The __________ theory says that sleep allows us to replenish what was depleted during daytime activities.

Answers

Answer 1

The restorative theory of sleep says that sleep allows us to replenish what was depleted during daytime activities. This includes physical energy, mental energy, and emotional energy.

Physical energy: Sleep helps the body to repair and restore itself. This includes the growth and repair of tissues, the removal of toxins, and the strengthening of the immune system.

Mental energy: Sleep helps the brain to consolidate memories, process emotions, and learn new things. It also helps to improve cognitive function, such as attention, concentration, and decision-making.

Emotional energy: Sleep helps to regulate emotions and reduce stress levels. It also helps to improve mood and overall well-being.

The restorative theory of sleep is supported by a large body of research. For example, studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to impaired physical and mental function, as well as increased risk of illness.

Conversely, studies have shown that getting enough sleep can improve physical and mental health, as well as reduce the risk of illness.

The restorative theory of sleep is not the only theory about why we sleep. Other theories include the activity restriction theory, which says that sleep is a way for the body to conserve energy, and the synaptic homeostasis theory, which says that sleep is a way for the brain to clean out toxins.

However, the restorative theory is the most widely accepted theory about why we sleep.

To know more about restorative theory, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/30629871#

#SPJ11


Related Questions

One lasting affect on the age of revolutions was that

Answers

Answer:

hi...

Explanation:

Monarchs were able to crush most rebellions, and people won few new rights.

hope this helps

1,2,3, or 4?

HELP


oinoiocioioioeio

1,2,3, or 4?HELPoinoiocioioioeio

Answers

Answer:

Mississippi compromise

Explanation:

I looked in text book and found it

Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

the answer is 4

a country region that has a separate geographic territory ​

Answers

Answer:

A  region is the area of that land and has common features, can be define natural of artificial features.

Explanation:

Regions are the large and small units of geography a political environmental region that include that is not a dry climate like Africa and Asia.

Large diversity of animal and plant and little human impact on that environment  that no longer can exist, this region has heavy rainfall and warm temperatures.

Specific environment or geographical and globally such populated across can be world,environment make them different form populated areas.

Geographical category that provide able to reveal and explain framed they are generally common dominant earth in terms of extension.

Geographical concepts is used in the closely an essential concept and the relation between society and territory.

Geographical density is process convey idea more complex then fundamental trait, political center  of power and economic an culture.

What should be done to preserve nepalese painting?

Answers

• Avoid too much heat.
• Avoid chemicals and acids/chemical sprays.
• Avoid molds, take care of sunlight & humidity.
• Take care in transportation.
• Prevent from dirt/dust.
• Handle with care.
• Save from pests, rodents & other biological factors.

Need some fast help!

Choose one political system and explain how it applies each of the three purposes of government. Is there one purpose of government that the system seems to apply more than others? Use details to support your answer.

Answers

In a democracy by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches the three purposes of government are achieved.

Governments almost certainly arose from the need to protect citizens from conflict and to maintain law and order.

Democracy is a form of government in which the people, either directly or through representatives, have the final say on legislation for the country. The method of decision-making and the demarcation of citizens vary by country within a democracy. That the government should be divided into three branches: one to make laws, another to carry them out, and a third to interpret them. That is done in a democracy by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Learn more on government -

https://brainly.com/question/8973017

#SPJ9

mike giancola emphasized that complex problems require ________ solutions.

Answers

Mike Giancola emphasized that complex problems require "innovative" solutions.

When dealing with complex problems, conventional or traditional approaches may not be sufficient to address the intricacies and challenges involved. Innovative solutions are characterized by their ability to think outside the box, approach problems from different angles, and consider creative alternatives. They involve novel ideas, approaches, or technologies that can offer unique perspectives and strategies to tackle complex issues effectively.

Innovation often involves taking risks, challenging the status quo, and embracing new ways of thinking and problem-solving. It encourages the exploration of unconventional solutions that may lead to breakthroughs and advancements.

By emphasizing the need for innovative solutions, Mike Giancola recognizes that complex problems cannot be adequately addressed through routine or standard approaches. Instead, a fresh and inventive perspective is necessary to navigate the complexities and find effective resolutions.

learn more about innovative here:

https://brainly.com/question/30929075

#SPJ11

How is a deposition different from historical fiction, such as Longfellow's poem "Paul Revere's Ride"?

A.Historical fiction is based solely on facts.
B.Historical fiction includes made-up details.
C.A deposition includes a person’s thoughts and feelings.
D.A deposition is based on someone’s imagination.

Answers

The answer is “A.Historical fiction is based solely on facts.”

dr. emerson teaches two sections of chemistry class. recently, someone was caught cheating on the midterm exam. based on the research on the ego-depletion effects of self-regulation, in which section was the cheating most likely to have occurred? group of answer choices the 4:00 p.m. section the 8:00 a.m. section the 12:00 noon section the 9:00 a.m. section

Answers

The 8:00 a.m. section is most likely to have had the cheating occur as it has been demonstrated in various studies that individuals are more likely to have depleted self-regulatory resources in the morning due to a lack of sleep and circadian rhythms.

A study by Gailliot and Baumeister (2007) showed that individuals with the least amount of self-control performed the worst on the task in the morning compared to the afternoon. This could be due to the fact that self-control relies on glucose levels, which are lower in the morning due to overnight fasting.

Furthermore, research by Apodaca, Zell, and Robinson (2015) demonstrated that students are more likely to engage in unethical behaviors when there is less time pressure. As the 8:00 a.m. section is likely to be the most pressured for time due to the other commitments of the day, this section is likely to have the highest rates of cheating.

In conclusion, the 8:00 a.m. section is the most likely section to have had the cheating occur on the midterm exam due to the depleted self-regulatory resources of the students in the morning, as well as the high time pressure due to other commitments during the day.

To learn more about cheating here:

https://brainly.com/question/26258583#

#SPJ11

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness....”
- Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

Which group's point of view is best represented by this excerpt?
1. Slaves
2. Loyalists
3. Native Americans
4. Patriots

Answers

The view is from the group of the Patriots

All of the following are goals of psychology except
A. predicting
B. describing
C. curing
D. controlling
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Ο Ο Ο Ο
D

Answers

Answer:

Controlling

Explanation:

It isn't the aim of psychology as it's studying the mind and conscious, not creating terminators.

Hope this helps :)

Answer:

C.

Explanation:

I TOOK THE TEST  

On a highway with two-way traffic, after passing a vehicle, you must get back to the right-hand side of the road before coming within _____ feet of any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction.

Answers

Answer:

200

Explanation:

The ________ function allows for multiple criteria in multiple ranges to be evaluated and counted.

Answers

The countifs function allows for multiple criteria in multiple ranges to be evaluated and counted.

Excel has a built-in function called COUNTIF that counts the specified cells. There are both simple and complex applications for the COUNTIF function. The fundamental application of counting specific numbers and words is covered in this.

Learn how to count text in Excel by utilising the function COUNTIF and the wildcard *-define criteria with the formula =COUNTIF(range;"*").

In Excel, the range is the specified cell range where you wish to count the text, and the wildcard * is the search criterion for all instances of text in the range.

To know more about countif function refer to the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/24211266?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ4

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates Group of answer choices discrimination. Generalization. An unconditioned response. Operant conditioning

Answers

Kim-Li's continued terror response to the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping, a year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, best illustrates discrimination.

Discrimination, in the context of psychology, refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to each one. In this case, Kim-Li's terror response specifically to the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping indicates discrimination.

Following the traumatic experience of a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li has associated the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping with the intense fear and danger she experienced during the incident. As a result, she responds with terror when encountering these specific stimuli.

Kim-Li's response demonstrates discrimination because she is able to differentiate between the specific stimuli that were present during the traumatic event (toy guns and popping balloons) and other similar stimuli that do not trigger the same fear response. She has learned to respond selectively to these particular cues based on her past experience.

This example highlights how individuals can develop specific responses and associations to certain stimuli following a traumatic event, demonstrating the psychological phenomenon of discrimination.

Learn more about traumatic experience here :

https://brainly.com/question/32276742

#SPJ11

When time is 6 p.M on Monday 25th December at Greenwich, the time at 180 degree East longitude will be ………a.M ……day …………the December. And the time at 180 degree west longitude will be ………a.M ……day …………the December.

Answers

Answer:

1) east longitude will be 6 am, Monday 25th

2) west longitude will be 6 am, Tuesday 26th

Explanation:

Every 15° is equal to one hour

Greenwich is the zero in GMT.

For east, 180°/15 = 12 hours late

Therefore time will be 6 am December 25th.

For the west, time will be 6 am December 26th.

Need help on number 4!

Need help on number 4!

Answers

Answer:

I think it should be Advertising because that's the way people mostly see new things with advertisement

I think the last one cause it makes more sense

The number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories determined by calorimeters, is known as _____.

Answers

The number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories determined by calorimeters, is known as bioavailability.

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body after consumption. It takes into account various factors such as the nutrient's chemical form, the presence of other compounds in the food, and individual variations in digestion and absorption.


Calorimeters, on the other hand, measure the total energy content of a food by burning it and measuring the heat released. This method provides an estimate of the potential energy available in the food but does not account for differences in bioavailability.



Bioavailability can vary depending on the nutrient and the food source. For example, the bioavailability of certain vitamins and minerals may be influenced by factors such as cooking methods, food processing, and the presence of other compounds that enhance or inhibit absorption. In some cases, the body may only be able to absorb a fraction of the nutrient present in the food.



It is important to consider bioavailability when evaluating the nutritional value of foods. Even if a food is high in a particular nutrient, it does not guarantee that the body will be able to absorb and utilize that nutrient efficiently. Therefore, it is essential to have a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods to ensure adequate intake.


Know more about bioavailability here:

https://brainly.com/question/31719537

#SPJ11

an ______ is a time set aside for voting

Answers

Answer:

election

Explanation:

What were the rules of Royal Colony of Georgia?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The Royal Governors let the colonists own land. However, not everybody was allowed to own land. Black people were not allowed to own land. Women were not allowed to own land.

Answer:

the Royal Governors let the colonists own land. However, not everybody was allowed to own land. Black people were not allowed to own land. Women were not allowed to own land.

Explanation:

What is a journal article?
A book or book chapter from an academic publisher
A set of related papers published under a domain name
An article describing new research that has been reviewed by other experts in the field
An article in a magazine or newspaper
A report written by the government or a company

Answers

A journal article is an article describing new research that has been reviewed by other experts in the field. Journal articles are academic works that are peer-reviewed and published in academic journals.

Academic journals are periodicals that provide a forum for academic research to be disseminated and debated. They are primarily intended for researchers, academics, and scholars to publish their work, share knowledge, and review and critique the work of others. Academic journals are often peer-reviewed, which means that experts in the field will scrutinize a manuscript before it is accepted for publication.

The primary purpose of publishing a journal article is to disseminate new research and ideas. Publishing in academic journals is also important for building a reputation in one's field, and it can help secure funding for future research projects. Finally, publishing in academic journals is important for tenure and promotion in academia, as it is often a requirement for advancement.

To learn more about manuscript

https://brainly.com/question/30126850

#SPJ11

Think of another story you have read, and consider how characterization helps develop themes in that story. In what ways is it similar to or different from the relationship between characterization and theme in “The Rules of the Game”?

Answers

The author aids readers in better understanding a character by providing details about that character's characteristics. The author provides a peek of their opinions on several subjects by demonstrating how they react to certain situations.

How do the characters' actions affect the issue of the story?

Characters display their traits via their words and deeds. The work's character interactions and plot-related events help to emphasize the concept. Human character can be affected by internal and external factors. A character can occasionally behave as a more significant symbol.

What are the rules and game themes?

In the film "Rules of the Game," Waverly Jong, a teenage chess prodigy, and her bond with her Chinese immigrant mother are depicted. One of the topics of "Rules of the Game" is the use of manipulation as a standard for communication in the game of life.

What unifying principle unifies the regulations of the game?

One of Lindo's top concerns is educating her family about Chinese traditions. Her ambitions had a big influence on the story. She taught Waverly the essentials of life throughout the story, which had an impact. This illustrates how chess is a metaphor for life.

Learn more about Human character: https://brainly.com/question/28168564

#SPJ1

Examine the political cartoon. What message is the cartoonist trying to send about ratification? (3 points)


A. The Constitution was almost ratified.

B. The government wouldn't survive if the states didn't unite.

C. The states were better off on their own.

D. The Constitution would survive, even if not all of the states ratified it.

Examine the political cartoon. What message is the cartoonist trying to send about ratification? (3 points)A.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

The government wouldn't survive if the states didn't unite.

This is apparent.If the states wouldn't be united but divided,they will fall.

list at least four benefits of using an rti approach with struggling students.

Answers

Using an RTI approach with struggling students has several benefits.

Firstly, it allows for early identification of academic difficulties and provides timely and targeted interventions to address these issues.

Secondly, RTI promotes a data-driven decision-making process, enabling teachers to monitor students' progress and adjust their instructional strategies accordingly. This leads to more effective teaching practices and improved learning outcomes.

Additionally, the RTI model promotes collaboration among teachers, specialists, and parents, fostering a team approach to addressing student needs. This collaborative effort helps to create a supportive environment for struggling students, enhancing their chances of success.

Finally, RTI can help reduce the number of unnecessary referrals for special education services by providing targeted interventions and supports, potentially reducing the overidentification of students for special education services.

Overall, the use of an RTI approach can lead to improved academic achievement, increased student engagement, and a more equitable and inclusive learning environment.

Know more about the RTI approach here:

https://brainly.com/question/7303599

#SPJ11

gender inequality is a complex social problem in nepal. justify?​

Answers

Answer:

Gender inequality in Nepal refers to disparities and inequalities between men and women in Nepal, a landlocked country in South Asia

1. Why was federal ruling System implemented in Nepal? Give any four reasons​

Answers

Answer:

Federalism is seen as an inclusive practice for Nepal

Explanation:

Federalism has been seen as the answer to solving regional inequality and reducing the economic, social and religious discrimination, the country has transformed into a federal structure as result. Nepal has been a federal democratic republican state since may 28, 2008.

how many super bowl rings does bill belichick have

Answers

Answer:

The only other NFL coach with at least 40 consecutive NFL coaching seasons is Tom Moore with 41. Bill Belichick completed his 48th season as an NFL coach in 2022 and is in his 23rd season as head coach of the New England Patriots. Belichick is the only head coach in NFL history to win six Super Bowl titles.

hope it helps you mark me brain list


He has eight.

Belichick helped win Super Bowl XXI and XXV when he was defensive coordinator of the New York Giants under Bill Parcells, and won rings for both of those victories.

As head coach of the New England Patriots, he has won six more: XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI, and LIII.

The report process is one of reducing the information collected to a size that can be handled conveniently in a written message.
True
False

Answers

The report process is one of reducing the information collected to a size that can be handled conveniently in a written message - true.

A report is a document that communicates information obtained from a study, investigation, or research. It's a method of presenting data that has been compiled in an organized, clear, and readily understandable manner. Reports are used in business, education, science, and other fields as a means of conveying information to a larger audience in a clear and concise way.

The report process involves gathering data, evaluating it, organizing it, and presenting it in a format that is easy to read and understand. During this process, the information is distilled and condensed to a size that can be conveniently presented in a written message. In essence, the report process is all about communicating information in a way that is understandable and accessible to a wide audience.

The given statement "The report process is one of reducing the information collected to a size that can be handled conveniently in a written message" is true.

To know more about report visit :

brainly.com/question/32289813

#SPJ11

which of these is not part of the dsm-iv criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder? important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use. larger amounts of a substance are taken or over a longer period of time than intended. a person has frequent substance-related legal problems. substance use continues despite persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by the substance use.

Answers

The term that is not part of the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder is "persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by the substance use".
One of these options is not part of the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder: "a person has frequent substance-related legal problems." The other three options are indeed part of the criteria.

Psychological problems refer to any mental health condition or disorder that affects a person's thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or overall well-being. Some common psychological problems include anxiety disorders, mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder, personality disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse disorders.

Other psychological problems may include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These conditions can have a significant impact on a person's daily life and may require treatment, such as therapy or medication, to manage symptoms and improve overall functioning.

Visit here to learn more about psychological problems brainly.com/question/4496833

#SPJ11

A. B. C. D. right answers only.

A. B. C. D. right answers only.

Answers

Answer:A

Explanation:

in theravada buddhism, refuge is sought in the three jewels of the triple gem, which are the

Answers

In Theravada Buddhism, refuge is sought in the three jewels of the Triple Gem, which are the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sangha.

The three jewels of the Triple Gem are foundational aspects of Theravada Buddhism. The first jewel is the Buddha, which refers to Gautama Buddha, the historical figure who attained enlightenment and serves as the teacher and guide. The second jewel is the Dhamma, which represents the teachings of the Buddha, encompassing the principles and practices that lead to liberation and the end of suffering.

The third jewel is the Sangha, which refers to the community of ordained monks and nuns who have dedicated themselves to the Buddhist path. Seeking refuge in the three jewels signifies placing trust and commitment in the Buddha, his teachings, and the monastic community as sources of guidance and support on the spiritual journey.

Learn more about Buddhism

https://brainly.com/question/8920497

#SPJ4


Complete Question:

in theravada buddhism, refuge is sought in the three jewels of the triple gem, which are the___.

Compare the expectations of the first Jamestown settlers with the reality they encountered

Answers

The original English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, wanted to start new lives far from England, but life there in the early 1600s was mostly one of peril, suffering, disease, and death.

Problems faced by the early Jamestown settlers :

It was situated in a low, marshy area. Numerous settlers fell ill as a result of mosquito-borne illnesses. Jamestown was on the verge of failure several times. The colony was only kept together by the timely arrival of supply ships and capable leadership.

The main issues the early settlers had to deal with were a lack of skilled labor, food shortages, disease, and illness, as well as forging relationships with the local Powhatan Indians.

The colony struggled right from the start to keep a food supply. A prolonged seven-year drought that put a burden on food supplies for everyone in the area caused trade relations with the Virginia Indian tribes to become strained.

To know more about "Jamestown settlers", kindly click on the link below :

brainly.com/question/6205138?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ1

Other Questions
what is the soultion to this equation? 9^x-1=2 A. -1/2 B. 1/2 C. 1 D. 2 After Benjamin Franklin proposed the idea of France aiding the US, it took France's King Louis XVI only ____ ____ to agree. 3. Why did European nations compete for control over territory in the Americas? Is overfishing density dependent or density independent? (WILL GIVE BRAINLY + 20 points) HIJK is a triangle based pyramid. The base HIJ is an equilateral triangle with side 10cm. The volume of the pyramid is 300cm^3. Calculate the perpendicular height, h, of the pyramid. 2. Gao, Y., Sun, Y., Ercan-Sencicek, A.G., King, J.S., Akerberg, B.N., Ma, Q., Kontaridis, M.I., Pu, W.T. and Lin, Z. (2021) YAP/TEAD1 Complex Is a Default Repressor of Cardiac Toll-Like Receptor Genes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, 6649. The cost of common equity is based on the rate of return that investors require on the company's common stock. New common equity is raised in two ways: (1) by retaining some of the current year's earnings and (2) by issuing new common stock. Equity raised by issuing stock has a(n) ____________ cost, re, than equity raised from retained earnings, rs, due to flotation costs required to sell new common stock. Some argue that retained earnings should be "free" because they represent money that is left over after dividends are paid. While it is true that no direct costs are associated with retained earnings, this capital still has a cost, a(n) ______________ cost. The firm's after-tax earnings belong to its stockholders, and these earnings serve to compensate them for the use of their capital. The earnings can either be paid out in the form of dividends to stockholders who could have invested this money in alternative investments or retained for reinvestment in the firm. Therefore, the firm needs to earn at least as much on any earnings retained as the stockholders could earn on alternative investments of comparable risk. If the firm cannot invest retained earnings to earn at least rs, it should pay those funds to its stockholders and let them invest directly in stocks or other assets that will provide that return. There are three procedures that can be used to estimate the cost of retained earnings: the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk-Premium approach, and the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach. The arbezani economy is operating at a point inside its production possibility frontier. this may be because:________ help needed!!! OVER DUE ASSIGNMENT! click picture!! For the accident of Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, British Petroleum took the followingsteps to pay for the serious consequences (i=7% per quarter). Pay $3 billion at the end of the third quarterof 2010 and another $2 billion at the end of the fourth quarter of 2010. Make payments of $1.25 billioneach quarter thereafter until a total of $20 billion (the total $20 billion includes the payments in 2010).a) Develop a cash flow diagram.b) What is the equivalent present value at the beginning of the third quarter of 2010?c) What is the equivalent present value at the beginning of the first quarter of 2010?d) What is the equivalent future value at the end of 2013? Translation how many units right followed by a dilation with a scale factor of?Help please! On January 8, the end of the first weekly pay period of the year, Regis Company's payroll register showed that its employees earned $23,760 of office salaries and $70,840 of sales salaries. Withholdings from the employees' salaries include FICA Social Security taxes at the rate of 6.20%, FICA Medicare taxes at the rate of 1.45%, $12,960 of federal income taxes, $1,360 of medical insurance deductions, and $780 of union dues. No employee earned more than $7,000 in this first period.Required: 1.1 Calculate below the amounts for each of these four taxes of Regis Company. Regis's merit rating reduces its state unemployment tax rate to 4% of the first $7,000 paid each employee. The federal unemployment tax rate is 0.8%.Prepare the journal entry to record Regis Company's January 8 (employee) payroll expenses and liabilities.Prepare the journal entry to record Regis (employer) payroll taxes resulting from the January Vialom network has organized an online web concert featuring various well-known pop stars, which will stream globally. It has contacted JMT internet services to help the company in delivering a single video stream to multiple receivers so that there is minimal network traffic. Analyze which of the following IPv6 addresses it should use in this case.Loopback addressUnicast addressLink local addressMulticast address 1Q is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Suppose one individual is randomly chosen. Let X = 1Q of an individual.Part (a)Give the distribution of Xx-______Part (b)Find the probability that the person has an IQ greater than 130Write the probability statementWhat is the probability? (Round your answer to four decimal places.) Read the scenario.A group of four friends are in class together. They areall members of the school band. After class, onemember of the group asks the others if they want todiscuss where to have their next practice. All fourmembers decide this is a good idea. Two of the friendssuggest their houses for the practice. All members ofthe group vote on where to have the practice. answers to morality as anti-nature by friedrich nietzsche How did the death of his father affect Hamlet? Explain how biochemical evidence, including DNA, helps scientists to learn about early life on Earth. HELPPPP MATH 20 pointssss The crime of obtaining goods, services, or property through deception or trickery is known as which of the following?- Conflict of interest- Breach of contract- Fraud- Misrepresentation