Answer:
It is one single unit which is repeated in a polymer
When the View from Earth is a new moon phase, the View from the Moon would be a
Please help
Answer:
When the view from Earth is a new moon phase, the view from the Moon would be a full Earth phase.
Explanation:
This is because the new moon phase occurs when the Moon is located between the Earth and the Sun, with the side of the Moon facing the Earth being unlit by the Sun. From the Moon's perspective, the Earth would be fully illuminated by the Sun, and the side of the Earth facing the Moon would be in the full Earth phase.
Limestone CaCo3 decomposes to lime according to the equation below
CaCo3 ----> CaO + CO2
(i) balance the equation above
(ii) what mass of limestone would produce 11.2 grams of lime?
Show your working
Answer:
Mass of lime produced = 19.0 g
Explanation:
Given data:
Mass of lime produced = 11.2 g
Mass of limestone react = ?
Solution:
Chemical equation:
CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
Balanced chemical equation:
CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
Number of moles of lime:
Number of moles = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of lime 56.1 g/mol
Number of moles = 11.2 g/ 56.1 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.19 mol
Now we will compare the moles of CaO and CaCO₃ from balance chemical equation.
CaO : CaCO₃
1 : 1
0.19 : 0.19
Mass of limestone react:
Mass = number of moles × molar mass
Mass = 0.19 mol × 100.1 g/mol
Mass = 19.0 g
once alcohol enters the mouth how much is absorbed into the bloodstream
When alcohol enters the mouth, it does not get absorbed into the bloodstream. Although the alcohol's flavor can be tasted, and a small amount of it can be absorbed through the mouth's tissues, alcohol is mostly absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach and the small intestine.
The amount of alcohol absorbed into the bloodstream is determined by the concentration of alcohol in the drink consumed, as well as the amount consumed. Other factors that influence the rate of absorption of alcohol include the person's gender, weight, and how fast their body metabolizes the alcohol.Below is a brief explanation of the process of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream:When alcohol is consumed, it enters the stomach and is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach walls. However, the rate at which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine, where most alcohol is absorbed, affects the rate of absorption. When the stomach contents, which contain alcohol, are emptied into the small intestine, the alcohol is absorbed more quickly into the bloodstream.The alcohol concentration in the bloodstream reaches its peak around 30 to 90 minutes after consumption, depending on various factors. Alcohol, on the other hand, is metabolized and broken down in the liver, which eliminates it from the body.
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A gas tank contains 3 gases (N2, O2, CO2). The total pressure of the gases is 825 mmHg. If the pressure of CO2 in 125 mmHg and the pressure of O2 is 350 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of N2 gas?
Answer:350 mmHg
Explanation:
use Dalton’s law:
P Total = P gas 1 + P gas 2 + P gas 3
825= P1+ 350+ 125
350+125=475
825-475= 350
P1= 350 mmHg
Water 3.0 deals mainly with sewage treatment.
Describe which chemicals are currently not broken down by currently
used wastewater technologies and why that is important.
Water 3.0 deals mainly with sewage treatment. The primary aim of this project is to reduce the harmful impacts of chemical pollutants from industrial and agricultural activities on natural water resources.
Currently, used wastewater treatment technologies can break down some of the chemicals in wastewater but not all of them. Chemicals that are not broken down are referred to as persistent organic pollutants. These chemicals persist in the environment for long periods, and they can cause severe damage to aquatic life and human health.
Currently, the primary challenge facing water treatment technologies is the removal of persistent organic pollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals from wastewater.
These pollutants are generally water-soluble and resist microbial degradation, making them hard to remove from wastewater using current water treatment technologies. For example, conventional activated sludge treatment used in wastewater treatment plants does not remove some persistent organic pollutants from wastewater.
Failure to remove these pollutants from wastewater can have significant environmental and health impacts.
For example, pharmaceutical chemicals can cause antibiotic resistance, while endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause birth defects, cancer, and other health problems.
Therefore, there is a need to improve wastewater treatment technologies to remove persistent organic pollutants from wastewater.
In conclusion, wastewater treatment technologies can break down some chemicals but not all. Chemicals that are not broken down are persistent organic pollutants and pose a significant risk to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is important to develop wastewater treatment technologies that can remove these pollutants from wastewater.
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What information can Lewis structures convey?
The valence shell electrons in a molecule are depicted in an extremely simplified manner by a Lewis Structure. It is used to demonstrate how the electrons in a molecule are positioned around particular atoms. Electrons are shown as "dots" or, in the case of a bond, as a line connecting the two atoms.
What purpose does the Lewis structure serve?The significance of Lewis's structure is the second. For forecasting the geometry, polarity, and reactivity of (in)organic compounds, Lewis structures are crucial. Lastly, how to depict the Lewis structure. For each available valence electron, a dot is placed around an atom to represent that electron in the Lewis structure for that particular element.
What is the Lewis structure's conclusion?Conclusion. A Lewis structure is created using the octet rule, which states that atoms must share electrons in order for each to have eight electrons in its outer shell. Typically, a symbol on the side of an element symbol designates a single electron.
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2. write the formulas for the compounds formed between the following: a.) aluminum and bromine b.) sodium and oxygen
a.) The formula for the compound formed between aluminum and bromine is AlBr₃. b.) The formula for the compound formed between sodium and oxygen is Na₂O.
When elements react chemically, they combine to form compounds. Compounds are composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. For instance, aluminum and bromine can react together to form a compound. The chemical formula of the compound formed is known as the empirical formula.
An empirical formula gives the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. When aluminum reacts with bromine, the resulting compound is aluminum bromide. Aluminum bromide is composed of one aluminum atom and three bromine atoms, so the empirical formula is AlBr₃. Therefore, the formula for the compound formed between aluminum and bromine is AlBr₃.
On the other hand, sodium and oxygen can react chemically to form a compound. The chemical formula of the compound formed is known as the empirical formula. The empirical formula gives the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. When sodium reacts with oxygen, the resulting compound is sodium oxide. Sodium oxide is composed of two sodium atoms and one oxygen atom, so the empirical formula is Na₂O. Therefore, the formula for the compound formed between sodium and oxygen is Na₂O.
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How many moles nitrogen contain 4x10² particles
There are approximately 6.64 x 10^-22 moles of nitrogen in 4x10^2 particles.
What is moles ?
Mole is an SI unit used to measure the amount of any substance.
To determine the number of moles of nitrogen in 4x10^2 particles, we need to use Avogadro's number, which is the number of particles in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.
We can use the following formula to calculate the number of moles:
moles = number of particles / Avogadro's number
moles of nitrogen = 4x10^2 particles / 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole
moles of nitrogen = 6.64 x 10^-22 moles
Therefore, there are approximately 6.64 x 10^-22 moles of nitrogen in 4x10^2 particles.
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Question 5
What is the correct way to set up the relationship between milligrams and grams?
10-mg-1g
O None are correct
10-3mg-1g
1mg-10-³g
O 1mg-106g
O
5 pts
Next ▸
The correct way to set up the relationship between milligrams and grams is 1mg-10-³g. option D is correct.
What are milligrams and grams ?The milligrams and grams are is eual to the 1g = 1,000mg. 1,000 milligrams (mg) in 1 gram (g).
The conversion of your gram figure to milligrams multiply your figure by 1000. 1mg is 1/1000g. There are 1,000 milligrams in 1 gram.
Therefore, The correct way to set up the relationship between milligrams and grams is 1mg-10-³g. option D is correct.
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how are atoms structured
Answer:
they got protons, electrons, and neutrons
Explanation:
Answer:
Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).
Explanation:
1.07 option 1 -- laboratory techniques lab report anybody got this lab filled out for me?
For this reason, chromatographic methods such as liquid, gas, or high-performance liquid chromatography are typically used in laboratories, with spectroscopic methods such as UV-visible spectroscopy, NMR, or MS being used for detection.
What purpose do laboratory methods serve?The use of laboratory methods is crucial to a researcher's career. These abilities are essential for carrying out various studies and examinations. One cannot use these strategies in projects or research without the necessary understanding. The majority of experiments require these procedures.
An lab report is what?A lab report describes an experiment and any findings that were made as a result of the experiment. The three major goals of a lab report are to: clearly explain the results of an experiment by giving data. talk about the outcomes.
What is the name of a lab report?Experimental reports, commonly referred to as "lab reports," are summaries of the writers' own empirical study. An experimental report should be viewed as a "narrative" of your research that guides the reader through your experiment.
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ASAP
What happens to a glass of pure fruit juice when water is added to it?
A - The number of moles of fruit juice increases.
B - The number of moles of fruit juice decreases.
C - The molarity of the juice increases.
D - The molarity of the juice decreases.
D. The MOLARITY of the juice DECREASES when water is added to it.
MOLARITY refers to the amount of a substance (solute) in a certain volume of solution. It is a measure of the CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION. In chemistry, molarity is calculated by dividing the number of moles of a solute by the volume of the solvent i.e.
MOLARITY (mol/L or M) = number of moles (n)/volume of solvent (V)
* The above equation means that the molarity of a solution is inversely proportional to its volume i.e. as molarity increases, volume decreases and vice versa.
According to this question, water is added to a glass of pure fruit juice (dilution). This means that the volume of the juice will increase. As the volume increases via addition of water, the MOLARITY DECREASES.
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which option best describes what happens when covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule? responses two hydrogen atoms donate electrons to an oxygen atom. two hydrogen atoms donate electrons to an oxygen atom. positively charged hydrogen atoms weakly attract an oxygen atom. positively charged hydrogen atoms weakly attract an oxygen atom. two hydrogen atoms share their electrons with an oxygen atom. two hydrogen atoms share their electrons with an oxygen atom. negatively charged hydrogen atoms strongly attract an oxygen atom.
When covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule two hydrogen atoms share their electrons with an oxygen atom.
When two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent bond is formed. These electrons are being drawn to the two atomic nuclei at the same time. A covalent bond is formed when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions. There are two types of bonds that an atom can form with other atoms: covalent and ionic. A covalent bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons. Ionic bonds can form when two or more ions come together and are held together by charge differences.
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Form the covalent bonds that occur
between atoms of:
a) two Br atoms
Atoms bond to reach a lower energy state. That is to say, the atoms that are loose are not stable and for this reason they unite forming the compounds and in this way they gain stability.
A chemical bond occurs when atoms share electrons.
A covalent bond is a force that joins two atoms of non-metals.
If you have Br_{2}
Atoms of the same element participate and have a bond.
Given its electronic configuration:
\( \sf1s {}^{2} \: \: 2 {s}^{2} \: \: 2 {p}^{6} \: \: 3 {s}^{2} \: \: 3 {p}^{6} \: \: {4s {}^{2}} \: \: {3 {d}^{10 \: } \: \: {4 {p}^{5}} }\)
Adding the electrons of the energy sublevel indicates that bromine (Br) has 7 electrons in its last energy shell.
And that it lacks an electron to comply with the OCTET RULE (this indicates that incomplete atoms try to complete the electrons by forming chemical bonds).
But when joining both would be sharing an electron, thus completing its octet. Through this transfer of electrons where one of the atoms gives up electrons and the other accepts them, to have the same electronic configuration of the closest noble gas in the periodic table (in this case to Krypton).
The Alpha.which of the following answers best describes the final temperatures of the three metals? choose one: a. the three metals will all have the same final temperature because the same quantity of heat was added to identical masses of each. b. gold will have the highest final temperature because it has the lowest heat capacity. c. magnesium will have the highest final temperature because it has the lowest molar heat capacity. d. magnesium will have the highest final temperature because it has the highest heat capacity. e. platinum will have the highest final temperature because it has the highest molar heat capacity.
Gold will have the highest final temperature because it has the lowest specific heat.
The lower the specific heat, the less heat that is needed to change the temperature. So, the heat will have cause the greatest temperature change for gold, since it has the smallest specific heat. The temperature change for platinum will be close to that of gold since their specific heats are so similar.
The chemical element gold has the atomic number 79 and the symbol Au (derived from the Latin aurum). As a result, it is among the naturally occurring elements with a higher atomic number. In its purest form, it is a bright, somewhat orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element in terms of chemistry. One of the least reactive chemical elements, it is solid under normal circumstances.
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N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
How many moles of ammonia, NH3 , are produced by reacting 5 moles of nitrogen gas, N2 , with excess hydrogen gas, H2 ?
A.10 moles
10 moles of ammonia, NH\(_3\) , are produced by reacting 5 moles of nitrogen gas, N\(_2\) , with excess hydrogen gas, H\(_2\).
What is mole?In chemistry, a mole, sometimes spelt mol, is a common scientific measurement unit for significant amounts of extremely small objects like atoms, molecules, or even other predetermined particles.
The mole signifies 6.022×10²³ units, which is a very big quantity. The mole for the International System of Units is defined as this quantity by the General Conference on Measurement and Weights.
N\(_2\) + 3H\(_2\) → 2NH\(_3\)
moles of N\(_2\)=5 moles
the mole ratio between N\(_2\) and NH\(_3\) is 1:2
moles of NH\(_3\)= 10 moles
Therefore, 10 moles of ammonia, NH\(_3\) , are produced by reacting 5 moles of nitrogen gas, N\(_2\) , with excess hydrogen gas, H\(_2\).
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2.
Si la masse volumique d'une substance est 10g/ml et sa masse est 80g, quel est
son volume??
Answer:
C
Explanation:
may we met again !
i love you,ella
Answer: When I see you again!
Explanation:
A second - order reaction has a rate constant of 0.06 M min - 1 . It takes min for the reactant concentration to decrease from 0.13 M to 0.088 M. Select one : O a . 73.4 O b . 7.80 O c . 6.50 O d . 61.2
Answer:
Choice D. Approximately \(61.2\) minutes.
Explanation:
The reaction rate of a second-order reaction is proportional to the square of one of its reactants.
Let \(y\) denote the concentration of that reactant (in \(\rm M\).)Let \(t\) denote time (in minutes.)Let \(k\) denote the rate constant of this reaction. Assume that \(y_0\) is the concentration of that reactant at the beginning of this reaction (when \(t = 0\).) Because this reaction is of second order, it can be shown that:
\(\displaystyle y = \frac{1}{k\, t + (1/y_0)}\).
The question states that the rate constant here is \(0.06\; \rm M\cdot min^{-1}\). Hence, \(k = 0.06\). For simplicity, assume that \(t = 0\) when the concentration is \(0.13\; \rm M\). Therefore, \(y_0 = 0.13\). The equation for concentration \(y\) at time \(t\) would become:
\(\displaystyle y = \frac{1}{\underbrace{0.06}_{k}\, t + (1/\underbrace{0.13}_{y_0})}\).
The goal is to find the time at which the concentration is \(0.088\). That's the same as solving this equation for \(t\), given that \(y = 0.088\):
\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{0.06\; t + (1/0.13)} = 0.088\).
\(t \approx 61.2\).
In other words, it would take approximately \(61.2\) minutes before the concentration of this second-order reactant becomes \(0.088\; \rm M\).
AL
Chemistry B - AE 20-21 KANE (2) / Module 1
3. Which type of chemical bonding involves free-floating valence electrons?
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Ionic bonding
9. In terms of Material Sustainability Attribute what HPD stands for? 10. What VOC stands for in terms of sustainability? 11. Single attribute product sustainability attributes are assessed for particular issues such as: a. thermal performance b. emission of VOCs, c. energy performance d. total cost of the building e. a,bc 12. International Green Construction Code a. Developed by ICC in response to demand and initiatives such as LEED. b. Baseline code as opposed to a multi-tiered rating system. c. Applies primarily to non-residential building. d. Newly developed and not yet widely adopted, and has some conflicts with the LEED certification process. e. All of the above 13. Lumber applies to wood products derived directly from logs through sawing and planning operations with no other manufacturing except cutting to length. True False 14. The terms lumber, solid lumber, solid sawn lumber, and sawn lumber are synonymous. True False 15. Wood compare with other structural materials a. Low strength per weight ratio b. High strength per weight ratio 16. Wood is much stronger by weight than concrete. True False 17. Concentric annual rings are visible in the vertical section of a tree and provide a good estimation of the age of the tree True False
9. In terms of Material Sustainability Attribute HPD gives information about a product's content, any potential health hazards associated with the product, and the safe handling and disposal of the product.
10. In terms of sustainability, VOC gives information about chemicals emitted by building materials and finishes that can cause negative health effects for people and contribute to air pollution.
11. Single attribute product sustainability attributes are assessed for particular issues such as emission of VOCs, thermal performance, and energy performance. Thus, option E. (a, b, c) is correct.
12. International Green Construction Code is developed by ICC (International Code Council) in response: all of the above is the correct answer (Option E).
13. The statement "lumber applies to wood products derived directly from logs through sawing and planning operations with no other manufacturing except cutting to length" is true.
14. The statement "the terms lumber, solid lumber, solid sawn lumber, and sawn lumber are synonymous" is true.
15. Wood is known for its high strength-per-weight ratio as compared to other structural materials. (Option B).
16. The statement "Wood is much stronger by weight than concrete" is false because wood is less strong by weight than concrete.
17. The statement "Concentric annual rings are visible in the vertical section of a tree and provide a good estimation of the age of the tree" is true.
HPD stands for Health Product Declaration. In terms of Material Sustainability Attribute HPD gives information about a product's content, any potential health hazards associated with the product, and the safe handling and disposal of the product. VOC stands for Volatile Organic Compounds. In terms of sustainability, VOC gives information about chemicals emitted by building materials and finishes that can cause negative health effects for people and contribute to air pollution.
International Green Construction Code is developed by ICC (International Code Council) in response to demand and initiatives such as LEED. It is a baseline code as opposed to a multi-tiered rating system. It applies primarily to non-residential buildings. It is newly developed and not yet widely adopted and has some conflicts with the LEED certification process.
Thus, the correct answer is
11. E
12. E
13. True
14. True
15. B
16. False
17. True
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the hi(g) molecule has a bond length of 161 pm and a dipole moment of 0.38 d . without doing detailed calculations, determine which is the best estimate for its percent ionic character.
I in HI has a negative charge that is 4.97 1020 times larger than the electronic charge (e).
To determine the magnitude of the negative charge on I in HI, we need to calculate the partial charge on I using the dipole moment and the conversion factor for debyes to coulomb-meters.
Given:
Bond length (HI) = 161.0 pm = 161.0 × 10⁻¹² m
Dipole moment (µ) = 0.38 D = 0.38 × 3.34 × 10⁻³⁰ C·m
The dipole moment (µ) is defined as the product of the charge (Q) and the bond length (r):
µ = Q × r
Rearranging the equation to solve for the charge (Q):
\(Q = \frac{{\mu}}{{r}}\)
Plugging in the given values:
\(Q = \frac{{0.38 \times 3.34 \times 10^{-30} \, \text{C}\cdot\text{m}}}{{161.0 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{m}}}\)
Calculating the magnitude of the negative charge (Q) using the electronic charge (e) conversion factor:
\(Q = \frac{{0.38 \times 3.34 \times 10^{-30} \, \text{C}\cdot\text{m}}}{{161.0 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{m}}} \times \left(\frac{{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{C}}}{{e}}\right)\)
Simplifying the equation:
Q ≈ 4.97 × 10⁻²⁰ e
Therefore, the magnitude of the negative charge on I in HI is approximately 4.97 × 10⁻²⁰ times the electronic charge (e).
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Complete question :
The bond length in the HI molecule is 161.0 pm and the measured dipole moment is 0.38 D (debyes).What is the magnitude (in units of the electronic charge e) of the negative charge on I in HI? (1 debye = 3.34 x 10^−30 coulomb-meters; e = 1.6 x 10^−19 coulombs).
what is a substance made of 2 or more elements called
Answer:
A substance made from 2 or more elements is called a compound
15. The element lithium (Li) has an atomic mass of 3 and a mass number of 7.
Explain how you know that the diagram above represents a lithium atom.
What you already know:
C on this diagram is a proton and B points to the electron. A note the nucleus that contains the protons and the center of orbit to the electrons. D notes the electron cloud, radius, or the bounds to which the electron obitals exist.
Answer:
If you count the number of protons this atom has it adds up to 3, which, therefore comfirms that this molecule is Li. The number of protons is specific to the atom. The question states that this element has a mass number of 7, this is because the mass number is the sum of both protons and electrons.
3. How many atoms are found in 5.20 g of magnesium (Mg)?
Explanation:
In order to go from mass of magnesium to atoms of magnesium, we have to do two things:
Convert mass of Mg to moles of Mg using the molar mass of Mg as a conversion factor
Convert moles of Mg to atoms of Mg using Avogadro's number (6.02×1023) as a conversion factor
Step 1:
Before we start, I should note that the molar mass of Mg is 24.31gmol. We can go from mass to moles using dimensional analysis. The key to dimensional analysis is understanding that the units that you don't need any more cancel out, leaving the units that are desired:
48.60g
×1mol24.31g
=2.00mol
Step 2:
We'll use this relationship:
www.sprinklernewz.uswww.sprinklernewz.us
Using the moles of Mg that we just obtained, we can use Avogrado's number to perform dimensional analysis in order to cancel out units of mol to end up with atoms of Mg:
2.00mol
×6.02×1023atoms1mol
=1.204×1024atoms
Thus, 48.60g of Mg is equivalent to 1.204×1024atoms
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12. A 155g sample of an unknown substance was heated from 25.00 to 40.00. In the process, the substance absorbed 5696 J of energy. What is the specific heat of the substance?
Identify the substance.
The specific heat of the substance 2.45 cal/g°C
Given data are:-The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius is called the specific heat capacity.
Q= m*c*ΔT
Q = Heat absorbed= 5696 calories
m= mass of substance = 155 g
c = specific heat capacity = ?
Initial temperature = T1 = 25.0°C
Final temperature = T2 = 40.0°C
Change in temperature , ΔT=T2-T1= 15° C
Putting in the values, we get:
5696= 155*c*15°
c= 2.45 cal/g°C
Where can I find the specific heat formula?C = Q /(mΔT), where m is the mass of the substance and C is its specific heat capacity. where T is the change in temperature and Q is the added energy.
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How is primary selection different from secondary succession?
Answer:
Explanation:
Primary and secondary succession occur after both human and natural events that cause drastic change in the makeup of an area. Primary succession occurs in areas where there is no soil and secondary succession occurs in areas where there is soil.
In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time. In secondary succession, an area previously occupied by living things is disturbed—disrupted—then recolonized following the disturbance.
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-Akito
Which of the following elements is the least electronegative?
A. NA
B. Al
C. Cl
D. Si
Answer:
na
Explanation:
gggggggggggggggggggggggggg
Cl (chlorine) ion is negatively charged.
Brownian motion is
A. random movement of particles suspended in a fluid
B. movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
C. movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration
D. random movement of smaller particles
Answer: A.
Explanation:
Brownian motion is the random motion of a particle as a result of collisions with surrounding gaseous molecules. Diffusiophoresis is the movement of a group of particles induced by a concentration gradient. This movement always flows from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Example: The movement of pollen grains on still water. Motion of dust motes in a room (though largely influenced by air currents).
Is Used oil poured into a water drain in the street a non-point source solution or point source solution?
Answer:
Non point source pollution
Explanation:
Point source pollution is when any contaminant enter the environment from an easily from an easily identified and confined place.
Non point source pollution is pollutants released in a wide space. Including oil, grease, and toxic chemicals.