When were the two major extinction periods that amphibians have survived?
Explain to me plz thanks

All of the organisms in the domain Archaea are prokaryotes.

Archaea are unicellular organisms with no nuclei, hence are prokaryotes.

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The hormone responsible for awakening a seed from dormancy and promoting its growth in response to favorable conditions is C, gibberellin.

Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate various growth and developmental processes, including seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering.

When a seed is dormant, it is in a state of suspended animation, waiting for the right conditions to begin germination and growth. Gibberellins promote seed germination by stimulating the production of enzymes that break down stored nutrients, such as starches and fats, inside the seed. This provides the energy and nutrients necessary for the seedling to begin growing and developing into a mature plant.

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Answer:

1) B+

2) B-

and last one is AB+

Have a good day :D

Answer:

1 F

2 T

3 T

4 T

5 F

Explanation:

The valves most often used for draining and freeze protection above ground are:

Ball valves: Ball valves are commonly used for draining and freeze protection due to their reliable sealing and ease of operation. They consist of a spherical ball with a hole in the center that acts as the valve's control mechanism. When the handle is turned, the ball rotates to either block or allow the flow of fluid. Ball valves are known for their quick and complete shutoff, making them effective for draining and preventing freezing in above-ground systems.

Gate valves: Gate valves are another type of valve frequently utilized for draining and freeze protection. They feature a gate or wedge-shaped disc that moves up and down to control the flow of fluid. Gate valves are capable of providing a tight seal, which is crucial for preventing leakage and maintaining system integrity. However, they are generally slower to operate compared to ball valves.

Both ball valves and gate valves are available in various sizes and materials to suit different applications. When selecting valves for draining and freeze protection above ground, it's important to consider factors such as the intended fluid, system pressure, temperature variations, and the required flow capacity. Additionally, proper insulation and other freeze protection measures should be implemented in conjunction with valve selection to ensure effective freeze prevention in above-ground systems.

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Answer:

Elliptical galaxies are the most abundant type of galaxies found in the universe but because of their age and dim qualities, they're frequently outshone by younger, brighter collections of stars. Elliptical galaxies lack the swirling arms of their more well-known siblings, spiral galaxies.

Explanation:

Answer:

Astronomers have identified and named more of the spiral galaxies because their swirling arms and brightness make them easier to spot. Elliptical galaxies are older and give off less light than other galaxies. They also have less dust and gas in them, so they don't form many new stars.

Explanation:

Alkali denaturation refers to the process of using alkaline conditions to denature double-stranded DNA. In this method, DNA is treated with a strong alkaline solution, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to break the hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA, resulting in single-stranded DNA.

The organic method is a common approach used to purify DNA from biological samples. The general steps involved in the organic method are as follows:

Cell lysis: The biological sample is treated with a lysis buffer to break open the cells and release the DNA.

Protein removal: Proteins are denatured and removed from the DNA using organic solvents such as phenol and chloroform. These solvents separate the DNA from proteins, lipids, and other contaminants.

Precipitation: DNA is precipitated by adding a cold alcohol, typically ethanol or isopropanol. The DNA forms a visible pellet that can be collected by centrifugation.

Washing: The DNA pellet is washed with ethanol to remove residual contaminants

Re-suspension: The purified DNA pellet is dissolved in a suitable buffer, such as TE buffer or distilled water, to make it ready for downstream applications.

Alkali denaturation is often used in DNA sequencing, PCR, and hybridization techniques where single-stranded DNA is required as a starting material.

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Motor neuron signals: Sodium channels open along sarcolemma
Excitation-contraction coupling: Action potential is conducted along T tubule
Respective locations (bins): Calcium ions are released, Calcium ions bind to troponin, Tropomyosin shifts position
Muscle fiber contraction: Myosin forms cross bridges with actin

1. Motor neuron signals - The motor neuron releases neurotransmitters, initiating the process.
2. Sodium channels open along the sarcolemma - This creates an action potential.
3. Action potential is conducted along T-tubule - The signal travels deep into the muscle fiber.
4. Calcium ions are released - The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium in response to the action potential.
5. Calcium ions bind to troponin - This causes a conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
6. Tropomyosin shifts position - This exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin.
7. Myosin forms cross-bridges with actin - This initiates muscle contraction.
8. Muscle fiber contraction - The muscle fiber shortens, generating force.

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Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype.

They are a specific type of neutral mutation. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are not always silent, nor vice versa. Synonymous mutations can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. Mutations that cause the altered codon to produce an amino acid with similar functionality (e.g. a mutation producing leucine instead of isoleucine) are often classified as silent; if the properties of the amino acid are conserved, this mutation does not usually significantly affect protein function.

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Answer: ribosomes because they make proteins :)

Explanation:

The correct answer is A. To get energy.

They eat other organisms because they need food, and food is considered energy because it allows the fish to function more efficiently.

Answer:

b

Explanation:

B. Photosynthesis is an important metabolic process that moves carbon from the atmosphere into living organisms in the carbon cycle.

Answer:

they can be grown on land that would not be used for traditional agricultural, and are very efficient at removing nutrients from water.

Explanation:

Answer:

a lizards chance of hiding from other predators if twitching decrees if not twitching increes

Explanation:

Answer:Twitching when attacked

increases

a lizard's chances of surviving fire ants. Twitching

decreases

a lizard's chances of hiding from other predators.

Explanation:

The broadest category used to classify life forms is called a domain. A domain is a taxonomic category that is higher than a kingdom and represents the three primary branches of life on Earth. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

The Archaea domain includes single-celled organisms that are known for their ability to survive in extreme environments such as hot springs, salt lakes, and deep-sea vents. They are also important in decomposing organic matter and producing methane.

The Bacteria domain also includes single-celled organisms, which are the most abundant and diverse form of life on Earth. Bacteria play vital roles in the environment, such as breaking down dead organic matter, and some are used in biotechnology and food production.

The Eukarya domain includes all organisms with complex, membrane-bound cells that contain a nucleus. This domain is further divided into four kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista. The Animalia kingdom includes multicellular organisms that consume food, while the Plantae kingdom includes multicellular organisms that produce their food through photosynthesis. The Fungi kingdom includes organisms such as mushrooms and molds, which break down organic matter, while the Protista kingdom includes single-celled organisms that do not fit into any of the other kingdoms.

In conclusion, the broadest category used to classify life forms is a domain, and there are three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Each domain represents a major branch of life on Earth, and they are further divided into kingdoms based on shared characteristics.

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In angiosperms, the process of seed growth begins with double fertilization and concerns the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei into a zygote. The second part of this process is the fusion of the polar nuclei with a second sperm cell nucleus, thus forming a primary endosperm.

When pollen anchors on the flower's stigma, it grows and develops a pollen tube, which then fast grows towards the plant's ovary. Once it sees an ovule, the pollen tube explosions to release sperm cells, which fertilize the ovule and start seed formation

Thus,  double fertilization is part of seed development.

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Answer:A

Explanation:

No explanation

Answer:

yeast

Explanation:

i think............................

I'm not sure

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Viruses don't have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics; instead they are surrounded by a protective protein coat. Unlike bacteria, which attack your body's cells from the outside, viruses actually move into, live in and make copies of themselves in your body's cells.

52. Glial cells support and assist neurons. 53. Meninges cover and protect the brain. 54. The blood brain barrier regulates substances passing from the bloodstream to the brain. 55. The ventricular system circulates cerebrospinal fluid through the inside of the brain. 56.Venous sinuses collect deoxygenated blood from the brain and drain it back to the systemic circulation.

52.  To support and help neurons - b)glial cells

Glial cells, also known as neuroglia, are a type of cells that provide support and assistance to neurons in the nervous system.

53. To cover and protect the brain - a) meninges

Explanation: The meninges are a set of protective membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.

54. To regulate substances that pass from the bloodstream to the brain - - d) blood brain barrier

The blood brain barrier is a specialized structure that regulates the substances that can pass from the bloodstream into the brain, protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances.

55. To circulate cerebrospinal fluid through the inside of the brain - e) ventricular system

The ventricular system is a network of fluid-filled cavities within the brain that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the brain, providing nutrients and removing waste products.

56. The inferior portion of the spinal cord  that consits of a collection of many nerves f) Venous Sinuses

Venous sinuses are blood-filled spaces located between the layers of the meninges that collect deoxygenated blood from the brain and drain it back to the systemic circulation.

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The trait appeared at point 4 on the phylogeny shown is Bulk flow.

B is the correct answer.

The movement of a fluid caused by a pressure gradient is referred to as bulk flow. The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient is known as diffusion. Both processes occur when a person breathes.

Wherever there exist air pressure gradients in a system, bulk or volume flow of air occurs. The thorax's bellows movement causes this visible airflow to occur.

Depending on physiologic requirements, bulk flow is necessary to carry huge volumes of liquid through the body. The environment may provide all the tissues with the nutrients they need, but bulk flow accelerates the pace of diffusion.

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The complete question is:

Which of the traits appeared at point 4 on the phylogeny shown?

A. cell signaling

B. bulk flow

C. adhesion gap junctions

D. differentiation of distinct cell types

Based on the information provided, I cannot see the specific phylogeny you are referring to. However, I can help you understand the terms "traits" and "phylogeny."

Traits are characteristics or features that organisms possess, such as physical attributes or behaviors. In the context of phylogeny, traits can be used to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. It is typically represented as a tree, with nodes representing common ancestors and branches indicating the evolutionary path.

To answer your question about which trait appeared at point 4 on the phylogeny, I would need more information or access to the specific phylogeny diagram you are referring to. Once I have that information, I would be happy to help you determine the trait at point 4.

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Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are exceptional cloning tools due to their ability to clone up to 2-Mb pairs of DNA, accompanied by telomeres, replication origins, selectable markers, and a yeast centromere.

The features that make yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) an excellent cloning tool are:

b. In their linear form, YACs contain telomeres at each end for stability, an origin of replication, and they can be used to clone up to 2-Mb pairs of DNA. A YAC also contains a yeast centromere along with selectable markers and a number of restriction sites. This allows for the insertion of up to 2-Mb pairs of DNA.

d. YACs are large but low copy number plasmids that can accept DNA inserts in the 100- to 300-kb range.

These features make YACs ideal for cloning large DNA fragments, allowing researchers to study and manipulate large segments of DNA. YACs provide stability through the presence of telomeres, replication origins, and centromeres, ensuring proper replication and segregation during cell division.

The selectable markers and restriction sites present in YACs facilitate the insertion and manipulation of DNA fragments. Overall, YACs offer a versatile and powerful tool for cloning and studying large DNA sequences, making them valuable in genetic research and biotechnology applications.

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Explanation:

manure is called natural fertilizer

Answer:

OD. Hypotheses help identify the variables

Explanation:

Source: had the question before

The DNA of cats and dogs is more similar to the DNA of cats and hamsters because of the difference in their order.

According to taxonomic hierarchical classification, organisms are classified into seven different levels: Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species. The more common level of classification, the more chances of similarities in the DNA patterns.

Three of the above animals have evolved from a single class,i.e., Mammalia. This means that all of them are mammals. But as evolution took place further, they got divided into two different orders. Cats and dogs went with the order of Carnivora while hamsters went with the order of Rodentia.

The cats and dogs belong to the same order while the hamster belongs to a different order. This means that the cats and dogs, thus, share a more common ancestor. They are more likely to possess more similar patterns of DNA than the hamster. It is because of this difference that the two categories possess a large difference in their DNA.

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Answer:

The tropospheric temperature only decreases from an average of 0°C (32°F) at sea level to about −45°C (−49°F) at the tropopause. At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20°C (68°F) at sea level to about −70°C to −75°C (−94 to −103°F) at the tropopause.

When consecutive vertebrae articulate, notches in their  articular processes create the intervertebral foramina.

Consecutive vertebrae articulate due to the presence of notches in their articular processes. The notches form a connection between adjacent vertebrae that is known as the intervertebral foramen. The intervertebral foramen allows the passage of nerves and vessels through the spine. This is important for the spinal cord and its function in controlling the body.

The vertebral articular processes are bony projections located on the vertebrae that provide the connection point between each vertebrae. Notches are formed in the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae which together form the intervertebral foramen. The foramen is a tunnel-like structure that allows the passage of nerves and vessels from one vertebra to the next.

The vertebral foramen is an important structure in the spine as it allows the spinal cord to pass through. The spinal cord is the major pathway of information exchange between the brain and the rest of the body. Without the intervertebral foramina, the spinal cord would not be able to pass through the vertebral column, effectively blocking the transmission of information.

In conclusion, the intervertebral foramen is formed by notches in the vertebral articular processes. This structure is important for the passage of nerves and vessels through the spine, and it also allows the spinal cord to pass through. Without the intervertebral foramina, the spinal cord would be unable to send signals from the brain to the rest of the body.

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