typically, metals such as Ba form basic oxides (BaO), while nonmetals such as S form acidic oxides (SO3).
Which of the following best describes an alkali?A. A soluble solid that forms H+ ions in a solution.B. A soluble solid that has a pH above 7.C. Any substance with a pH above 7.D. An insoluble solid that forms OH- ions in a solution.
Answers
Answer
C. Any substance with a pH above 7.
Explanation
Alkalis are water-soluble bases. bases that may be dissolved in water to produce OH⁻ ions are termed alkali. Alkali turns red litmus blue and is sour to taste. pH of an alkali substance is greater than 7.
Examples of alkali are NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)₂.
Hence, the answer which best describes an alkali is option C. Any substance with a pH above 7.
The main purpose of this passage is to A describe different physical properties of substances and how they can be observed. B describe what evidence can be used to determine if a reaction has taken place. C compare physical and chemical properties. D compare a change of state, color, smell and temperature.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
^^
Which of the following words or phrases refers to an antioxidant that is used as a preservative in some foods?GastrointestinalSulfitesBotulism
Answers
Sulfites are antioxidant that is used as a preservative in some foods. They can help prevent spoilage and discoloration in certain foods and are commonly found in dried fruits, wine, and some processed foods.
However, sulfites can also trigger allergic reactions in some people, especially those with asthma, so they are regulated by the FDA and must be listed on food labels if they are added to a product. Other preservatives may also be used in food products, but sulfites are a common and well-known example.
The term that refers to an antioxidant used as a preservative in some foods is "sulfites." Sulfites are chemical compounds that help prevent spoilage and maintain food freshness by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and preventing oxidation. They are commonly used in the preservation of dried fruits, wine, and some processed foods. While sulfites are effective as a preservative, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with asthma. Gastrointestinal refers to the digestive system, and botulism is a serious foodborne illness caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
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Describe early models of the atom in less than 75 words. Start with Democritis, mention the contributions of Aristotle, John Dalton, Rutherford, Thomson, and Bohr.
Answers
Democritus said matter can not be divided indefinitely, Aristotle said that matter was made of four elements while John Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on experimentation. Rutherford said atoms are mostly empty space, Thompson brought about negative electrons in a positive framework. Bohr said that electrons orbit the nucleus in “shells.
What are the atomic models?There are many atomic models that was proposed which includes:
the Bohr model, the Rutherford model, the probability model, the orbital model, the probability orbit model, and the wave model.Rutherford in his experiment shot alpha (α) particles at gold foil whereby most particles passed through.
Hence he concluded the following:
atoms are mostly empty. a “nucleus” is positive and holds most of an atom’s massSome positive α-particles deflected or bounced back.
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1. Compare atoms, molecules, compounds.
Answers
Answer: Molecules contain two or more atoms and are held together by covalent bonds, whereas compounds are held together by ionic bonds. Two or more elements bonded together through ionic attraction. Compounds contain two or more atoms and are held together by ionic bonds, whereas molecules are held together by covalent bonds.
Explanation: