the two requirements for a successful 42 u.s.c. section 1983 lawsuit are
Answers
For a successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that a state actor violated their federally protected rights.
To successfully bring a 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, you must meet two key requirements:
1. The alleged violation must involve a person acting "under color of state law." This means that the defendant must be a state actor or someone working on behalf of a government entity, such as a police officer or a public school official.
2. The alleged conduct must have violated the plaintiff's rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or federal laws. In other words, there must be a clear violation of the plaintiff's civil rights as protected by federal law or the U.S. Constitution.
In summary, for a successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that a state actor violated their federally protected rights.
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A successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit requires the plaintiff to demonstrate (1) a violation of their constitutional or federal rights by a defendant acting under color of state law, and (2) a direct causal connection between the defendant's actions and the harm experienced.
A successful 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 lawsuit has two main requirements. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant, acting under "color of state law," violated their constitutional or federal rights. This means that the defendant, usually a state or local government official or employee, exercised their authority in a way that infringed upon the plaintiff's federally protected rights.
Second, the plaintiff must show a direct causal link between the defendant's actions and the alleged violation. In other words, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's conduct was the primary cause of the harm suffered. Establishing this causation is essential to successfully pursuing a Section 1983 lawsuit.
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Related Questions
which of the following is considered a cultural universal? select one: a. athletic sports b. war c. money restrictions d. education
Answers
The cultural universal among the options provided is d. education.
Education is considered a cultural universal because it is found in some form in every known culture throughout history.
While the specific methods and systems of education may vary across cultures, the transmission of knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another is a common feature.
Education is essential for the socialization and development of individuals within a society, and it plays a crucial role in passing down cultural traditions, beliefs, and practices.
In different cultures, education can take various forms, such as formal schooling, apprenticeships, oral traditions, or experiential learning. It serves to prepare individuals for adulthood, impart practical skills, and shape their perspectives on the world.
Education also plays a vital role in promoting social cohesion, maintaining cultural norms, and fostering social progress.
Furthermore, education is often associated with the development of critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and the acquisition of knowledge.
It empowers individuals to adapt to changing circumstances, contribute to their communities, and pursue personal and professional growth.
In summary, education is considered a cultural universal because it is a fundamental aspect of human societies, present in some form across cultures, and it serves as a means of transmitting knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.
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Who established an early Puritan settlement at Salem? John Endicott John Carver William Bradford 15 points cause why not
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Answer:
John Endicott
Explanation:
Which portion of the expedition sailed farther—the portion with Magellan in command or the portion after his death? 40 POINTS PLS HELP
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Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, but he was killed in 1521 during a conflict with a native tribe in the Philippines. After his death, the remaining members of the expedition continued sailing westward across the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope, and back to Spain, completing the first voyage around the world. The voyage covered a total distance of approximately 52,000 miles (84,000 kilometers), with the majority of the distance being covered after Magellan's death.
Read the underlined sentence, and then answer the questions.
The proclamation Mrs. Johnson refers to is the ________ Proclamation?
"They tell me . . . you will take back the Proclamation, don't do it. When you are dead and in Heaven, in a thousand years that action of yours will make the Angels sing your praises I know it. Ought one man to own another, law for or not, who made the law, surely the poor slave did not. So it is wicked, and a horrible outrage, there is no sense in it."
Answers
The proclamation Mrs. Johnson refers to is the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States.
President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. This proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforth shall be free."
The proclamation did not, however, immediately liberate any enslaved individuals; instead, it stated that enslaved individuals in rebel states "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." It also ordered that suitable changes be made in military areas.
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Use examples to support the claim that women had a number of options for work in cities.
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Answer:
Women can work as office secretaries or teach if they are educated. And the uneducated ones can also work as maids, to help in the cleaning, cooking, and taking care of children. Moreover, they can be employed in factories, sew and do tailor work or even board rooms.
Explanation:
At the cost of not sounding partial or prejudiced, women have more chances or advantages in the work sector. Whether they are educated or even uneducated, certain jobs pertain to the female gender.
Educated women can be hired as secretaries and help work in offices, or the teaching line. And the uneducated ones are also able to work as house helps, cleaning maids, sewing and tailor work, or even board rooms. They can also work in factories, cook or help in taking care of children. All of these jobs are available for women, thus supporting the claim that women have numerous opportunities for work in cities.
Lucretia Mott
Woman's rights activist
Organized Seneca Falls Convention
Delegate to world Anti-slavery convention
abolitionist
Refused to buy products of enslaved labor
Published "Discoursed of Women
Which of these two things ( Choose two... ig) are larger actions that sum up smaller actions in Lucretia Mott’s life?
Remember, you’re looking for broad, overall ideas, not supporting details.
*women’s rights activist
*organized Seneca Falls Convention
*delegate to World Anti-Slavery Convention
*abolitionist
*refused to buy products of enslaved labor
*published “Discourse on Woman”
Answers
Answer:
D and A
Explanation:
just cause
Answer:
A & D, or 1 & 4.
Explanation:
You're Welcome!
How did Frederick William I gain the loyalty of the Prussian
nobles? Can you think of two other methods that absolutist rulers have used to
control their nobility? Which were most successful?
Answers
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although no options were provided, we can say the following.
Frederick William I gained the loyalty of the Prussian nobles because he gave them positions in the Prussian government and the military.
That was his way of getting loyalty and service to him. Frederick William I, King of Prussia from 1713 to 1740, knew that the nobles or Junkers (as they were known in that time) had ambitions and were full of greed, control, and power. So the best way to align them to his crown was to offer them positions of power and influence.
These have been the classic methods used by absolutists governments to "buy" the loyalty form wealthy families or even, the opposite factions of a government. The history of the European kingdoms was full of these situations.
Literature or Poetry Renaissance Achievement
Replace this text with your choice and description here
Humanism Roots
For each of the achievements you identified above, explain how humanistic thought might have led to it below.
Visual Art –
Literature/Poetry –
Scientific/Technological –
Fourth Achievement –
Visual Art Renaissance Achievement
Replace this text with your choice and description here
Scientific/Technological Renaissance Achievement
Replace this text with your choice and description here
Renaissance Achievement of Your Choice
Replace this text with your choice and description here
Answers
Answer:
Literature/Poetry Renaissance Achievement:
The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in classical literature and a renewed emphasis on the importance of the individual and human experience. This led to a surge in literary and poetic output, with writers exploring complex themes and ideas.
Humanistic thought played a significant role in this achievement as it emphasized the importance of human experience and rationalism. Writers were encouraged to explore a wide range of ideas, including skepticism and secularism, and to use language in new and creative ways to express these ideas.
Scientific/Technological Renaissance Achievement:
The Renaissance period saw significant advances in science and technology, with major breakthroughs occurring in fields such as anatomy, astronomy, and mathematics. Humanistic thought played a role in this achievement by encouraging a more empirical approach to knowledge.
During the Renaissance, there was a renewed interest in observing the natural world and conducting experiments to test theories. Additionally, humanistic ideas such as the importance of the individual and the belief in human progress encouraged scientists and inventors to pursue new ideas and push the boundaries of what was possible.
Fourth Achievement – Music Renaissance Achievement:
The Renaissance period saw a significant development in music, with new forms and styles emerging that would continue to influence music for centuries to come. Humanistic thought played a role in this achievement by emphasizing the importance of art and culture to human expression.
During the Renaissance, music became more complex and sophisticated, with new forms such as the madrigal and the opera emerging. Renaissance composers were encouraged to experiment with different musical styles and techniques, and to draw inspiration from a wide range of sources, including nature and the human experience. This resulted in the creation of some of the most enduring musical works in history, and a legacy that continues to this day.
Federalism places limits on state governments power by:
A. preventing states from collecting their own taxes to fund the
government.
B. allowing the federal government to get rid of state governments.
C. letting the federal government stop states from passing certain
laws.
D. stopping states from passing their own laws on most issues.
Answers
Explanation:
Federalism limits government by creating two sovereign powers—the national government and state governments—thereby restraining the influence of both. Separation of powers imposes internal limits by dividing government against itself, giving different branches separate functions and forcing them to share power.
reinhard heydrich, one of the architects of the holocaust, was an ss leader that was killed by british-trained assassins of what nationality?
Answers
Reinhard Heydrich was a high-ranking SS leader and one of the architects of the Holocaust during World War II.
What was he known for?He was known as the "Butcher of Prague" for his brutal tactics in suppressing resistance in Czechoslovakia.
In 1942, he was targeted for assassination by British-trained Czechoslovakian agents in Operation Anthropoid.
Heydrich was killed in a successful ambush in Prague, which resulted in the Nazis brutally retaliating against the Czech population.
The assassins were of Czech and Slovak nationality and were hailed as heroes for their bravery in taking down one of the most feared leaders of the Nazi regime.
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2. What was the domino theory? A. a secret committee that planned air strikes against North Vietnam B. a fascist government that limited citizens' constitutional freedoms C. the belief that if one country became communist, others would follow D. the compromise that ended the war between North and South Vietnam.
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The domino theory was the compromise that ended the war between North and South Vietnam. Thus the correct option is D.
During the Cold War, particularly under Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, the Domino Theory arose as a political and international policy idea.
According to the notion, if one nation in an area adopted communism, the neighboring nations would certainly do the same, like dominoes falling one after the other.
The argument was employed by the US to support its engagement in Vietnam as well as other nations in Central America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
Therefore, option D is appropriate.
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For this assessment you must demonstrate understanding of argumentative writing by creating an outline for your essay use the online planning guide to complete this assignment submit your own to instructor for feedback before moving onto reading your argument remember you're only just respond to following prompt was Brutus a betrayer or a patriot this information is part of your argumentative ready project for this unit your work will be graded according to the following outline your argument grading rubricgfor this assessment you must demonstrate understanding of argumentative writing by creating an outline for your essay use the online planning guide to complete this assignment submit your own to instructor for feedback before moving onto reading your argument remember you're only just respond to following prompt was Brutus arbitrator or a patriot this information is part of your argumentative ready project for this unit your work will be graded according to the following outline your argument grading rubric. and write out the arguent please
Answers
writing an argumentative essay requires careful planning and research. The writer must have a clear understanding of the topic, provide compelling evidence to support their argument, and address counterarguments.
Argumentative writing requires the writer to have an in-depth understanding of the topic in question and provide a compelling argument for or against it. The purpose of the writing is to persuade the reader to take the writer's side and convince them to act on it. In this case, the writer is required to provide an outline for an essay on whether Brutus was a betrayer or a patriot.
The first step in writing an argumentative essay is to have a clear understanding of the topic. In this case, the writer should research and gather information on Brutus, his role in the assassination of Julius Caesar, and his motives. The writer should also analyze the context in which the events took place and how they impacted the Roman Empire.Once the writer has a clear understanding of the topic, they should create an outline for the essay. The outline should include an introduction, body, and conclusion.
The introduction should provide background information on the topic and include a thesis statement that states the writer's position on whether Brutus was a betrayer or a patriot. The body of the essay should be divided into paragraphs, each supporting the thesis statement with evidence from research.
Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that states the main point, followed by supporting sentences that provide evidence from research. The writer should also anticipate counterarguments and address them in the body of the essay. The conclusion should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement. The writer should also provide a call to action, urging the reader to take action based on the argument presented.
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How wrote the first Holy Quran??? And when???
Answers
Answer:
Prophet Muhammed
He started writing it in 610-632.
Explanation:
610 in the month of Ramadan.
He wrote the Quran through the archangel Gabriel (Jibril).
It took almost 23 years.
It was complied into a book by Abu Bakar.
Caliph Uthman established the modern version after the death of Muhammed.
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Which amendment Protects and you’re right that are not specifically mentioned within the constitution or the bill of rights
Answers
Answer:
C) The Ninth Amendment
Explanation:
The Ninth Amendment in the Constitution states that you have to retain rights even if absent in it.
Lewis & Clark journeyed 8000 miles with the minimum of technology. In your opinion, what technology do we rely too heavily on these days? What might happen if this technology fails?
Need help due soon please
Answers
Answer:
We rely on our phones and if this technology fails nearly everything we have or do was and is possible due to technology. At one time building a fire would have been considered technology. If all technology suddenly failed, many people would die from heart attacks, and strokes due to high blood pressure. Others would succumb to cancer and otherwise treatable diseases.
Explanation:
who developed the worlds most ancient law code?
Answers
Answer:
Ur-Nammu
Explanation:
Here it is possible only to illustrate some of the major extant laws or codes. The most ancient legislator known is Ur-Nammu, the founder of one of the Sumerian dynasties at the city of Ur. His code, dating from the middle of the 21st century bc, dealt with witchcraft, the flight of slaves, and bodily injuries.
How did Alexander the Great maintain his power after conquering new lands ?
Answers
Answer:
Alexander built many new cities in the lands he conquered, including Alexandria in Egypt.Alexander claimed the Macedonian throne and killed his rivals before they could challenge his sovereignty. He also quashed rebellions for independence in northern Greece.His campaign of conquests from Greece spanned across Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, and India. He extended the boundaries of his Macedonian Empire as far east as the city of Taxila in modern-day Pakistan.Following his conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Achaemenid Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at Issus and Gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.Thanks to his father, Alexander's army was largely a professional one. In earlier times, Macedonians would stop fighting during the harvest, but Philip and Alexander paid the men enough that they could afford to be soldiers full-time. This meant they were often better trained than their adversaries.
Answer:
Alexander the Great maintained his power after conquering new lands through a variety of methods:
Strategic alliances: Alexander formed strategic alliances with local rulers and elites in the lands he conquered. He allowed these individuals to retain some power and authority in exchange for their support and loyalty.
Cultural assimilation: Alexander encouraged cultural assimilation in the lands he conquered. He adopted local customs and practices and allowed his soldiers to marry and have families with local women. This created a sense of unity and shared identity among the diverse populations under his rule.
Military presence: Alexander maintained a strong military presence in the lands he conquered to maintain order and prevent rebellion. He also appointed trusted generals to govern these territories to firmly establish his authority.
Propaganda: Alexander used propaganda to maintain his image as a powerful and invincible ruler. He cultivated a larger-than-life persona through public displays of strength and bravery. He exaggerated and embellished his military victories in accounts written by his supporters.
Explanation:
Do you believe the Cold War would have been prevented if the Soviet Union did not have veto power?
Answers
What does the FCC regulate?
a.food and beverage products
b.communications infrastructure
c.environmental policies
d.businesses breaking security laws
Answers
The correct option is b. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates communication infrastructure.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates communication infrastructures in the United States. The FCC is an independent federal agency that's responsible for regulating the use of radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable communication within the country. The FCC regulates almost every aspect of communication in the US. It has several areas of focus, including broadband, public safety, competition, media ownership, and cybersecurity.
The FCC ensures that communication services are available to everyone, regardless of their location or ability to pay. It also ensures that communication service providers follow certain guidelines and rules regarding customer privacy, data security, and competition. This is to prevent service providers from engaging in anti-competitive behaviors that could stifle innovation or harm consumers. Overall, the FCC's primary goal is to promote innovation, competition, and access to communication services across the country.
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The first comic books were aimed at adults, but in June 1938, Action Comics introduced this genre of comic books aimed at children and young adults, beginning with Superman.
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The superhero comics is the first comic books that aimed at adults bu later aimed at children and young adults, beginning with Superman.
What was the superhero comics?The comics is about a fictional hero whose extraordinary powers are often displayed in a fight against crime and assorted villains who in turn often display superhuman abilities.
Hence, the superhero comics is the first comic books that aimed at adults bu later aimed at children and young adults, beginning with Superman.
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why were the the battles of saratoga and yorktown important
Answers
Answer:
.
Explanation:
can someone help me with this please
Answers
Answer:
Local residents can be encouraged to recycle by maye doing a drive to encourage people to recycle or maybe put up signs around a neighborhood saying to recycle
Explanation:
Base on the passage,why were the Himalaya Mountains important to the people of ancient China?Choose THREE correct answers.
considered scared
enabled travel and trade
formed a natural border
protected them from others
protected them the others
provided a good place to
Answers
Answer:
✔️considered sacred
✔️formed a natural border
✔️protected them from others.
(the options are not complete).
Explanation:
From the excerpt, it is seen that the Himalaya mountain is considered among the Chinese as sacred in their religion. It is known to create an impassable border. The mountain as an impassable barrier stands as protection for the people against attacks.
The Himalaya are mountains that are inhabited by over 50 million people. It spreads across five countries which are China, Nepal, Bhutan, India and Pakistan.
Answer:
(A) considered sacred (C) formed a natural border (D) protected them from others
Explanation:
I took the assignment and (A) (C) and (D) were correct
hope it helps
Fernando cleans pools for the summer for $25 an hour plus a supply fee of $15. which equation models the cost for having fernando clean a pool for x hours and how much will a 3-hour cleaning cost?
Answers
A 3-hour cleaning will cost $90.
What is the equation that models the cost (C) for having Fernando clean a pool for x hours, and how much will a 3-hour cleaning cost?The equation that models the cost (C) for having Fernando clean a pool for x hours would be:
C = 25x + 15
In this equation, 25x represents the cost for the number of hours (x) that Fernando spends cleaning the pool at a rate of $25 per hour, and 15 represents the supply fee that is added to the total cost.
To calculate the cost of a 3-hour cleaning, we can substitute x = 3 into the equation:
C = 25(3) + 15
C = 75 + 15
C = 90
Therefore, a 3-hour cleaning will cost $90.
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Indentured servants in the seventeenth century Chesapeake represented
a.one tenth of the population.
b.one-fourth of the population.
c.half of the population.
d.three-quarters of the population.
e.85% of the population.
Answers
In the seventeenth-century Chesapeake region, indentured servants represented a significant portion of the population. Among the given options, it is estimated that they constituted half (c. 50%) of the population.
The indentured servant system was prevalent in this period due to the high demand for labor in tobacco cultivation, which was the primary cash crop in the Chesapeake colonies.
Indentured servants were individuals who agreed to work for a set period, usually between four to seven years, in exchange for passage to the colonies and eventual freedom. This system provided the much-needed labor force for plantation owners and offered a chance for a better life for many Europeans seeking economic opportunities.
While the indentured servant system played a crucial role in the early years of the Chesapeake colonies, it gradually declined as African slavery became the dominant form of labor. The shift toward African slavery was driven by several factors, including the decline in available indentured servants from Europe and the growing need for a stable, long-term labor force in the colonies.
In summary, indentured servants represented half of the population in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake region, playing a vital role in the area's economic development before being replaced by African slavery. Hence, C is the correct option.
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1. What does the woman in the middle represent?
Answers
Answer:
the hand up and stay up in the middle
what impact did the world war 1 have on the migration
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paul encountered the epicureans and the stoics when he spoke at the local agora in greece? True/False.
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True, this encounter is significant because it represents the clash between the beliefs of the early Christian church and the philosophical ideas that were prevalent in ancient Greek society.
When Paul visited Athens, he spoke to the people at the local agora or marketplace, where he encountered both the Epicureans and the Stoics.
The Epicureans were a group of ancient Greek philosophers who believed in living a simple and virtuous life, seeking pleasure in moderation.
The Stoics, on the other hand, believed in self-control, rationality, and living in accordance with nature.
According to the New Testament book of Acts, Paul engaged in discussions with both groups, debating with them about his teachings on the resurrection of Jesus.
Some Epicureans and Stoics were interested in hearing more, while others dismissed Paul's message.
This encounter is significant because it represents the clash between the beliefs of the early Christian church and the philosophical ideas that were prevalent in ancient Greek society.
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one advantage european countries had in their imperial expansion was
Answers
One advantage that European countries had in their imperial growth was their technological and military superiority.
EU countries had been capable of developing superior technologies, such as firearms, navigation gear, and shipbuilding techniques, that gave them a tremendous advantage over the people they encountered within the areas they sought to colonize.
EU countries also had effective and well-organized armies and navies that allowed them to project their navy power over long distances. This enabled them to triumph over and manage large territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Moreover, the political and economic systems of EU nations also played a role in their imperial expansion. The upward push of capitalist economies and the growth of worldwide change allowed European countries to finance and assist colonial ventures.
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An article was recently published concerning the evidence of cardiac death attributable to the earthquake in Los Angeles County on January 17, 1994. In the week before the earthquake, there were on average of 15.6 cardiac deaths per day in Los Angeles County. On the day of the earthquake, there were 51 cardiac deaths. Is the occurrence of 51 deaths an unusual occurrence?
Answers
Yes, the occurrence of 51 cardiac deaths on the day of the earthquake is an unusual occurrence.
An article was recently published concerning the evidence of cardiac death attributable to the earthquake in Los Angeles County on January 17, 1994. In the week before the earthquake, there were on average 15.6 cardiac deaths per day in Los Angeles County. On the day of the earthquake, there were 51 cardiac deaths which is a significant rise in the daily average in the given week. The hypothesis test can be conducted to verify the results obtained from the given data.
The null hypothesis, H0: μ=15.6 cardiac deaths per day
The alternative hypothesis, Ha: μ>15.6 cardiac deaths per day.
The level of significance, α=0.05Z = (51 - 15.6) / [(15.6 / 7)^0.5]≈ 21.86.
It can be concluded that the occurrence of 51 cardiac deaths on the day of the earthquake is an unusual occurrence.
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