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Keystone Biology Benchmark 4
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Proteins and nucleic acids are both important molecules found in living things.
Part A: Describe how the general structure of a protein differs from the general structure of a nucleic acid.
Part B: Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of nucleic acids.
Part C: The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Explain the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis.
Type your responses to parts A, B, and C in the box below.
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A process known as eutrophication is brought on by an excess of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, in water. Algae thrive, spread, and color the water green as a result of feeding on the nutrients.

Because of human activities, cultural eutrophication is a process that accelerates natural eutrophication. The three primary sources for anthropogenic nutrient input are sewage form cities and industrial waste water, as well as erosion and leakage from fertilized agricultural areas.

More carbon dioxide is now accumulating in the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels than can be absorbed by current carbon sinks like forests, as well as the loss of carbon sinks from deforestation and other activities.

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After the amino acid chain leaves the ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum folds, modifies, and transports the protein.

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, serves as a factory where proteins from the ER are further processed and sorted before being transported to their final destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure in the cell that performs numerous functions such as calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. The ER's various functions are carried out by distinct domains, which include tubules, sheets, and the nuclear envelope.

Endoplasmic reticulum is classified into two types: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Their primary function in cells is to produce proteins, and ribosomes are attached to their surface. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Their primary function in the liver and kidney cells is to produce lipids and detoxify toxins in the body.

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Answer:

because finger prints contain Sweat & it's contain all the 4main components of DNA

Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine. It was in anatomy that Herophilus made his greatest contribution to medical science, conducting important anatomical investigations of the brain, eye, nervous and vascular systems, and the genital organs. He also wrote on obstetrics and gynecology and held an elaborate quantitative theory of the pulse

Taking a scientific approach to medicine involves applying systematic and evidence-based methods to understand, diagnose, and treat medical conditions. It involves using rigorous observation, experimentation, data collection, and analysis to gain insights into the human body's functioning, diseases, and potential treatments.

This approach emphasizes objectivity, reproducibility, and the use of empirical evidence to make informed medical decisions. The work of figures like Herophilus and Hippocrates marked a significant shift in the study of anatomy and medicine. Their scientific approach introduced systematic methods of inquiry and observation that laid the foundation for modern medical practices.

1. **Herophilus and Dissection:** Herophilus' pioneering use of dissection allowed for detailed examinations of the human body's internal structures. This practice helped identify various organs, systems, and their interconnections, providing crucial insights into human anatomy. His emphasis on direct observation through dissection set the precedent for systematic exploration of the body's physical structure.

2. **Hippocrates and Holistic Understanding:** Hippocrates' recognition of the relationship between symptoms in one part of the body and diseases in other parts was revolutionary. He emphasized a holistic approach to medicine, where diseases were understood as complex interactions within the body rather than isolated conditions. This approach laid the groundwork for understanding the interconnectedness of physiological systems and paved the way for modern diagnostic practices.

3. **Scientific Inquiry and Evidence:** Both Herophilus and Hippocrates stressed the importance of basing medical knowledge on empirical evidence. They advocated for systematic observations, accurate documentation, and the testing of hypotheses. Their approach shifted medical practice from reliance on tradition and myth to evidence-based understanding, setting the stage for the scientific method's integration into medical research.

4. **Impact on Modern Medicine:** The principles established by Herophilus and Hippocrates influenced subsequent generations of scholars and medical practitioners. Their commitment to systematic observation, critical thinking, and evidence-based practice laid the foundation for the scientific and medical advancements that followed.

5. **Legacy of Exploration:** These early scholars paved the way for further exploration and discoveries in the fields of anatomy and physiology. Their emphasis on detailed observation and documentation inspired later scientists to build upon their work, contributing to the continuous expansion of medical knowledge.

In conclusion, taking a scientific approach to medicine involves applying systematic methods to understand and address medical issues. The work of Herophilus, Hippocrates, and later scientists was crucial in the study of anatomy and physiology because it introduced evidence-based inquiry, holistic understanding, and rigorous observation.

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Answer:

food and sunlight

Explanation:

C

This is an example of codominance where both allelles manifest when present.

we cross RR with RW

the offspring are RR RR RW RW

genotype:

50%RR 50RW

phenotype:

50%red 50%spotted

Answer:

I hope...u understand it

Explanation:

Muscle tissue is characterized by properties that allow movement. Muscle cells are excitable; they respond to a stimulus. They are contractile, meaning they can shorten and generate a pulling force. When attached between two movable objects, in other words, bones, contractions of the muscles cause the bones to move. Some muscle movement is voluntary, which means it is under conscious control. For example, a person decides to open a book and read a chapter on anatomy. Other movements are involuntary, meaning they are not under conscious control, such as the contraction of your pupil in bright light. Muscle tissue is classified into three types according to structure and function: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Heya!

Muscles are the group of tissues present in every eegion of the body, with one main role, to aid in locomotion (or) movement.

How are they responsible ?

These muscles are popularly classified into two - biceps and triceps. Theuly are attached to the bones by means of tendons and ligaments.

When a body, like human, moves, then these muscles give energy to the bones by supporting and covering them at 360°.

Also, these muscles are flexible.

This aids the bones by giving them a central position, thereby giving it enough space to change its position as the person moves.

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Zero (0) children would be expected to have cystic fibrosis.

A genetic condition that affects the pancreas, lungs, and other organs, cystic fibrosis progresses over time.Cystic fibrosis can afflict persons of any race or ethnicity, and there are about 40,000 children and adults living with CF in the United States (and an estimated 105,000 people have been diagnosed with it worldwide).

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene result in the malfunctioning of the CFTR protein in CF patients. Chloride, a salt component, cannot be moved to the cell surface when the protein is not functioning properly. The mucus in different organs gets thick and sticky when there isn't enough chloride to draw water to the cell surface.

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The two “sister” chromatids are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere.

The centromere is a chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids. Spindle fibres connect to the centromere via the kinetochore during cell division. Centromeres were initially defined as genetic loci that direct chromosome behaviour.
The centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that aids the cell in dividing its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). It is specifically the area where the cell's spindle fibres attach.
Its primary functions include the attachment of sister chromatids and the attachment of spindle fibre. CentroCentromeresmeres aid in the proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes during the cell division process in eukaryotic cells.

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Answer:  a snowstorm would occur

The oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH by nitrate (NO3-) would yield approximately 4.3 ATP molecules per NADH molecule due to its reduction potential at 0.54 V.

The standard reduction potential of elemental sulfur (S) is at 0.04 V and therefore in the oxidation of 1 NADH molecule, it would synthesize around 1.2 ATP molecules per NADH molecule. The oxidation of NADH by ½ O2 molecule yields approximately 2.5 ATP molecules per NADH molecule due to the reduction potential of oxygen at 0.82 V.

The amount of ATP molecules generated from each of the terminal electron acceptors in NADH oxidation show the significant influence that the reduction potentials of the different terminal electron acceptors have on the amount of ATP the bacteria can synthesize.

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Based on the information provided, you can conclude that DNA testing can reveal both family secrets and potential health risks. However, it might also lead to potential issues with insurance coverage in the future.

It can be concluded that DNA testing can reveal both personal and familial information that may have been previously unknown. This can potentially have both positive and negative implications for individuals and their families. Additionally, DNA testing can also reveal genetic mutations that may indicate susceptibility to certain health problems, which could potentially impact one's ability to obtain health insurance coverage in the future.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

The requirements of life on land over time fostered the development of plants that were more tolerant to the sun's withering rays, better at conserving water, as well as able to reproduce without it.

A water-repellent integument, stomata to control water evaporation, specialized cells that can provide strength and rigidity against gravity, structure and firm to collect sunlight, variation of haploid as well as diploid generations, as well as sexual organs are just a few of the structures that plants have developed to adjust to life on land.

An important part of reducing the unavoidable effects of climate change at local as well as regional levels is the adaptability of land-use patterns; one example would be the adaptation of watershed land-use patterns to lessen the effects of climate change on such a region's hydrology.

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Answer:

Echo sounding

Explanation:

Echo sounding is the key method scientists use to map the seafloor today. The technique, first used by German scientists in the early 20th century, uses sound waves bounced off the ocean bottom.

The metabolic condition called Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

This leads to a deficiency in insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Without enough insulin, the body is unable to use glucose for energy and glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels. Treatment for Type 1 diabetes involves insulin therapy and careful management of blood sugar levels through diet and exercise.

The metabolic condition called Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. This condition leads to insufficient production of insulin, a hormone necessary for regulating blood sugar levels.

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Top-down processing is the practise of interpreting sensory data using assumptions or knowledge from the past.

It includes interpreting inputs using cognitive processes including perception, memory, and attention. Contrarily, bottom-up processing is the reverse. It alludes to the process of interpreting stimuli using sensory data.

To understand sensory data, lower-level cognitive processes are used. When we look at a picture, for instance, top-down processing uses our past knowledge or expectations to interpret it, whereas bottom-up processing uses the individual components of the image to do so.

A familiar face is an illustration of a stimulus that might be analysed via top-down processing. We would interpret the face according to what we already knew about it.

A complicated visual pattern is an example of a stimulus that might be processed utilising bottom-up processing. To interpret the pattern, we would utilise its component parts.

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A group consisting of only the wood, american, cave, and desert

cockroaches being a monophyletic group is True.

This is the type of groups which consists of organisms which have a

common ancestor.

The organisms mentioned above are all types of cockroaches which

means they emanated from a common ancestor and makes it valid.

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The Abilities Required For Metastatic Cell Behavior Are Encoded In The Normal Genome. True

The procedure involves complicated interactions between the inherent characteristics of cancer cells and various microenvironments. The result is the growth of a close-by or far-off discontiguous secondary mass. Metastatic cells acquire characteristics in addition to those required for neoplastic transformation in order to successfully spread. Determining the hallmarks of metastasis is extremely difficult due to the heterogeneity of the mechanisms involved, the routes of dissemination, the redundancy of the biochemical pathways that might be used, and the potential to rely on the activity of nearby stromal cells. However, this research finds four distinct characteristics that are necessary: motility and invasion, the capacity to alter the secondary site or local microenvironment, adaptability, and the capacity to colonise secondary tissues. 

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A wrap for potted plants is a type of cover or insulation that is placed around the pot and the plant to protect it from the elements and provide additional warmth and moisture.

There are different types of wraps for potted plants, including:

Fleece wrap: This is a lightweight material that is wrapped around the pot and the plant to protect it from frost and cold winds.

Bubble wrap: This is a plastic wrap with small bubbles that is used to provide insulation and prevent heat loss from the pot.

Hessian wrap: This is a natural material made from jute that is used to protect plants from the cold and wind.

Plastic wrap: This is a clear or opaque plastic wrap that is used to protect plants from the rain and snow.

The type of wrap used will depend on the specific needs of the plant and the climate in which it is growing. For example, in cold climates, a heavy-duty wrap may be needed to protect the plant from harsh weather conditions, while in warmer climates, a lighter wrap may be sufficient to provide additional insulation and moisture. In general, wraps for potted plants are an effective way to extend the growing season, protect plants from damage, and help ensure their survival and health.

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Answer:

1700s

Explanation:

Image result for The beginning of modern taxonomy occurred during the:

Modern taxonomy officially began in 1758 with Systema Naturae, the classic work by Carolus Linnaeus

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Glial cells (also known as neuroglia) provide oxygen, nutrients, and structural support to CNS (central nervous system) neurons.

Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that play essential roles in the proper functioning and maintenance of the nervous system. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS. They have various functions, including providing structural support to neurons, regulating nutrient and oxygen supply, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, and participating in the repair of damaged neural tissue. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the production and maintenance of myelin, a fatty substance that forms an insulating layer around neuronal axons. Myelin allows for faster transmission of electrical signals in the CNS.

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS. They act as the first line of defense against infections and injury, and they are involved in the clearance of cellular debris and pathogens from the nervous system. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They help in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides buoyancy, protection, and nutrient exchange for the CNS.4

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