To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers...

Answers

Answer 1

To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers typically apply a series of brief electrical stimuli at varying frequencies and measure the resulting changes in membrane potential.

Temporal summation refers to the ability of a neuron to integrate multiple incoming signals over time and generate an action potential. By varying the frequency and intensity of the stimuli, researchers can determine the temporal summation threshold, which is the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential.

This type of measurement can provide insights into the properties of individual neurons and their ability to process information over time, which is important for understanding neural coding and communication in the brain.

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Related Questions

Ferns, such as the one in the picture, can be found today. They are usually found
growing in warmer climates. However, fossils of ferns have been found in places with
cold climates where it often snows today. What can we conclude about the places
where the fossils of ferns have been found?

A. Ferns used to live in cold climates.

B. These places once had a warmer climate.

C. Someone tried to grow ferns in cold climates.

D. These places once had a colder climate.

Ferns, such as the one in the picture, can be found today. They are usually foundgrowing in warmer climates.

Answers

Answer:

B. These places once had a warmer climate.

Explanation:

They're fossils meaning they're extremely old therefore the climate they once grew in was suitable for its needs until the climate changed causing them to die.

The mass of an object multiplied be it's speed is?

Answers

Answer:

momentum

Explanation:

Are there any parts of the human body that get oxygen directly from the air and not from the blood? Are there nuclear reactions going on in our bodies?​

Answers

Answer:

The cornea is the only part of a human body that has no blood supply; it gets oxygen directly through the air. The cornea is the fastest healing tissue in the human body, thus, most corneal abrasions will heal within 24-36 hours.

Nuclear reactions do indeed occur in the human body, but the body does not use them.

Describe the properties of the environment of the Biometric AI
System in terms of the principal distinctions we can make
(accessible vs. inaccessible, deterministic vs. non-deterministic,
episodic vs.

Answers

The environment of a Biometric AI System can be described as either accessible or inaccessible for obtaining biometric data, deterministic or non-deterministic in terms of consistent outcomes, and episodic or sequential based on the independence or influence of previous interactions.

The properties of the environment of a Biometric AI System can be described in terms of the following principal distinctions:

Accessible vs. Inaccessible: The environment can be classified as accessible if the system has direct access to the necessary biometric data for identification or authentication, such as a database of fingerprints or facial images. On the other hand, the environment is considered inaccessible if the system relies on external sources or interactions to obtain the required biometric data.

Deterministic vs. Non-deterministic: If the behavior and outcomes of the environment can be precisely determined based on the system's actions and inputs, the environment is considered deterministic. In the context of a Biometric AI System, this would imply that the biometric recognition process consistently yields the same results for the same input data. Conversely, an environment is non-deterministic if it involves uncertain or probabilistic outcomes, where the same input data can lead to different results.

Episodic vs. Sequential: The environment can be categorized as episodic if each interaction with the system is considered a distinct and independent episode, with no dependency or influence from previous episodes. In the case of a Biometric AI System, this could refer to individual identification or authentication attempts treated as separate episodes.

Alternatively, the environment can be sequential, where actions and outcomes in one episode can affect subsequent episodes. For example, repeated attempts to authenticate within a session may be influenced by previous failed attempts.

These distinctions help characterize the nature of the environment in which a Biometric AI System operates, taking into account factors such as data accessibility, predictability of outcomes, and the relationship between successive interactions.

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Complete Question:

Describe the properties of the environment of the Biometric AI

System in terms of the principal distinctions we can make

(accessible vs. inaccessible, deterministic vs. non-deterministic,

episodic vs. Sequential.

true or false the lymphatic system circulates lymph fluid through vessels and lymph nodes to filter out pathogens

Answers

Yes, the statement is True, the lymphatic system circulates lymph fluid through vessels and lymph nodes to filter out pathogens.

Additionally, the lymphatic system aids in the body's defense against dangerous germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungus). These germs are eliminated via the lymph nodes, which are tiny tissue clusters dispersed throughout the lymphatic system. T-cells and B-cells, two types of lymphocytes found inside lymph nodes, are used by the body to combat infection. To stop the spread of diseases, B cells produce antibodies, which are unique proteins that bind to and destroy disease-causing microorganisms. Most of our lymph nodes are found in the groin, armpit, and neck regions. They are located in the pelvis, chest, and lymphatic pathways and serve as blood filters as well. An infected person's lymph nodes develop into a bacterial haven. For instance, if the throat is sick, the lymph nodes in the neck may expand. For this reason, when a patient complains of a sore throat, medical professionals check the neck for enlarged lymph nodes, often known as enlarged "glands." It's known as lymphadenopathy.

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which of the given cell parts are components of the endomembrane system?

Answers

Components of the endomembrane system include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within the eukaryotic cells that work together to carry out various cellular functions. Its components are involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): The ER is a network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis, folding, and lipid metabolism. It includes rough ER, with ribosomes attached, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes.

Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus processes, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell.

Lysosomes: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste, macromolecules, and pathogens.

Vacuoles: Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs involved in storage, nutrient uptake, waste disposal, and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells.

Plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is the outermost membrane of the cell and plays a role in selective transport of molecules.

These components work together to form a dynamic system involved in intracellular transport, protein synthesis, sorting, and degradation, making them integral parts of the endomembrane system.

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Which of the following is not true about inflammation

a) it acts to creat a immune system memory

b) helps prevent the spread of an infection to surrounding tissues

c) if it becomes widespread, a fever may result

d) it acts disinfect and clean injured tissues

Answers

I’m pretty sure it’s d cause that’s not inflammation

Buying organically grown foods supports sustainability.
a) True
b) False

Answers

The answer to your question is true.

In gene recombination what is used to separate or open vector DNA

Answers

are there answer choices?

i believe it relies on restriction enzymes to open vector dna

Most plant leaves contain yellow and orange carotenoids as well as green chlorophylls. Why then are most leaves greenish

Answers

Answer:

Because the leaves contain a greater concentration of green chlorophylls than yellow and orange carotenoids.

Explanation:

Chlorophyll and carotenoids are both pigments found in the cells of organisms like plants. They have differing color range depending on which wavelength of light they absorb and which they reflect. For example, chlorophyll pigment are green because they reflect green light and absorb others.

According to this question, the leaves of most plants contain yellow and orange carotenoids in addition to green chlorophylls but leaves are mostly green. This is because there is an abundant of chlorophyll pigment than any other pigment in the leaves of most plants. Hence, GREEN COLOR conferred by chlorophyll dominates and masks the color appearance of the other accessory pigments like yellow and orange carotenoids.




Lesson 1: Marine Science A Final Exam


Marine Science A Unit 6: Marine Science A Final Exam



A, b, a, b, a, a, b, a, c, b, d, a, c, b, c, b, d, a, c, b, b,b, a, d, c, a, b, b, a, b, b, a, a, d, b, c, a,a , c , c, d, c, d, d, a, c, a, d, b

Answers

The answers for the Marine Science A Final Exam Unit 6 are as follows: A, b, a, b, a, a, b, a, c, b, d, a, c, b, c, b, d, a, c, b, b, b, a, d, c, a, b, b, a, b, b, a, a, d, b, c, a, a, c, c, d, c, d, d, a, c, a, d, b.

What are the correct answers for the Marine Science A Final Exam Unit 6?

The given sequence represents the answers for the Marine Science A Final Exam Unit 6. Each answer is represented by a letter (A, B, C, D) corresponding to the choices provided in the exam.

The sequence follows the order of the questions in the exam, and each letter represents the answer choice selected for the respective question.

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Please help me on this! This is for oceanography

Please help me on this! This is for oceanography

Answers

9. This octopus lives in the neritic province. 10. If the octopus is in the twilight area, it would be in the epipelagic zone. 11. Brittle Star and Sponge would be considered benthic.

What is epipelagic zone?

The topmost portion of a body of water that receives sunshine and enables phytoplankton to carry out photosynthesis is known as the photic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone. Numerous physical, chemical, and biological processes take place in it, supplying nutrients to the top layer of the water column. The majority of aquatic life is found in the photic zone because of phytoplankton activity (primary production).

Why Brittle Star and Sponge are considered benthic?

Benthic organisms are animals and plants that live at the bottom of the ocean and other bodies of water. The organisms that comprise the benthic zone matter to the ecosystem because they typically form the foundation of the food web, providing food for larger animals. Brittle stars and sponges are both examples of benthic organism.

Brittle stars have long, spiny arms attached to a central disk that allows them to move and filter nutrients from the seafloor sand or mud. Sponges are sessile organisms and filter-feeders, using their specialized body structure and flagella to strain food particles from the water. They can filter and consume large amounts of particles, while providing habitats for many microscopic organisms. Both organisms play an important role keep the ecosystem healthy and help support a diversity of life.

12. They would be found in the sublittoral zone.

13. The sponge would be classified as epifauna because they live on the surface.

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Your teacher asks you to write a paper that supports a claim with evidence. In three to five sentences, describe one claim you would like to make and discuss different forms of evidence you can collect to support your claim. Where would you look for this evidence?(4 points)

Answers

Claim: "A liberal arts education prepares students best". Evidence: Liberal arts and sciences are important for social workers because it builds broader perspective for those who want to become social workers.

What is liberal arts education?

Liberal arts education offers expansive intellectual grounding in all kinds of humanistic inquiry. By exploring issues, ideas and methods across the humanities and arts, and natural and social sciences, you can learn to read critically, write cogently and think broadly.

Liberal arts education is intended to expand capacity of the mind to think critically and analyze information effectively. It develops and strengthens the brain to think across all disciplines so that it may serve the individual over lifetime.

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When is mitosis complete
A. When chromatids are produced
B. When spindle fibers form
C.when two nuclei have formed
D.when organelles are produced

Note:My braincells left me :(

Answers

Answer:

My answer is generic. The process of Mitosis is over when the next stage begins.

Explanation:

I dont know the answer because i didnt recognize the 4 solutions. So I turned the solution into the answer.

Answer:when two nuclei have. Formed

Explanation:

PLEASE HELP!! 25 POINTS!!
What is an example of an ecosystem?
The sun
A forest
A school of fish
A family of lions

Answers

Answer:

A forest

Explanation:

An ecosystem is a unity between a community and its environment that forms a reciprocal relationship.

example

Forest field

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Please help worth 95 points. Project: Algae Cultures: Directions
In this report, you will be researching the different types of algae. Report on one algae from each of the three categories (blue-green, green, and green-brown). Include the following information: Name of the algae, Category if falls under, Where it is mostly found and what conditions it needs to survive, Whether it is unicellular or multicellular, Where in the food chain algae are, and what predators it may have, Research why some scientists think algae should be classified plants, and explain the debate.

1.Which organisms did you identify 2. How easy or difficult was it to find an example of each category? Which one was the hardest to find? Why? 3. Which environments were most common to find algae in? Why do you think so? 4. What part of the food chain is the alga? 5. Why is algae classified in the Protist Kingdom and not the Plant Kingdom even though they are photosynthetic? Research why scientists feel they should be classified as plants.

Answers

Answer:

1) I identified the Golden-Brown Algae.

2)  It was very easy to find the category because of the solid color base and because it only had the daitoms. It did not have multiple like the Green Algae and the Blue-Green Algae.

3) In fresh, brackish or salt water. They are found both in tropical lakes and seas, and in the alpine and polar snows. They are unicellular or multicellular protist plant organisms, whose cells do not form tissues and lack flowers. They are considered the first link in the food chain in the aquatic environment. They are found in fresh, brackish or salt water. They are primary producers in the food chain, capable of producing organic substances through photosynthesis, so they use sunlight. They are found in tropical lakes and seas up to the alpine and polar snows.

4) Producer Alga is A plant and produces food for other organisms.

5) Algae (Euglena) do photosynthesis as plants do. They also move around and eat, as do animals. But they are unicellular. In order to be classified as a plant or animal, an organism has to be multicellular, made of more than one cell. Since it is a unicellular organism with some plant and animal characteristics, it is called a protist. Plant cells have walls while algae does't have one, so it is a protozoan. Algae resemble the protozoa, so they are put into the Protist Kingdom.

Explanation:

I had the project.

Algae recreate a major part of the marine ecosystem because they exist as the decomposers current in the marine ecosystem; any harm to them could cause an inequality in the whole marine ecosystem.

What are golden-brown algae?

1)The Chrysophyceae, usually named chrysophytes, cryptomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae exist as an extensive set of algae, seen mainly in freshwater.

2) It stood very easy to see the class because of the solid color base and because it only contained the diatoms. It did not contain multiple like the Green Algae and the Blue-Green Algae.

3) In fresh, saline, or salt water. They exist seen both in tropical lakes and seas and in the alpine and polar snows. They exist as unicellular or multicellular protist plant organisms, whose cells do not constitute tissues and absent flowers. They exist thought the first link in the food chain in the aquatic environment. They exist seen in fresh, brackish, or salt water. They exist as primary producers in the food chain, qualified of producing organic substances through photosynthesis, so they utilize sunlight.

4) Producer Alga exists in a plant and makes food for different organisms.

5) Algae (Euglena) accomplish photosynthesis as plants do. They even move about and eat, as do animals. But they exist unicellular. To be categorized as a plant or animal, an organism contains to be multicellular, made of better than one cell. Since it stands as a unicellular organism with some plant and animal elements, it exists named a protist. Plant cells contain walls while algae don't contain one, so it exists as a protozoan. Algae reach the protozoa, so they stand to put into the Protist Kingdom.

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Pls help me with this question

Pls help me with this question

Answers

Answer:

All arthropods posses an exoskeleton, bi-lateral symmetry, jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and specialized appendages. The major arthropod classes can be separated by comparing their number of body regions, legs, and antennae.

Answer:

Segmented body, Open circulatory system.

Explanation:

When a sperm and egg combine, it is called

Answers

When a sperm and egg combing it is called zygote

I have to make a comic strip on stabling selection, please explain what it is and give an example I can use to make a comic strip

Answers

I hope this at least get you started off I don’t know much but these are the basic steps
I have to make a comic strip on stabling selection, please explain what it is and give an example I can

How does the movement of energy and matter through the food chain cause the average mass of the whale to change? Please help me out.

Answers

Answer:

The ten-percent rule toward energy transfer among levels of a trophic system is one that has been used to study ecosystems’ energy dynamics for a long time.

Explanation:

Food chains describe the transfer of energy from its source in plants, through herbivores, up to carnivores and onto higher order predators (Sinclair et al. 2003). These different “levels” are known as trophic levels, which is properly defined as the position within the food chain or energy pyramid that an organism can be found. But how much energy is passed along through each level? This is where the ten-percent rule comes in.

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Which of the following would characterize the dutch system of production?
A) use of greenhouses to grow plants
B) regulation of temperature that the plants are exposed to
C) regulation of plant growth patterns
D) mechanical automation of farming
E) all of the above
Please select the best answer from the choices provided

Answers

Answer:

The answer is E ( all of the above)

Explanation:

These things all have to do with the use of greenhouses

5. What animal does the scientist Shawn Carol study?​

Answers

Answer:

His studies focus on the evolution of cis-regulatory elements in the regulation of gene expression in the context of biological development, using Drosophila as a model system.

Answer: His studies focus on the evolution of cis-regulatory elements in the regulation of gene expression in the context of biological development, using Drosophila as a model system.

Explanation:

If you are going to allow a population of mice to randomly mate for 5 generations and you want to limit inbreeding to a maximum of 14.678481% after generation 5 (assuming you started with zero inbreeding), how many males do you need if you have 20 females?

a) 5

b) 10

c) 50

d) 2

e) 8

Answers

The answer is (b) 10. To limit inbreeding to a maximum of 14.678481% after 5 generations, we need to calculate the expected amount of inbreeding in each generation and then adjust the number of males to add to the population accordingly.

The expected amount of inbreeding in each generation can be calculated using the formula:

Expected inbreeding = (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)) * (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)^2) * ... * (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)^(14))

Substituting the value of generation=5 gives:

Expected inbreeding = (1 - (1/2)^5) * (1 - (1/2)^5)^2 * ... * (1 - (1/2)^5)^(14)

= 0.81924005762932

The maximum amount of inbreeding allowed is 14.678481%. Substituting this value gives:

Maximum inbreeding = 14.678481 / 0.81924005762932

= 17.5937535396166

Therefore, to limit inbreeding to a maximum of 14.678481% after 5 generations, we need to add at least 17.5937535396166 males to the population.

Solving for the number of males needed if we have 20 females, we get:

17.5937535396166 = (20 * 1 - 14.678481) / 20

= 3.45344278981875

Rounding to the nearest whole number, we get:

The number of males needed is 3.

Therefore, the answer is (b) 10.

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A student wants to learn how plants and animals interact with one another in an ocean habitat. Which of Earth's spheres should the student study the most? the geosphere the atmosphere the hydrosphere the biosphere.

Answers

A student wants to learn how plants and animals interact with one another in an ocean habitat thus he should learn about the biosphere as it helps in the determination of living organisms.

Organisms want water, and they take it in from assets including lakes, rivers, the sea, and aquifers. A deer that sips water from a circulate recycles that water with the aid of using exhaling and excreting waste. A fish takes in water from the sea and excretes water again out.

What plants and animals live in the ocean?

Seaweeds, algae, snails, crabs, small fishes, mollusks, worms, clams, and crustaceans stay withinside the coastal area. The pelagic area includes an open ocean further from the land and includes floor seaweeds, fish, whales, and dolphins.

Thus it is clear that the biosphere is the correct answer.

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Answer:

the answer above said D

Explanation:

e d g e 2020

in a greenhouse you can control the temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide level in order to make it the what factor in photosynthesis

Answers

Answer:

Limiting factor

Explanation:

A limiting factor is simply anything in short supply that prevents a reaction from occurring at its maximum rate.

In a greenhouse you can control the temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide level which are the limiting factors in photosynthesis for the production of glucose.

What is limiting factor?

A limiting factor is a variable that produce a change in output of a process or a chemical reaction. Every process has its limiting factors which bring a change in it.

So we can conclude that  temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide level which are the limiting factors in photosynthesis.

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Which statement about cellular respiration is true?
O It produces oxy
O It requires water
O It is used by every living cell.
O It converts energy to food.

Answers

The correct answer is : It is used by every living cell.

Which type of organisms in the food web were the most and least numerous

Answers

Producers are the organisms that are the most numerous whereas the secondary consumers are the least numerous.

What are the most numerous organisms in the food web?

Producers are organisms that can make their food through the process of photosynthesis. They are present at the bottom level of the food web and are the most numerous in an ecosystem due to their access to direct energy. Most producers consist of green plants or algae and they can make their food by using photosynthesis while on the other hand, the secondary consumers are less in population so they are less numerous as compared to other organisms in the ecosystem. Secondary organisms are those organisms that eat the primary consumers. Examples are meat eaters (carnivores). The secondary consumers are larger and fewer in number.

So we can conclude that the secondary organisms are present in fewer numbers whereas producers are present in large numbers.

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the effect of the environment on a phenotype is referred to as __________.

Answers

multifactorial. These environmental factors include nutrition, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens. The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as height, eye colour, and blood ratio.

An organism's phenotypic responses to its surroundings can be thought of as a mapping from the environment space to the phenotype space. A specific environmental stimulus that the organism encounters may cause a specific phenotypic to emerge. We examine that the alleles of the parent organisms and predict how frequently the offspring will exhibit those genes to determine a phenotypic ratio. Most of the time, we are aware of the expression and appearance of the alleles.

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Which is not an echinoderm?

A.)starfish
B.)sea urchin
C.)squid
D.)sand dollar

Answers

\( \large \color{red}Answer:\)

Which is not an echinoderm?

A.)starfish

B.)sea urchin

C.)squid

D.)sand dollar

\( \large \color{Blue}Explaination:\)

Starfish, sea urchin and sand dollars are echinoderm.

Pour water into a large metal bowl.Put the bowl in the freezer .Wait two hours and observe the bowl. Describe the formation of ice in the bowl in your observation area.

Answers

Answer:

Solid with air bubbles?

Explanation:

assuming that you are expected to but your bowl of water in the freezer flat or you decide to, It most likely is going to be a solid block of ice with a few air bubbles in it just like if you were to freeze water standing up it would have little to no air bubbles in it.

Other Questions
Below are the dates and times that Rick Lyon worked during the week of December 1 to December 8. Use this information to complete the time sheet above. (Notice that each day's information is placed horizontally across the rows of the timesheet.) Once you have the information added to the time sheet, calculate the regular hours worked for each day. Away time is where you record Rick's lunch break. Remember not to include time away in your total hours worked because Rick does not get paid for time away. Overtime is any time worked each week that is more than the total of forty hours. For instance, if you work forty hours in a week, there is no overtime. If you work forty-two hours, there are two overtime hours (42 hours worked 40 regular hours = 2 overtime hours). Do not be confused; overtime is simple once you get the hang of it. Overtime is any amount of time worked that is more than forty hours in a week. Overtime is calculated separately, because it is paid at a higher rate than What do ribosomes produce followinginstructions from the nucleus?A. energyB. proteinsC. DNA Mr. Smith, the special education teacher, called Tim's parents to schedule a meeting to update information on Tim's progress on his IEP and to set goals for the upcoming year. This type of meeting is called a/an: HELP ASAPTrevor bought 5 1/2 pounds of candy for his party. The candy costs $7.25 per poundWhat was the total cost of the candy for Trevor's party? Which of the following was a policy created by Alexander Hamilton Phillip forms a portfolio consisting of $48,000 in the overall stock market and $13,000 in T-Bills. What is his portfolio's expected return if the market risk premium is 7.48% and the current T-Bill rate is 4.08%? Enter your answer as a decimal and 4 decimal places. For example, if your answer is 6.75%, enter .0675. The sum of 5 and a number is then multiplied by two. The answer is -2 What is the number A tank initially contains 100 gallons of brine with 10 lb of salt dissolved in it. Brinecontaining 0.4 lb of salt per gallon ows from an outside source into the tank at a rateof 5 gal/min. The mixture is discharged out of the tank at the same rate of 5 gal/min..Assume that solutions are well-stirred at all times.Required:Find the amount of salt in the tank at the end of 40 minutes. Find the length of the third side. If necessary, write in simplest radical form. (15 POINTS!!) Dos ejemplos de motivacin internos A right triangle has a base of 16 inches and a height of 12 inches. What is the length of its hypotenuse in inches? 3. The odds of winning a bike is 7:15. The probability of winning a remote control car is 50%. Forwhich do you have a better chance of winning? Show all your work and explain your answer. Which of the following is NOT an area that observations about advocacy cover? The current price of a stock is 1,000. In three months from now its price will either be 1,250 or 800. The constant risk-free interest rate is 18.562% per year with continuous compounding. Using a two-period binomial model, answer the following questions (show the details of your calculations and present them with four decimal places)i. Calculate the upward move 'u' and the downward move 'd'.ii. Calculate the risk-neutral probability 'p'.iii. Calculate the price of a European put option with a strike price of 1,100 and a maturity of six months.iv. Calculate the gamma of the put option in (iii).v. Calculate the price of an American put option with a strike price of 1,100 and a maturity of six months 1. Which of the following would be classified as a current liability? a. Mortgage Payable b. Bonds Payable c. Five-year Notes Payable d. Wages Payable Using a number line, represent the graph of the inequality x > - 25? Hank's monthly rent was $458, but he just got a notice from his landlord saying that it will go up by 21%. This meansthat he will now pay 121% of the previous amount.Which is the best estimate of Hank's new monthly rent?O $540O $552O $585$598 which conference was held to decide how to address the issues arising from the surrender of nazi germany? (4 points) group of answer choices potsdam conference bretton woods conference tehran conference san francisco conference Let A= -2 -1 -1] 4 2 2 -4 -2 -2 - Find dimensions of the kernel and image of T() = A. dim(Ker(A)) = dim(Im(A)) = Read the last stanza of "that i did always love." thisdost thou doubtsweet then have i nothing to show but calvary what does the word "calvary" most likely suggest?