what three factors are needed to establish causation?

Answers

Answer 1

The first three criteria—empirical connection, independent variable's temporal priority, and spuriousness—are typically regarded as prerequisites for determining a causal impact in establish causation .

To prove a connection between these three, you must first prove these three.

Researchers distinguish between three levels of causality: absolute causation, conditional causation, and contributory causation when attempting to prove a causal relationship.

Association, influence direction, and nonspuriousness are the three types of evidence used to prove causation. Any statistic that expresses (in a single number) the strength of the association between two variables is referred to as a measure of association.

Three widely acknowledged prerequisites must be met in order to prove causality: first, the variables must be related; second, they must occur in chronological sequence; and third, all other potential explanations for the link must be considered and ruled out.

To know more about establish causation

https://brainly.com/question/5106213

#SPJ4


Related Questions

Julie works at a large gym. She wants to do a study of the effect on self-esteem and mood of having a personal trainer. She collects a list of members at her gym who would like to have a personal trainer. She assigns half of them to have a trainer right away and half of them to wait several months before being assigned a trainer. She measures self-esteem and mood in all of the participants over the next several months, when only one of the groups would have a trainer. Which advantages does Julie's design have over selecting a group of people at the gym who were already using personal trainers and a group who was not using trainers

Answers

Answer:

She is preventing a selection effect.

Explanation:

In Cuba people have little to say about what they do for work, or how a business is run. This is because the Cuban government controls nearly all aspects of business in the country. What is this type of economy?
Group of answer choices

market

mixed

command

traditional

Answers

command. If the government controls nearly all of the economy it leans more towards command

A country’s decision not to trade with another country is called a(n) __________.
A.
quota
B.
tariff
C.
embargo
D.
exchange rate

Answers

Answer:

c : embargo

Explanation:

Answer:

Embargo

Explanation:

Which type of society is held together by a collective conscience with most people having similar values lifestyles and beliefs?

Answers

The social inclusion of people who share the same values and views within a community is known as mechanical solidarity.

Which kind of society is sustained by a shared conscience?

According to Durkheim, mechanical solidarity—a form of social order upheld by a culture's collective consciousness—kept preindustrial communities together. Societies with collectivism behave automatically; decisions are made mostly because that is how they were always made. Mechanical solidarity is a sort of social order that is upheld by a culture as a whole. These shared ideals and ideas form a "collective conscience" that influences each member's internal motivation to cooperate.

To know more about Mechanical solidarity visit:

https://brainly.com/question/12800438

#SPJ4

All of the following are obstacles to economic development EXCEPT

a tropical climate
a small territory
isolation from trade routes
absence of a coastline
a mountainous terrain

Answers

Answer:

Answer : Absence of a coastline

Answer:

A tropical Climate

Explanation:

The climate of an area rarely contributes to the economic development of a country. Topography, on the other hand, can make a big difference in the economic success of a country.

Support Ideas with Evidence Read the following quotation: "Six years is a long period for a man to be absent from his home, it would have a tendency to wean him from his constituents." What is this quotation referring to and what does it mean? Do you believe this quotation came from a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist? Support your answer with evidence.

Answers

Six years is a long period for a man to be absent from his home, it would have a tendency to wean him from his constituents" refers to the fact that if a representative or politician spends too much time away from their constituents.

This statement is suggesting that frequent re-elections could help ensure that politicians remain connected with the people they represent, as they will be more frequently accountable to them. This idea is often attributed to the Anti-Federalist movement.

The Anti-Federalists were a group of individuals who opposed the ratification of the Constitution, primarily because they believed it centralized too much power in the federal government at the expense of individual states. They also believed that the Constitution did not adequately protect individual liberties. This quote is often attributed to the Anti-Federalist movement because many of them supported the idea of more frequent elections as a way of holding politicians accountable to the people they represent.

Overall, this quote is a reflection of the idea that politicians must remain connected to their constituents in order to be effective representatives. Frequent re-elections could help ensure that politicians remain connected with the people they represent, as they will be more frequently accountable to them.

Learn more about constituents:

https://brainly.com/question/29413292

#SPJ11

jessie trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. once the response is learned, jessie begins to cut back on the reinforcers. at first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. jessie is using a procedure called .

Answers

Jessie is using stretching the ratio method here to train the pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck.

Stretching the ratio is a type of reinforcement method conducted in multiple sessions. Investigator has to set the schedules of reinforcement of the session by establishing the requirement for a response.

The requirement of response is increased in a few steps only at every session conducted by the investigator. At the beginning of the next session, to create a contact between the response and response requirement, the response requirement is increased at a slower pace.

After the initial response, the response requirement is increased to advance the response level further.

Learn more about reinforcement methods here https://brainly.com/question/25961563

#SPJ4

.Approximately ________ of all Americans report limitations due to chronic back conditions.
30 percent
20 percent
50 percent
70 percent

Answers

Approximately 20 percent of all Americans report limitations due to chronic back conditions.

According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 20% of adults in the United States report having chronic back pain.

This can lead to limitations in daily activities and overall quality of life. Chronic back pain is often caused by factors such as poor posture, lack of exercise, and injury, and can be difficult to manage. Treatment options for chronic back pain may include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

It is important for individuals with chronic back pain to work with their healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses their specific needs.

For more questions like Therapy click the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/29854280

#SPJ11

Approximately 30 percent of all Americans report limitations due to chronic back conditions.

Chronic back conditions are a prevalent health issue in the United States, affecting a significant portion of the population. Statistics indicate that approximately 30 percent of all Americans report limitations in their daily activities due to these conditions. Back pain can be caused by various factors, such as injuries, poor posture, sedentary lifestyles, or underlying medical conditions.

The impact of chronic back conditions can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, leading to limitations in mobility, work productivity, and overall quality of life. It highlights the importance of implementing effective preventive measures, promoting ergonomic practices, and seeking appropriate medical care to alleviate the burden of chronic back conditions on individuals and society as a whole.

To learn more about chronic visit: https://brainly.com/question/28989505

#SPJ11

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

Answers

Since Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit, then it illustrates the impact of punishment.

What is Punishment?

Punishment can be regarded as the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome as a results of wrong act by a person.

Therefore, punishment can be imposed upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority.

learn more about Punishment at;

https://brainly.com/question/8517742

#SPJ1

What are two mobile interfaces for electronic banking?

Answers

Answer:

mobile banking over sms

mobile banking over mobile app

and over ussd

the continent with the lowest incomes and highest rates of poverty is

Answers

The continent with the lowest incomes and highest rates of poverty is Africa.

Africa is the second-largest and second-most-populous continent, with a population of approximately 1.3 billion people spread across 54 countries. The continent's wealth and resources are unevenly distributed, and many countries face challenges such as political instability, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure.
Africa's economy is diverse, including agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services sectors. However, many of its countries depend on natural resources and agriculture, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices. Additionally, the continent suffers from inadequate infrastructure and limited access to quality education and healthcare, contributing to widespread poverty.
In terms of income, Africa has the lowest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita compared to other continents. According to the World Bank, the average GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan Africa was just $1,650 in 2019. High poverty rates also prevail in many African countries, with the World Bank estimating that approximately 41% of Sub-Saharan Africans lived on less than $1.90 a day in 2019.

Efforts to alleviate poverty and improve living standards are ongoing in Africa, with the involvement of governments, non-governmental organizations, and international institutions. Key strategies include improving access to education, healthcare, and clean water, enhancing infrastructure, promoting sustainable economic growth, and fostering good governance.

In conclusion, Africa faces significant challenges in terms of low incomes and high poverty rates. Addressing these issues requires a combination of local and international efforts to foster sustainable development and improve the quality of life for its inhabitants.

know more about Africa.

https://brainly.com/question/13805884

#SPJ11

Chapter 26: The Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments
a) Give an example of currency depreciation and appreciation. (5 pts)
b) What are the three balance of payments accounts? Briefly describe them. What is the relationship among the three? (5 pts)
c) What are the main components of the current account? What has been the recent U.S. experience with these items? (5 pts)
d) The table above gives some of the accounts of the United States in 2023. (5 pts)
Item
Amount
(billions of dollars)
Investment
1,900
Saving
1,600
Government expenditure
1,000
Net taxes
1,700
i) What is the private sector balance?
ii) What is the government sector balance?
iii) What is net exports?

Answers

The private sector balance is the difference between investment and saving is 300 billion dollars.

Currency depreciation occurs when the value of a country's currency decreases in comparison to other currencies. For example, if the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Euro was previously 1 USD = 0.8 EUR, but then changes to 1 USD = 0.7 EUR, the US dollar has depreciated in value. Currency appreciation, on the other hand, occurs when the value of a country's currency increases in comparison to other currencies. For example, if the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Euro was previously 1 USD = 0.8 EUR, but then changes to 1 USD = 0.9 EUR, the US dollar has appreciated in value.

The three balance of payments accounts are the current account, the capital account, and the financial account. The current account includes transactions related to trade in goods and services, as well as income from investments and transfers. The capital account includes transactions related to the sale and purchase of non-financial assets, such as land and buildings. The financial account includes transactions related to the sale and purchase of financial assets, such as stocks and bonds. The relationship among the three accounts is that they must all balance out to zero, meaning that any surplus in one account must be offset by a deficit in another account.

The main components of the current account are the trade balance (exports minus imports of goods and services), the income balance (income from investments and transfers), and the transfer balance (transfers of money between countries). The recent US experience with these items has been a consistent trade deficit, meaning that the US imports more goods and services than it exports. The US also typically has a surplus in the income balance, due to a large amount of foreign investment in the US. The transfer balance is usually a deficit, as the US sends more money abroad in the form of foreign aid and remittances than it receives.

The private sector balance is the difference between investment and saving, or 1,900 - 1,600 = 300 billion dollars.
ii) The government sector balance is the difference between government expenditure and net taxes, or 1,000 - 1,700 = -700 billion dollars.
iii) Net exports is the difference between the private sector balance and the government sector balance, or 300 - (-700) = 1,000 billion dollars.

To learn more about Investment :

https://brainly.com/question/417234

#SPJ11

state five forest reserves in Ghana​

Answers

Answer:

Listed below are five of the best national parks and reserves Ghana has to offer as well as some ways they contribute to reforestation and protection.

Explanation:

Mole National Park. ...

Nini Suhien National Park & Ankasa Resource Reserve. ...

Asubima Forest Reserve. ...

Bia National Park & Reserve.

Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable?

Answers

Under DoDD 5240.06, routine business interactions, social contacts, and political activities that are transparent and do not involve sensitive information are not reportable behaviors are reportable. Here option D is the correct answer.

Routine business interactions, social contact, and political activities, conducted in an open and transparent manner, where no classified, sensitive, or proprietary information is discussed, are not reportable.

The policy aims to identify and report any foreign contacts or activities that pose a potential threat to the national security of the United States. As such, any activities, behaviors, and indicators that could be reasonably associated with foreign intelligence collection, surveillance, and subversion are reportable.

Examples of reportable foreign contacts, activities, indicators, and behaviors include individuals who exhibit unusual or suspicious behavior, such as asking for sensitive information or attempting to recruit individuals to engage in espionage or sabotage.

Complete question:

Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators, and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable?

A - routine business interactions

B - social contacts

C - political activities

D -  all of these

To learn more about Foreign Intelligence

https://brainly.com/question/30245720

#SPJ4

Why did girls like Mary S. Paul work in mills?

A: They were proud of the textiles they were creating

B: They were happy to earn their own wages

C: They had opportunities to effect social reform

D: They had the freedom to live without social restrictions

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

I Believe it's c because I know that they could get paid less

Answer:

b

Explanation:

Which Han Dynasty emperor advocated the following of Confucian?

A. Wu

B. Liu Bang

C. Wang Mang

D. Shi Huangdi

Which Han Dynasty emperor advocated the following of Confucian?A. WuB. Liu BangC. Wang MangD. Shi Huangdi

Answers

Answer:

Liu Bang

hope this helps!! have an amazing day <3

shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. she often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. if you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if shelby meets the criteria for . group of answer choices

Answers

Disorder of generalized anxiety

Shelby's generalized anxiety disorder is evident in her lack of a clear trigger for her non-specific worry.

Briefing:-

Shelby, on the other hand, does not exhibit the social phobia-defining fear of scrutiny, public humiliation, and embarrassment.

Which of the following describes a disorder that manifests as a physical ailment with no underlying physical cause?

Functional neurological symptom disorder, also known as conversion disorder, is a condition where a person's perception, sensation, or movement are affected without any indication that a physical cause exists.

Which mental illness is exhibited by those who avoid potentially embarrassing situations out of fear of being negatively judged by others?

People with avoidant personality disorder experience persistent feelings of inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to criticism from others. Even though they want to socialize, they often avoid it because they are so afraid of being rejected by others.

To Know more about generalized anxiety

https://brainly.com/question/14319656

#SPJ4

In what ways have your upbringing, experiences, or thinking
influenced your life?

Answers

As an AI language model, I do not have a life or experiences to share. However, I can provide you with some guidance on how you can approach and write an essay on this topic.



When writing about how your upbringing, experiences, or thinking influenced your life, it's important to focus on specific examples that illustrate this impact. Here are some steps to help you write a more than 100-word essay on this topic:
1. Brainstorm: Before writing, take some time to think about your upbringing, experiences, and thought processes. What events or people have influenced you the most? What lessons have you learned along the way? Jot down any ideas that come to mind.

2. Outline: Once you have some ideas, create an outline for your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows logically.
To know more about approach visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30967234

#SPJ11

Select two environmental issues faced by Mexico today that were discussed in the chapter. Write a paragraph about each issue explaining the causes and effects of the problems. hurry need it ill give brainliest

Answers

Answer:

What kind of cell is made of only DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm and a cell membrane?(A)amoeba(B)bacteria(C)mitochondria(D)yeast

Explanation:

what are the things to consider in delivering good speech choir?​

Answers

Answer:

this help you

Explanation:

Speech choir participants should only look at the conductor the whole time of their presentation. They should not fidget or make unnecessary moves throughout their delivery. Nevertheless they should not be standing tensed in front of the crowd but relaxed.

Some Tips for Speech Choir

Teach them stress and intonation. ... A good number for speech choir is 40 members. ... The contest piece is often a poem. Divide your participants into three voices: light, medium and dark. ... Arrange the contest piece before giving it to your participants. ... Memorize the piece.

Which describes a psychiatrist

Answers

A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental disorders. A psychiatrist can prescribe medicine.

Answer:

B-Specialist in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions and can prescribe medication

Explanation:

I did the study and it seems like the most logical answer.

True or False: The great body of Gregorian chant is somewhat misattributed to Pope Gregory the Great due in part to some of the cultural practices and prejudices of the Middle Ages.

Answers

The statement "The great body of Gregorian chant is somewhat misattributed to Pope Gregory the Great due in part to some of the cultural practices and prejudices of the Middle Ages" is true.

This is because there is no direct evidence that Pope Gregory I was the creator of the musical genre known as a Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant is a type of plainsong that is used in the liturgical practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It is a monophonic chant that is sung without any instrumental accompaniment.

Its earliest known forms date back to the 7th century AD. It has since evolved into a highly sophisticated form of musical expression. There are several reasons why the Gregorian chant has been attributed to Pope Gregory the Great.

Additionally, one of the most important reasons is the fact that his name is associated with the earliest known forms of the chant, he was a highly influential figure in the Church during his lifetime.

However, there is no direct evidence that he composed the chants himself.

Learn more about Gregorian chant at https://brainly.com/question/29811340

#SPJ4

What is the main significance
of being excommunicated by a
church?

Answers

Answer:

Eastern Catholic Churches — The purpose of the institutional act is to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain Explanation:

Eastern Catholic Churches — The purpose of the institutional act is to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain

6. What is the role of the judicial branch of the
national government according to the U.S.
Constitution?

Answers

The role of the judicial branch is to controll laws

The federal judiciary is the branch of government that holds trials and decides cases under the nation's laws. The powers of the federal judiciary appear in Article III of the U.S. Constitution. ... It also gave Congress the power to establish courts to resolve particular kinds of disputes.

Rank the following groups in order of decreasing acidity. most acidic least acidic BrCH2CO2H FCH2CO2H CICH2CO2H

Answers

This is the order of decreasing acidity based on the above reasoning: FCH2CO2H > ClCH2CO2H > BrCH2CO2H > ICH2CO2H

The acidity order is in the form of most acidic to least acidic. The answer to the question, "Rank the following groups in order of decreasing acidity. most acidic least acidic BrCH2CO2H FCH2CO2H CICH2CO2H," is given below.

Based on the order of the electronegativity of the halogens, halogens with greater electronegativities induce a higher acidic environment. The order of the halogens in terms of their electronegativity is: F > Cl > Br > I

Note: The acidity increases in the direction of decreasing electronegativity of the halogen present in the compound.

To learn about acidity order here:

https://brainly.com/question/30371948

#SPJ11

8. What are the Silhouettes along the I&M canal?

Answers

Answer:

Historical Figures and Scenes form the canal's history.

Explanation:

It is series of metal silhouettes placed along the canal path, depicting historical figures and scenes from the canal's history.

non-hispanic whites comprise approximately ________ percent of america's population.

Answers

Non-Hispanic whites comprise approximately 60% of America's population. Non-Hispanic whites are the largest racial group in the United States, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

However, their share of the population has been declining in recent years due to growth in other racial and ethnic groups, such as Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians. In 2020, non-Hispanic whites made up about 60% of the total U.S. population. This percentage is projected to continue to decline in the coming years, as the population becomes more diverse.

Know more about Non-Hispanic whites here:

https://brainly.com/question/861359

#SPJ11

Which of the following is NOT an example of a push factor?
Natural Disaster
Job opportunities
War
Political Persecution

Answers

Answer:

Job oppotunities

Explanation:

Think about it, having a chance to get a job is a good thing compared to the other answer choices.

please help with this !

please help with this !

Answers

The answer to your question is option d as the salience/ focal point of the poster is the quote "let's stop HIV together". Viewers get a sense that the fight against HIV is only possible if people work together.

Answer:

the answer is encourage the public to support the fight against the HIV

Explanation:

as let's stop HIV together is written on poster so d option is correct

NEED HELP ASAP
thanks+BRAINLIST only for accurate and correct answers

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having political parties in a country?

Answers

Answer:Political parties play a vital role in a democracy. A country can only be considered democratic if its elections are proven to constitute a real competition between two or among several candidates who may be backed by political parties or are running independently.

Explanation:

Other Questions
when preparing an income statement, which of the following is the proper order for income statement components?O Comprehensive income, Other comprehensive income items. O Net income Comoresive income. Other comprehensive income items O Net income other comprehensive income items. comprehensive income.O Other comprehensive income, Net income, comprehensive income. How many Atoms are in 12 NaBr Which functions is the federal government responsiblefor? Check all that apply.Oregulating executivesOproviding retirement benefitsoperating the militaryexpanding judicial disputesmanaging foreign relations Question 8 < 3 pts 1 To give management the ability to direct and control a decentralized organization structure, this should be put in place: O Industry best practice standards. O Third-party consult Write 10 sentences in which you use directional term properly must use 10 terms. Bob and a few others were asked to help their uncle move to a new house. However, Bob ate most of the snacks, drank all the soda, and did not move nearly as many boxes as everyone else did. Bob's behavior is an example of Find A:B:CA:B=3:5,A:C=6:7 How do you ask, 'What is the date of today?' in SpanishCul es la fecha de hoy?Cul es el mes?Cul es tu numero?Cul es tu nombre? What type of line segment is represented by the dotted line.Please help me on this question, it is for geometry. Which of the following can cause beach erosion? Select the two correct answers. (1 point)-ocean currents-shifting shorelines-sandbars-dune vegetation-storm waves SCIENCE PLEASE HELP!!!!Use evidence and reasoning to support the claim that a stronger force changes velocity more than a weaker force. Write answer in your own words. which statement represents eight more than six times a number is five less than three times that number The broaden-and-build model proposes that _____________ people's outlooks and then builds on subsequent learning to develop future emotional and intellectual resources.A. Flow broadensB. Negative emotions broadenC. Positive emotions broadenD. Flexibility broadens this same gentleman talks about running as his way of getting exercise. he indicates he enjoys running but has been having difficulty with this activity because of arthritic knees. he used to be able to run 5 miles but is now lucky to be able to run one-half mile before he starts to experience pain. this situation is an example of a misfit between Two supporting reasons are missing from the proof. Complete the proof by dragging and dropping the appropriate reasons into each of the empty boxes.Given: mnm1=120Prove m6=60 An exclusive right to display a word, slogan, symbol, or emblem that distinctively identifies a company, product, or service is referred to as a Lauras printer takes 5 minutes to print 85 pages.What is the unit rate, in pages per minute, of pages printed? The percentage of a hunter-gatherer societys diet provided by hunting versus gathering was mostly determined by _______. a. the climate b. the types of prey c. hunting skill d. the size of the human population please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d what is the surface area of the cylinder below? Which main question does this passage try to answer?A. What causes fast food places to spread?B. What is the Slow Food movement?C. What are life's great pleasures?D. What is fast food like in Italy?