If the discount rate is 7 percent, then the project's NPV is $13,950,300.
Total expenditure = $10,500,000
Cost of operations = $3,500,000
Time = 9 years
Cash inflows = $4,400,000.
Calculating the present value (PV) of the annual net cash inflows -
\(PV = Cash inflow / (1 + Discount rate)^n\)
\(PV = $3,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^1 + $3,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^2 + ... + $3,500,000 / (1 + 0.07)^9\)
\(PV = $3,500,000 * [1 - (1 + 0.07)^-9] / 0.07\)
= $24,450,300
Calculating the present value of the investment -
\(= $4,400,000 / (1 + 0.07)^9\)
= $2,835,607
Calculating NPV -
NPV = PV of cash inflows - Initial investment cost
= $24,450,300 - $10,500,000
= $13,950,300
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n the figure, j∥k and m∠7 = 65°. what is the m∠6? enter your answer in the box. °
Quadrilateral WXYZ is on a coordinate plane. Segment XY is on the line x − y = −3, and segment WZ is on the line x − y = 1.
The statement that proves how segments XY and WZ are related is: they are parallel.What is a quadrilateral?A quadrilateral is a four-sided two-dimensional shape. A square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, kite, and trapezoid are all examples of quadrilaterals.What is a line?A line is a straight, continuous, and endless geometrical object. A line has one dimension, length, but no width.What is a parallel line?Two lines are said to be parallel if they lie in the same plane and do not intersect.
Parallel lines have the same slope. Also, they never meet.What is a slope?A slope is a measure of how steep a line is. Slope is the ratio of the change in the y-coordinate to the change in the x-coordinate between two points on a line. The formula for the slope of a line is `m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)`.What is the relationship between segments XY and WZ?The lines `x − y = −3` and `x − y = 1` both have the same slope since their coefficients are identical. As a result, they are parallel. As a result, the segments XY and WZ are parallel since they are located on these two parallel lines.
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help im being timed plssss
The value of cos 45 in a right angle triangle is 1/√2.
What is the trigonometry ratio?The trigonometry ratios are ratios that can be used to determine the side and angles of a triangle depending on the known parameter. The basic trigonometry ratios are denoted by the acronym: SOH CAH TOA
i.e.
Sin θ = opp/hypCos θ = adj/hypTan θ = opp/adjFrom the given diagram, we are to find the Cos 45°
i.e.
θ = 45°
Let's recall the angle 45 45 90 theorem that states that right angles have the following values for the sides:
hypotenuse = √2opposite = 1adjacent = 1Since
Cos θ = adj/hyp
Cos 45 = 1/√2
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Can someone help me with this
Answer:
See below!
Step-by-step explanation:
Given functions:h(x) = -4x + 6
f(x) = 7x - 5
Finding h(-5):Put x = -5
So,
h(-5) = -4(-5) + 6
h(-5) = 20 + 6
h(-5) = 26
Finding f(2):Put x = 2
f(2) = 7(2) - 5
f(2) = 14 - 5
f(2) = 9
\(\rule[225]{225}{2}\)
I need help you guys!!!
Answer:
x_>-4
Step-by-step explanation:
I need help with this
The circumference of a circle is eight^r cm. what is the area in square centimeters
The required area of the circle is 50.24cm².
What is a circle?All points in a plane that are at a specific distance from a specific point, the center, form a circle.
In other words, it is the curve that a moving point in a plane draws to keep its distance from a specific point constant.
So, we have the circumference:
8π
Now, calculate for π as follows using the circumference formula (2πr):
8π = 2πr
8π/2π = r
4 = r
Now, calculate the area when r = 4cm (πr²) as follows:
πr²
π(4)²
16π
50.24
Therefore, the required area of the circle is 50.24cm².
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Complete question:
The circumference of a circle is 8π cm. what is the area in square centimeters?
true or false the sequential search algorithm is simple and most efficient to use with a large data array.
Answer:
False
Step-by-step explanation:
The sequential search algorithm is very simple to implement. It scans all the elements in the array starting at the first element, examining each element in turn and stopping when it finds a match
However, it is very inefficient since you are comparing all the elements prior to the given element
This could be very time consuming for large data arrays
False The sequential search algorithm is simple and most efficient to use with a large data array.
False. While the sequential search algorithm is simple to implement and understand, it is not the most efficient method for searching large data arrays. The sequential search algorithm checks each element in the array one by one until it finds the desired value, resulting in an average case-time complexity of O(n). In comparison, other search algorithms, such as the binary search algorithm, offer better efficiency, particularly when dealing with large datasets. The binary search algorithm, for instance, has a time complexity of O(log n), making it significantly faster for large data arrays.
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Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism and cylinder using formulas for volume. > Megan loves to plant sunflowers and plans to fill one of the containers below with soil. The dimensions of each container are shown below. Container A Container B Container C h = 3.5 ft h2.5 ft h=1.5 ft w=2 tt r1.5 ft L2t p=2 ft Which container holds the largost amount of soil? a.) The containers all have the same volume. b.) Container c.) Container A d.) Container B
The container that holds the largest amount of soil is Container C. So option b is the correct answer.
To determine which container holds the largest amount of soil, we need to calculate the volume of each container using the formulas for volume.
The formulas for volume are as follows:
Volume of a rectangular prism: V_rectangular_prism = length * width * height
Volume of a cylinder: V_cylinder = π * radius² * height
Let's calculate the volume of each container:
Container A:
Volume of Container A = length * width * height
= 2 ft * 2 ft * 3.5 ft
= 14 ft³
Container B:
Volume of Container B = π * radius² * height
= π * (1.5 ft)² * 2.5 ft
= 11.78 ft^3
Container C:
Volume of Container C = π * radius² * height
= π * (2 ft)² * 1.5 ft
≈ 18.85 ft³
Comparing the volumes of the three containers, we can see that:
Container A has a volume of 14 ft³.
Container B has a volume of approximately 11.78 ft³.
Container C has a volume of approximately 18.85 ft³.
Therefore, the container that holds the largest amount of soil is Container C. Hence, the correct answer is b) Container C.
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pllsssssssss help meeee!!!!
triangles and have areas and respectively, with and what is the sum of all possible -coordinates of ?
The sum of all possible x-coordinates that satisfy the given conditions is 666.
Let's consider two triangles, Triangle A and Triangle B, with areas A and B, respectively. The base of Triangle A is x units long, and its height is y units. Triangle B has a base of y units and a height of x units.
The area of a triangle is given by the formula A = (1/2) * base * height. Therefore, the area of Triangle A is A = (1/2) * x * y, and the area of Triangle B is B = (1/2) * y * x. Since multiplication is commutative, we can simplify the expressions as A = B = (1/2) * x * y.
We are given that A + B = 108. Substituting the values of A and B, we get (1/2) * x * y + (1/2) * x * y = 108. Simplifying the equation, we have x * y + x * y = 216, which further simplifies to 2 * x * y = 216.
To find the sum of all possible x-coordinates, we need to consider the factors of 216. The factors of 216 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27, 36, 54, 72, 108, and 216. Since x * y = 216/2 = 108, we can deduce that for each factor of 216, there is a corresponding value of y that satisfies the equation.
The sum of all possible x-coordinates would be the sum of all the factors of 216, which is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 9 + 12 + 18 + 24 + 27 + 36 + 54 + 72 + 108 + 216 = 666.
In summary, the sum of all possible x-coordinates that satisfy the given conditions is 666.
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carson kelly, a catcher for the arizona diamondbacks, hit 18 home runs in 2019. if his home-run-hitting ability is expected to grow by 12 percent every year for the following five years, how many home runs is he expected to hit in 2024?
Carson Kelly is expected to hit approximately 31 home runs in 2024.
To find how many home runs Carson Kelly is expected to hit in 2024, we can use the formula for compound interest, where the initial amount is the number of home runs he hit in 2019, and the interest rate is the expected growth rate of his home run hitting ability, which is 12 percent or 0.12 as a decimal.
Let H be the number of home runs hit in 2019, and H(n) be the number of home runs hit in year n, then we can write:
H(n) = H * (1 + r)^n
Where r is the growth rate, and n is the number of years into the future.
If we plug in the given values, we can find the number of home runs Carson Kelly is expected to hit in 2024, which is 5 years after 2019.
H = 18 (number of home runs in 2019)
r = 0.12 (growth rate)
n = 5 (number of years into the future)
H(5) = 18 * (1 + 0.12)^5
H(5) = 18 * 1.7623
H(5) = 31.9214
It's important to note that this is simply an estimate based on the given growth rate, and the actual number of home runs he hits in 2024 may vary based on many factors, including injuries, team support, and the skill of opposing pitchers, among others.
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the question is unexplainable on keyboard
Answer: D. x=4.5
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer: the correct answer would be D x= 4.5
Step-by-step explanation: what you want to do is since you are already dividing then you want to multiply 0.5 by 9 and you get 4.5 and if you want to check your work to be correct \(\frac{4.5}{0.5}=9\) so there x= 4.5
A. Antonia has a green rope and a blue rope. Her green rope is 4 feet in length. She cut the green rope into 2 pieces. One of the pieces is 21 inches in length.
How many inches long is the other piece of the green rope? Use words and numbers to explain your reasoning.
B. Antonia's blue rope measures 2 yards. She wants to cut the rope into MORE than 3 pieces so all the pieces of rope are equal in length with no rope left over.
What is ONE possible way that Antonia can cut the rope so that each piece of rope is less than 24 inches in length? Use words and numbers to explain your reasoning.
Type your answer in the box below. Make sure to label each part with A and B.
Answer:
The other part is 27 in. long
Step-by-step explanation:
1 ft is 12 in
2 ft are 24 in
4 ft are 48 in
48 in - 21 in = 27 in
Answer:
Part A
Green rope = 4 ft
As 1 ft = 12 in
Then 4 ft = 4 × 12 in = 48 in
Antonia cuts the green rope into 2 pieces. One of the pieces is 21 in long. To find the length of the unknown piece, subtract the length of the known piece from the total length:
length of unknown piece = 48 - 21
= 27 in
Part B
Blue rope = 2 yd
1 yd = 36 in
Therefore, 2 yd = 2 × 36 = 72 in
Antonia wants to cut the rope into MORE than 3 pieces, and all the pieces need to be of equal length. As the length of the rope is an even number of inches, Antonia could first cut the rope in half, so she would have 2 pieces each of 36 in in length. Then she could cut both of those lengths in half, so she would have 4 pieces each of 18 in in length.
what is the minimum number of terms n that is required in order for the sum sn to have the follpwing accuracy? error<0.0399
The minimum number of terms required for the sum sn to have an error less than 0.0399, assuming K = 1 and b-a = 1.
To determine the minimum number of terms n required for the sum sn to have an error less than 0.0399, we need to use the formula for the error term of a finite series:
|En| ≤ ((M * (b-a)^n)/(n!))
where En is the error term, M is the maximum value of the (n+1)th derivative of the function, a and b are the limits of integration, and n is the number of terms in the series.
Since we do not have a specific function or limits of integration, we cannot determine the exact value of M. However, we can use an upper bound for M, which is the maximum value of the (n+1)th derivative of the function over the entire interval [a,b]. Let's assume that M = K, where K is some constant.
Then we have:
|En| ≤ ((K * (b-a)^n)/(n!))
We want the error to be less than 0.0399, so we can set up the following inequality:
((K * (b-a)^n)/(n!)) < 0.0399
To solve for n, we need to use a numerical method such as trial and error, or a graphing calculator. We can also use a table of values for n! and (b-a)^n to simplify the inequality.
For example, if we assume that K = 1 (which is a reasonable assumption for many functions), and let b-a = 1 (i.e. we are integrating over the interval [0,1]), we can create a table of values for n! and (b-a)^n:
n | n! | (b-a)^n
--|----|---------
1 | 1 | 1
2 | 2 | 1
3 | 6 | 1
4 | 24 | 1
5 | 120| 1
6 | 720| 1
Using these values, we can rewrite the inequality as:
(K/n!) < (0.0399/(b-a)^n)
Plugging in our values, we get:
1/n! < 0.0399
Solving for n using trial and error or a graphing calculator, we find that n = 4 is the minimum number of terms required for the sum sn to have an error less than 0.0399, assuming K = 1 and b-a = 1. However, keep in mind that this value may change depending on the specific function and limits of integration.
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Add.
(6x³ + 3x² − 2) + (x³ - 5x² − 3)
Express the answer in standard form. (Please and thank you)
Answer:
\(\\\sf7x^3 - 2x^2 - 5\)
Step-by-step explanation:
\(\\\sf(6x^3 + 3x^2 - 2) + (x^3 - 5x^2 - 3)\)
Remove parenthesis.
6x^3 + 3x^2 - 2 + x^3 - 5x^2 - 3
Rearrange:
6x^3 + x^3 + 3x^2 - 5x^2 - 2 - 3
Combine like terms to get:
7x^3 - 2x^2 - 5----------------------------------------
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Hope this helps! :)
Answer:
7x³ - 2x² - 5
Step-by-step explanation:
(6x³ + 3x² - 2) + (x³ - 5x² - 3)
Remove the round brackets.
= 6x³ + 3x² - 2 + x³ - 5x² - 3
Put like terms together.
= 6x³ + x³ + 3x² - 5x² - 2 - 3
Do the operations.
= 7x³ - 2x² - 5
____________
hope this helps!
Kayla is looking at a graph that has a parabola on it. The parabola touches the x-axis at 3 and 9. Which of the following functions could have been graphed on her paper?
The function graphed on the paper could be a quadratic function which has the two real roots equal to 3 and 9.
What is Parabola?A parabola is a two dimensional figure on a plane which is U shaped and any point on the parabola is at an equal distance from a fixed point called focus and a fixed line called directrix.
The graph of a function is parabola when the function is quadratic.
Quadratic functions are of the form f(x) = ax² + b x + c.
Given that, the parabola touches the x-axis at 3 and 9.
This indicates that roots of the quadratic equation are 3 and 9.
That is, f(x) = 0, when x = 3 and x = 9.
It may be of the form f(x) = (x - 3)(x - 9) = x² - 3x - 9x + 27 = x² - 12x + 27.
So the function representing the graph on the paper is a quadratic function whose roots are 3 and 9 and the function could be of the form f(x) = x² - 12x + 27.
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HELP MEEEEEEETVFBJBGNBU!
Answer:
\(\frac{1}{3}\)
Step-by-step explanation:
The scale factor is defined as the ratio of the length of the side of an image to the length of the corresponding side of the preimage.
So, the scale factor is \(\frac{8}{24}=\frac{1}{3}\).
A car travels the 200 miles along the M1 from London to Leeds. The car leaves London at 8am and travels at a constant speed of 60mph for the first 60 miles. The driver takes a break of 30mins at a motorway services before continuing the journey at a constant speed of 70mph a) Draw a distance-time graph of the journey
Answer:
The distance-time graph of the journey would be as follows:
From 8am to 8:01am, the car travels 0 miles (at 8am, it leaves London)
From 8:01am to 9:01am, the car travels 60 miles (at a constant speed of 60mph)
From 9:01am to 9:31am, the car travels 0 miles (the driver takes a break of 30mins)
From 9:31am to 12:51pm, the car travels 140 miles (at a constant speed of 70mph)
The graph would be a line with a slope of 60 for the first hour, a flat line for the 30 minutes break, and then a line with a slope of 70 for 2 hours and 20 minutes.
Note: Since we don't have a time-scale and time unit, this graph is just a representation of the pattern of the journey, and the actual values are not accurate.
find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of f(x) = xe^−x at its inflection point.
Answer:
y = (4 -x)e^-2
Step-by-step explanation:
You want an equation of the tangent line to the graph of f(x) = xe^−x at its inflection point.
Inflection pointThe inflection point on a curve is the point where the second derivative is zero, where the curve changes from being concave downward to concave upward, or vice versa.
We can use the product rule to differentiate f(x):
(uv)' = u'v +uv'
f'(x) = 1·e^-x +x·(-1)(e^-x) = (e^-x)(1 -x)
Then the second derivative is ...
f''(x) = (-e^-x)(1 -x) +(e^-x)(-1) = (e^-x)(x -2)
The second derivative is zero where one of its factors is zero. e^-x is never zero, so we have ...
(x -2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
The point of inflection occurs at x = 2.
Point-slope equationThe point-slope equation of the line with slope m through point (h, k) is ...
y -k = m(x -h)
For this problem, we have ...
m = f'(2) = (e^-2)(1 -(2)) = -e^-2
(h, k) = (2, f(2)) = (2, 2e^-2)
So, the equation of the tangent line is ...
y -2e^-2 = -e^-2(x -2)
In slope-intercept form, this is ...
y = (-e^-2)x +4e^-2
__
Additional comment
We can rearrange the equation to ...
y = (4 -x)e^-2
Usually a tangent line touches the graph, but does not cross it. The tangent at the point of inflection necessarily crosses the graph.
The director of medical services predicted 6 years ago that demand in year 1 would be 44.0 surgeries. a) Using exponential smoothing with a of 0.60 and the given forecast for year 1, the forecasts for years 2 through 6 are (round your responses to one decimal place): Year Forecast 1 44.0 2 46.4 3 47.4 4 50.8 5 53.9 6 57.6 For the forecast made using exponential smoothing with a = 0.60 and the given forecast for year 1, MAD = 4.5 surgeries (round your response to one decimal place). Using exponential smoothing with a of 0.90 and the given forecast for year 1, the forecasts for years 2 through 6 are (round your responses to one decimal place): Year 1 44.0 2 47.6 3 48 4 52.5 5 55.6 6 59.6 Forecast For the forecast made using exponential smoothing with a = 0.90 and the given forecast for year 1, MAD = 3.46 surgeries (round your response to one decimal place). b) Forecasts for years 4 through 6 using a 3-year moving average are (round your responses to one decimal place): Year Forecast 4 49.7 5 52.3 6 56.3 For forecasts made using a 3-year moving average, MAD = 7.0 surgeries (round your response to one decimal place). c) Forecasts for years 1 through 6 using the trend-projection method are (round your responses to one decimal place): Year 1 46.6 2 49.8 3 53 4 56.2 5 59.4 6 62.6 Forecast For forecasts made using the trend-projection method, MAD = surgeries (round your response to one decimal place).
1) a = 0.60 , The MAD for this forecast is 4.5 surgeries.
2)a = 0.90, The MAD for this forecast is 3.46 surgeries.
3)Using a 3-year moving average, The MAD for this forecast is 7.0 surgeries.
4)The trend-projection method provides forecasts for years 1 through 6: 46.6, 49.8, 53.0, 56.2, 59.4, and 62.6 surgeries, respectively. The MAD for the trend-projection method is not provided.
Exponential smoothing is a forecasting method that assigns exponentially decreasing weights to historical data, with the most recent data given the highest weight. By adjusting the smoothing factor (a), we can control the responsiveness of the forecast to recent changes. A higher value of a gives more weight to recent data.
In the given scenario, when using exponential smoothing with a = 0.60, the forecast for year 1 (44.0 surgeries) is taken as the initial forecast. The subsequent forecasts are calculated by adding a proportion of the difference between the actual observation and the previous forecast.
This results in the forecasted values of 46.4, 47.4, 50.8, 53.9, and 57.6 surgeries for years 2 through 6, respectively.
Similarly, when using exponential smoothing with a = 0.90, the forecast for year 1 remains the same (44.0 surgeries). The subsequent forecasts are adjusted based on a higher weight given to recent observations.
This leads to the forecasted values of 47.6, 48.0, 52.5, 55.6, and 59.6 surgeries for years 2 through 6, respectively.
On the other hand, the 3-year moving average forecast considers the average of the past three observations to make future predictions. For years 4 through 6, the moving average forecasts are 49.7, 52.3, and 56.3 surgeries, respectively.
Finally, the trend-projection method incorporates both the historical data and the trend observed in the data. It assumes that there is a linear relationship between the time period and the number of surgeries.
By fitting a trend line to the data, the method predicts future values. In this case, the trend-projection method yields the forecasts of 46.6, 49.8, 53.0, 56.2, 59.4, and 62.6 surgeries for years 1 through 6, respectively. The MAD for this method cannot be calculated based on the given information.
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Nathan usually drinks 38 ounces of water per day. He read that he should drink 71 ounces of water per day. If he starts drinking 71 ounces, what is the percent increase?
Answer:
104
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
87%
Step-by-step explanation:
Translate this phrase into an algebraic expression.
17 increased by twice Gail’s savings.
Use the variable g to represent Gail’s savings.
Answer:23/18
Step-by-step explanation:
What is 578 times 980 plus 27? Help, plz!!!
Answer:
The answer is 566,467
Step-by-step explanation:
Under which condition can the work done by a force be calculated by taking the dot product of the force vector with the displacement vector?.
The work done by a force can be calculated by taking the dot product of the force vector with the displacement vector whether the force and displacement vectors are consecutive or anti-congruent.
The formula of the dot product is-
A ⋅ B = |A| |B| cos(θ)
Here A and B are the vectors |A| and |B| which represent their magnitudes, and θ is the angle between them.
The angle between the force and displacement vectors is either 0 degrees (cos(0) = 1) or 180 degrees (cos(180) = -1) depending on whether they are parallel or antiparallel. The dot product becomes: in these circumstances.
A ⋅ B = |A| |B| (1) = |A| |B| (cos(0)) = |A| |B|
When the vectors are parallel or antiparallel, the angle is 0 or 180 degrees, respectively, and the cosine term is 1 or -1. This occurs since work done is defined as the dot product of the force and displacement vectors multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them.
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p=3x+2y find the maximum value of the function
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Without a domain you cannot answer this question. We can find the maximum value of the function if the spread of acceptable input values (x-values) is specified and the range is likewise specified.
For example, if acceptable input values x are {0, 2} and acceptable input values y are {4, 5}, then the maximum value of p would be 3(2) + 2(5), or 16.
Help, please!
3x−y=12
x=−6y−15
What is the solution? Show work!
Answer:
everything can be found in the picture above. I hope it helps
Describe in words where the square root of 35 minus 8 would be plotted on a number line?
The square root of twenty-four minus eight is 5.19615242271, and it would be plotted between 5 and 6, but closer to 5 on a number line.
What is a number line?A horizontal line with uniformly spaced numerical increments is referred to as a number line.
The way the number on the line can be replied will depend on the numbers on the line.
The number's intended use is described in the question that goes with it, such as when graphing a point.
Locating numbers, comparing numbers, fractions and mixed numbers, decimals, integers, absolute value, addition, subtraction, inequalities, multiples, common denominators, and other mathematical concepts may all be taught using number lines, which are incredibly versatile manipulatives.
We have the expression,
the square root of 35 minus 8.
In numeric form,
√(35-8)
Simplifying,
√(35-8)
= √(27)
= 3√(3)
= 5.19615242271
That means,
√(27) is 5.19615242271.
If we round that off, the number will be 5.
So, between 5 and 6,
but closer to 5.
Therefore, √(29) would be plotted between 5 and 6, but closer to 5 on a number line.
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Find the inverse of the following function: f(x)={(2, 4), (4, 16), (6, 36), (8, 64)}
The 151 heights of males from a data set of body measurements vary from a low of 153. 0 cm to a high of 191. 1 cm. Use the range rule of thumb to estimate the standard
the result to the standard deviation of 10. 50 cm calculated using the 151 heights. What does the result suggest about the accuracy of estimates of s found using
estimate is accurate if it is within 1. 8 cm.
Use the range rule of thumb to estimate the standard deviation s
The estimate is accurate if it is within 1.3 cm, or 8.72 cm, as indicated by the results about the accuracy of estimates of s discovered using the range rule of thumb.
What a standard deviation means?While a high standard deviation indicates that the data are much more spread, a small standard deviation suggests that the data are clustered around the mean. The standard deviation is a measure of how variable your data set is on average.
Standard deviation makes measurements easier to understand when the data is dispersed.
To Determine the square of the variation from the mean of each data point then add the values . By the overall amount of information collected in step 4, divide.
The estimate comes from:
s ≈ R / 4
where R denotes the data range, heights in this instance range from 191.9 to 157.0 cm, or 34.9 cm.
We estimate the standard deviation to be as follows using the range rule of thumb:
s ≈ 34.9 / 4 = 8.72 cm
We can observe that the estimate is within 1.8 cm of the real standard deviation by comparing it to the estimated standard deviation, which is 10. 50 cm.
This indicate that the standard deviation estimate derived from the range rule of thumb is rather accurate.
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help me pleaseeeeeeeeeeeee
Answer:
A
Step-by-step explanation: