The rectangular frame is composed of four perimeter two-force members and two cables ac and bd which are incapable of supporting compression. Determine the forces in all members due to the load l in position (a) and then in position (b).

Answers

Answer 1

The answer to this question is:

A) Force at AB = AD = BD = 0, BC = LC

   AC = (5L/3)T, CD = (4L/3)C

B) Force at AB = AD = BC = BD = 0

  AC = (5L/3)T, CD = (4L/3)C

Since it is a rectangular frame so the forces will be defined by :

A) Forces in all members due to the load L in position A

assuming that BD goes slack from an inspection of Joint B

AB = BD = AD = 0

BC = LC

AB = 0 and BC = LC from Joint D, AD = 0 and CD = 4L/3 C

At joint A,

A(y) = ∑f(x) = 0 : (4L/3) + (5L/3).(4/5) = 0

      = ∑f(y) = 0 : L - 3/5AC = 0 , AC = (5L/3) - T

B) Forces in all members due to the load L in position B

steps to arrive to the answer is attached below

AB = AD = BC = BD = 0

AC = (5L/3)T, CD = (4L/3)C

Assuming that BD goes slack from

Joint B = AB = BC = 0

From joint D, AD = 0 and CD = (4L/3)C

Joint C = ∑f(x) = 0 ; (4L/3) - (5L/3)(4/5) = 0

            =∑f(y) = 0 AC(3/5) - L = 0, AC = (5L/3)T

Therefore, all the forces defined will be based on the connecting points through the line between them.

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The Rectangular Frame Is Composed Of Four Perimeter Two-force Members And Two Cables Ac And Bd Which

Related Questions

A jumbo jet must reach a speed of 360 km/h on the runway for takeoff. What is the lowest constant acceleration needed for takeoff from a 1.80 km runway

Answers

The lowest constant acceleration needed for takeoff from a 1.80 km runway is 2.8 m/s².

To find the answer, we need to know about the Newton's equation of motion.

What's the Newton's equation of motion to find the acceleration in term of initial velocity, final velocity and distance?The Newton's equation of motion that connects velocity, distance and acceleration is V² - U²= 2aSV= final velocity, U= initial velocity, S= distance and a= accelerationWhat's the acceleration, if the initial velocity, final velocity and distance are 0 m/s, 360km/h and 1.8 km respectively?Here, S= 1.8 km or 1800 m, V= 360km/h or 100m/s , U= 0 m/sSo, 100²-0= 2×a×1800

=> 10000= 3600a

=> a= 10000/3600 = 2.8 m/s²

Thus, we can conclude that the lowest constant acceleration needed for takeoff from a 1.80 km runway is 2.8 m/s².

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Thoughts about controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature when in fact humanity is part of nature

Answers

Incomplete question. However, I inferred you want an explanation for the assertion above.

Explanation:

Interestingly, humans have a diverse thought process, it is this diversity that makes part of us want to control how others behave forgetting that humanity is part of nature; which is also diverse.

For example, we know humans do not wings to fly, it is not part of our nature. Similarly, others do not display affection the same we do today and are so we need to respect their nature; their personality.

the am radio band in a particular area has a frequency range of 517 khz to 1612 khz. how long is the wavelength of the radiation at the beginning of the range? answer in units of m.

Answers

The wavelength of the radiation at the beginning of the range is 5.8 × 10² -  1.86 × 10² meter.

A wave is a non-stop and repeating disturbance of a medium and a pulse is an unmarried disturbance.

Calculation:-

c=λ⋅f

λ= c/f

 = 3 × 10⁸ /  517 × 1000

 =  5.8 × 10²

λ= c/f

 = 3 × 10⁸ /  1612 × 1000

= 1.86 × 10²

Therefore, wavelength range =  5.8 × 10² -  1.86 × 10² meter.

A wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance of one or greater portions. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium cost at some frequency. wave, propagation of disturbances from place to vicinity in a regular and prepared way. maximum familiar are floor waves that journey on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all showcase wavelike houses.

A wave is a disturbance in a medium that contains strength without an internet motion of particles. it is able to take the form of elastic deformation, a variation of stress, electric or magnetic intensity, electric-powered potential, or temperature.

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Why is a protective apron or lab coat important to use when working with acids?

Acids conduct electricity and contact could cause a shock.
Acids react with lipids and can cause damage to skin tissue.
Acids break down fabrics and can cause burns if the acids are strong.
Acids have a slippery feel and could result in a fall.

Answers

Answer:

Acids break down fabrics and can cause burns if the acids are strong.

Explanation:

When working with acids, it is advisable for a scientist for wear a protective apron or lab coat because acids break down fabrics and can cause burns.

Acids are chemical substances that produces excess hydroxonium ions in solutions.

Due to their unique properties they are highly corrosive and are used to remove rusts from any surface. We they come in contact with the human body, they can cause severe burns especially if they are very strong acid. If an apron is worn, then the body will be shielded.

Answer:

C. Acids break down fabrics and can cause burns if the acids are strong.

Explanation:

i did the quiz on edg

can you please help me solve the question below in the image ​

can you please help me solve the question below in the image

Answers

The torque required to tighten the bolt is 16.9485 Nm when using the metric unit system.

First, we need to convert the units of the given torque from pound-foot (lbf-ft) to newton-meter (Nm):

1 lbf-ft = 1 pound * 1 foot = 1 lbf * 0.3048 m (since 1 m = 3.281 ft)

= 1 lbf * 0.3048 m/ft * 4.448 N/lbf (using the conversion factor 1 lbf = 4.448 N)

= 1.3558 Nm

Therefore, 12.5 lbf-ft is equivalent to:

12.5 lbf-ft * 1.3558 Nm/lbf-ft = 16.9485 Nm (rounded to four decimal places)

So the torque required to tighten the bolt is 16.9485 Nm when using the metric unit system.

What is torque?

Torque is a measure of the force that causes an object to rotate around an axis or pivot point. It is often described as a twisting or turning force and is commonly denoted by the symbol "τ" (tau).

The magnitude of torque depends on two factors: the magnitude of the force and the distance between the force and the axis of rotation. The greater the force or the distance, the greater the torque will be. Mathematically, torque can be expressed as:

τ = r x F

The unit of torque is the newton-meter (Nm) in the metric system, which is the force of one newton applied at a distance of one meter from the axis of rotation.

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At what time of day do we use more energy? Why?

Answers

Answer:

The bottom line

That's because our internal clocks tend to use up the most calories from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. and the least from 4 a.m. to 6 a.m., researchers concluded. If we're up late and eating when our bodies are using up fewer calories, those calories get stored instead, which can result in weight 

Explanation:

Mark as Brainliest Please, hope that helps

using the variation of parameter formula determine the general solution of t2y′′ 3ty′ y = ln(t) t > 0.

Answers

The general solution is y(t) = c1t + c2t ln(t) - (1/3)ln(t), where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

How to find general solution?

To find the general solution of the differential equation\(t^2\)y'' + 3ty' + y = ln(t), where t > 0, we can use the method of variation of parameters.

First, we find the complementary solution by solving the associated homogeneous equation\(t^2\)y'' + 3ty' + y = 0. This equation can be rewritten as \(t^2\)y'' + 3ty' + ty' + y = 0, and factoring out y' gives t(ty')' + (ty)' = 0. Integrating this equation, we obtain ty' + ty = c1, where c1 is a constant.

Now, we assume the particular solution as y_p = u(t)y1 + v(t)y2, where y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous equation. Differentiating y_p twice and substituting it into the original equation, we can solve for u'(t) and v'(t) using the formulas:

u'(t) = -(y2 ln(t))/(W(t)y1)

v'(t) = (y1 ln(t))/(W(t)y2)

Here, W(t) is the Wronskian of y1 and y2. After integrating u'(t) and v'(t), we can substitute the obtained expressions back into the particular solution equation to find the general solution.

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a hiker of mass 59 kg is going to climb to the top of mount tam, which has an elevation of 2,574 ft.part (a) if the hiker starts climbing at an elevation of 560 ft, what will their change in gravitational potential energy be, in joules, once they reach the top? assume the zero of gravitational potential energy is at sea level.

Answers

457280.13 8 J change in gravitational potential energy is needed.

where

m = 68 kj

H = 2574 ft

where = 32 5 ft

a )if Gravitational potential energy is zero at see level .

then at strating

point,

Equation

G. P . E ( Ui ) = mgh

Change in G PE ;

AU = UJ - Vi

= mgy- mgh = mg ( H-h)

= 68 x9.81 [2574 - 325 0.3048

AU = 457280' 138 Joules

at top

GPE ( Uf ) = mgy

P . E = 0

GPF = Gravitational potential Energy .

at Top ape = 0

b)then change in GPE ;

ΔU = U(top) - Vata

= 0 - [-mg ( 4-h )]

= mg ( H-h j

= 68 * 9 . 81 [ 257 4 - 325 ) 0.3048

ΔU = 45 7280 . 13 8 J.

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please help answer worth 15!!

please help answer worth 15!!

Answers

Answer:

First option, check image uploaded.

Explanation:

Acceleration defined as time rate of change of velocity. Or change in velocity per change in time.

Acceleration is also the slope of the graph of  velocity against time.

\(Acceleration = \frac{dv}{dt}\)

Also change in displacement with time is velocity.

From the given options, the correct graph is in the first option, as shown in the image uploaded.

please help answer worth 15!!

How can a change in mass affect the motion on an object? Explain how you got the answer step-by-step

Answers

Explanation:

Okay so if lets start with a law of motion. (Newtons second law of motion)*The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the directional force*. This means that f = ma *the attached image shows how to get here *since f is the force is the one needed to 'obtain' the motion you will notice that if my value of m changes my f chances for example lets take a to be 1 (keep it constant)lets have m=3 or 120, will change likewise fa change in f means a change in motion be it deceleration or acceleration l hope this makes sense and l hope that it's correct
How can a change in mass affect the motion on an object? Explain how you got the answer step-by-step

Andy took a bus and then walked from his home to downtown. For the
first 1.6 hour, the bus drove at an average speed of 15 km/h. For the
next 0.4 hours, he walked at an average speed of 4.5 km/h. What was
the average speed for the whole journey?

Answers

Answer:

Av = 12.9 [km/h]

Explanation:

We must remember that the average speed is defined as the relationship between the space traveled over a certain time.

\(Av = x/t\)

where:

Av = average speed [km/h]

x = distance [km]

t = time [hr]

For when he was on the bus

The distance can be calculated by clearing the equation, for the term of the distance

\(x_{1}= A_{v}*t\\x_{1}= 15*1.6\\x_{1}=24[km]\)

For when Andy was walking

\(x_{2}=A_{v}*t\\x_{2}=4.5*0.4\\x_{2}=1.8 [km]\)

Now the total time is the sum of 1.6 + 0.4 = 2 [hr], and the total distance is the sum of the distances calculated above.

\(x = 24 + 1.8\\x = 25.8 [km]\)

The average speed is calculated using the ratio of space to time.

\(Av = 25.8/2\\Av = 12.9 [km/h]\)

a spider is crawling at 630 ft/hr. the room is 15 ft wide. How long does it take the spider to travel

Answers

The time taken for the spider crawling at 630 ft/hr to travel through the 15 ft wide room is 42 hours

How do I determine the time taken for the spider to travel?

From the formula of speed, we can obtain a formula for calculating time as illustrated below:

Speed = Distance / time

Cross multiply

Speed × time = Distance

Divide both sides by speed

Time = Distance / speed

Using the above formula, we can obtain the time taken from the spider to travel through the room. Details as follow:

Speed of spider = 630 ft/hrDistance travel = 15 ftTime taken to travel =?

Time = Distance / speed

Time = 630 / 15

Time = 42 hours

From the calculation made above, we can conclude that the time taken is 42 hours

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Why do stars more massive than the sun have a higher surface temperature than the sun?.

Answers

Answer:

Stars that are more than 40 times more massive than our Sun, cannot expand into a red supergiant. This is because they burn too quickly and lose their outer layers fast. They will reach the blue supergiant stage, or perhaps yellow hypergiant, before returning to become hotter stars.

Explanation:

Answer:

Cause there bigger so they have a more hotter surface.

residents of a remote village without grid elecricity want to use solar power to pump underground water. size the necessary battery bank (how many batteries are needed?)

Answers

The necessary battery bank for the residents of a remote village without grid electricity and wants to use solar power to pump underground water is 9 batteries

The details about requirements and battery are as follows:

Necessary power 1080 W. Operating time 18 h/day. Desired storage time is 1 day. Depth of discharge is 80%. One battery gives 12 V and 225 Ah.

Energy provided by battery = 12 * 225

Energy provided by battery = 2700 Wh

Since DOD is only 80 %, the battery will only provide 80 % of power.

Actual energy provided by battery = 2700 * 0.8

Actual energy provided by battery = 2160 Wh

Total energy needed in a day = 1080 * 18

Total energy needed in a day = 19440 Wh

Number of batteries required = 19440 / 2160

Number of batteries required = 9

Therefore, the necessary battery bank is 9 batteries

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define relative velocity​

Answers

Cccddydjddbfhfjjdhhdbhjff

Give proof that mass is constant and weight keeps changing.​

Answers


The mass of an object stays the same wherever it is, but its weight can change. This happens if the object goes where the gravitational field strength is different from the gravitational field strength on Earth, such as into space or another planet.

At 7:00 AM, which intervention would the nurse implement when noting the patient's urine output was 1500 mL of clear yellow urine for yesterday's 12-hour day shift and 700 mL urine output on last night's 12-hour shift? Perform a straight catheterization. Restrict fluid intake to clear liquids.

Answers

At 7:00 AM, based on the information provided regarding the patient's urine output, the nurse would implement the intervention of performing a straight cauterization. This procedure involves inserting a catheter into the patient's bladder to drain the urine directly.

On the other hand, performing a straight cauterization involves the insertion of a catheter into the patient's bladder to directly drain urine. However, there is no indication in the scenario that suggests the need for cauterization. Straight cauterization is typically utilized when a patient is unable to adequately empty their bladder or when accurate measurement of urine output is required.

Based on the information provided, the more appropriate intervention to address the patient's urine output is to restrict fluid intake to clear liquids. It is important to note that any interventions should be implemented following a comprehensive assessment and in consultation with the healthcare team.

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The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or uniform motion is called __.
A
Inertia
B
Momentum
C
Impulse
D
Force

Answers

The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or uniform motion is called:

Option A. Inertia.

Inertia is a material attribute that characterises an object's resistance to change while at rest or in uniform motion. Galileo Galilei, a scientist, created the word in the 17th century.

Inertia is classified into two types:

Rest inertia is an object's tendency to remain at rest while no external force is acting on it.

Motion inertia : When no external force is applied on an item, its propensity is to continue travelling in a straight path at a constant speed.

The amount of inertia an item possesses is proportional to its mass. The bigger an object's mass, the higher its inertia.This indicates that changing the object's state of motion will be more complex.

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Why do electrons flow in a circuit

Answers

Answer:

When a negative charge is brought near one end of a conductor electrons are repelled. ... When electric voltage is applied, an electric field within the metal triggers the movement of the electrons, making them shift from one end to another end of the conductor. Electrons will move toward the positive side.

HELP!!! 50 POINTS AND BRAINLY-EST

HELP!!! 50 POINTS AND BRAINLY-EST

Answers

B. Wave 1 has a smaller amplitude than wave 3.

Explanation:

The smaller the amplitude is, the more waves it's gonna  have. And you can tell, wave 1 has more waves than wave 3.

the apparent backward motion of a planet as seen against the background of stars is called

Answers

The apparent backward motion of a planet as seen against the background of stars is called "retrograde motion." This occurs when a planet appears to move in the opposite direction of its usual motion, due to the relative positions and motion of both the observed planet and Earth.

Retrograde motion was a major mystery to ancient astronomers. They believed that the planets were perfect spheres that moved in perfect circles. They could not explain why the planets sometimes appeared to move backwards.

The Greek astronomer Ptolemy proposed a model of the universe that could explain retrograde motion. His model was based on the idea that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that the planets, Sun, and stars all revolved around the Earth. Ptolemy's model was very successful in explaining the motion of the planets, and it was used for over 1,500 years.In the 16th century, Nicolas Copernicus proposed a new model of the universe that placed the Sun at the center. Copernicus's model could also explain retrograde motion, and it eventually replaced Ptolemy's model.

Today, we know that the planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits. This means that their motion is not always in the same direction. When a planet is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth, it appears to move backwards in the sky. This is what causes retrograde motion.

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Scientists have invented the equipment to harness the power of lighting for energy use. True or false

Answers

I think it’s false .
Let me know if it’s incorrect .

If the distance between two point charges is tripled, the mutual force between them will be changed by what factor?

Answers

If the distance between two point charges is tripled, the mutual force attraction between them will be reduced by a factor of 1 by 9th.

The square of the separation distance is inversely correlated with the electrostatic force which is the mutual force of attraction. F is therefore nine times smaller, or one-ninth the original value if the distance between the charges is made three times larger.

A point charge is defined as a charge which doesn't have any area or volume and hence it appears as a point.

The mutual force of attraction which is also referred to as the electrostatic force of attraction is defined as the force that exists between two charged particles in a 3D space.

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Fill in the blank: A _____ is dissolved by a solvent

Answers

Solute is dissolved by a solvent
Solute - The solute is the substance that is being dissolved by another substance. In the example above, the salt is the solute.

I NEED HELP PLEASE, thanks! :)
A laser beam from Earth is reflected back from a mirror on the Moon in 2.60 s. If the distance between Earth and the Moon is 3.85 × 108m, calculate the speed of light. Please show all work.

Answers

Answer:

2.96×10⁸ m/s

Explanation:

Speed = distance / time

v = (2 × 3.85×10⁸ m) / (2.60 s)

v = 2.96×10⁸ m/s

Assume that a parcel of unsaturated air is at a temperature of 24 degrees C at sea level before it rises up a mountain slope, and that the lifting condensation level of this parcel is 3000 meters. What is the temperature of this parcel after it has risen to 5000 meters

Answers

The temperature of the parcel after rising to 5000 m would be approximately -3.5° C if the lapse rate is dry adiabatic, and around 14-19° C if the lapse rate is moist adiabatic.

The lapse rate refers to the rate at which temperature changes with height in the atmosphere. In the case of dry adiabatic lapse rate, the temperature decreases by about 5.5° C per 1000 meters of ascent. So, if the parcel of unsaturated air rises from sea level to 5000 meters with a dry adiabatic lapse rate, the temperature would decrease by (5.5° C/1000 meters) * (5000 meters) = 27.5 ° C, resulting in a temperature of approximately 24° C - 27.5° C = -3.5° C.

On the other hand, if the lapse rate is moist adiabatic, the temperature decrease is slower due to the release of latent heat during condensation. The lifting condensation level (LCL) is the level at which the unsaturated air becomes saturated and condensation begins. Given that the LCL is at 3000 meters, it suggests the presence of moisture in the parcel. With a moist adiabatic lapse rate, the temperature decrease is around 2-3° C per 1000 meters. Therefore, the temperature at 5000 meters would be relatively higher, around 24° C - (2-3° C/1000 meters) * (5000 meters) = 14-19° C.

In conclusion, the temperature of the parcel after rising to 5000 meters would be approximately -3.5° C if the lapse rate is dry adiabatic, and around 14-19° C if the lapse rate is moist adiabatic.

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how do you think increasing or decreasing the copper’s initial temperature would affect the finaltemperature?

Answers

Increasing or decreasing the initial temperature of copper will have an impact on the final temperature based on the laws of thermodynamics. The specific effect will depend on the context and the surrounding conditions.

If we consider a scenario where a piece of copper is brought into contact with a cooler object or environment, increasing the initial temperature of the copper will result in a larger temperature difference between the copper and its surroundings. As a consequence, the copper will lose more heat energy to the surroundings, leading to a higher rate of heat transfer. This will cause the final temperature of the copper to decrease more rapidly, approaching the temperature of the surroundings.

Conversely, if the initial temperature of the copper is decreased, the temperature difference between the copper and its surroundings will be smaller. As a result, the rate of heat transfer from the copper to the surroundings will be lower. This will slow down the cooling process, and the final temperature of the copper will be higher than it would be with a higher initial temperature.

It's important to note that these observations assume that the copper is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings and that no other factors significantly affect the heat transfer process, such as insulation or additional heat sources. The specific conditions and variables involved will ultimately determine the exact impact of changing the initial temperature of the copper on the final temperature.

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which of the following statements are true? check all that apply. which of the following statements are true?check all that apply. an ammeter must be placed in parallel with a resistor to measure the current through the resistor. a voltmeter must be placed in parallel with a resistor to measure the voltage across the resistor. an ammeter is used to measure current. a voltmeter has a small internal resistance. an ammeter has a large internal resistance. a voltmeter is used to measure voltage. request answer provide feedback

Answers

The true statements are: an ammeter is used to measure current, a voltmeter is used to measure voltage, a voltmeter has a small internal resistance. The correct answer is options: 3, 4, 5.  

Ammeter is connected in series with  circuit element being measured and has low internal resistance, which means it does not significantly affect the current it is measuring.

A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure  potential difference or voltage between two points in a circuit. A voltmeter should have a small internal resistance to minimize amount of current it draws from the circuit and to ensure that the voltage it measures is not significantly affected by  presence of the voltmeter in the circuit. Correct options: 3,4,5.

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--The complete Question is,

which of the following statements are true? check all that apply. which of the following statements are true?check all that apply.

1. an ammeter must be placed in parallel with a resistor to measure the current through the resistor.

2. a voltmeter must be placed in parallel with a resistor to measure the voltage across the resistor.

3. an ammeter is used to measure current.

4. an ammeter has a large internal resistance.

5. a voltmeter is used to measure voltage.

6. a voltmeter has a small internal resistance. ---

In the figure, a
4.4 kg
block is accelerated from rest by a compressed spring of spring constant
640 N/m
. The block leaves the spring at the spring's relaxed length and then travels over a horizontal floor with a coefficient of kinetic friction
μ k

=0.296
. The frictional force stops the block in distance
D=7.7 m
. What are (a) the increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system, (b) the maximum kinetic energy of the block, and (c) the original compression distance of the spring? (a) Number Units (b) Number Units In the figure, a
4.4 kg
block is accelerated from rest by a compressed spring of spring constant
640 N/m
. The block leives the spring at the spring's relaxed length and then travels over a horizontal floor with a coefficient of kinetic friction
μ 2

=0.296
. The frictional force stops the block in distance
D=7.7 m
. What are (a) the increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system, (b) the maximum kineticenergy of the block, and (c) the original compression distance of the spring? (a) Number Units (b) Number Units

Answers

The (a) increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system 139.3 J

(b), the maximum kinetic energy of the block 614.3 J

(c), and the original compression distance of the spring 0.625 m

(a) The increase in thermal energy of the block-floor system is equal to the work done by the friction force. This can be calculated using the equation

Work = Force × Distance,

where the friction force is equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction multiplied by the normal force, and the distance is equal to the stopping distance (7.7 m).

Therefore, the increase in thermal energy of the block-floor system is equal to

(0.296 x 4.4 kg x 9.8 m/s² x 7.7 m) = 139.3 J.

(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the block is equal to the kinetic energy of the block when it leaves the spring. This can be calculated using the equation

Kinetic Energy = ½ mv²,

where m is the mass of the block (4.4 kg) and v is the velocity of the block when it leaves the spring. This velocity can be found by using the equation

Force = Mass x Acceleration with the spring constant (640 N/m) and the mass of the block (4.4 kg).

Therefore, the maximum kinetic energy of the block is equal to

(0.5 x 4.4 kg x (640 N/m / 4.4 kg)²) = 614.3 J.

(c) The original compression distance of the spring can be found by using the equation

K.E (spring) 1/2 Kx² + Work done = 0

-1/2 * 640 N/m * x² + 99.93 J = 0

Solving for x, we get:

x = √(99.93 J / (1/2 * 640 N/m))

x = 0.625 m

Therefore, the original compression distance of the spring is 0.625 m.

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CHEGG Calculate the minimum amount of work (in J) required for your heart to pump one 1 liter of blood from your heart to your head, a distance of 0.400 m. Assume a blood density of 1.08 g/cm3.

Answers

The minimum amount of work required for the heart to pump one litre of blood from your heart to your head is 4.35 J.

The work done required to pump 1 L of blood will be equal to the work done against gravity and the work done against the viscosity of blood.

The work done against gravity will be W1 = mgh.

Where, m = mass of blood, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height = distance between heart and head = 0.4 m.

Mass of blood = Density x Volume = 1080 kg/m³ x 0.001 m³ = 1.08 kg

So,W1 = mgh = 1.08 kg x 9.8 m/s² x 0.4 m = 4.2336 J.

And the work done against the viscosity of blood will be W2 = Fd.

Where, F = Force required to pump the blood, d = distance travelled by blood.

Density of blood = 1080 kg/m³.

Volume of blood pumped = 1 L = 0.001 m³Mass of blood = Density x Volume = 1080 kg/m³ x 0.001 m³ = 1.08 kg.

Weight of blood = m x g = 1.08 kg x 9.8 m/s² = 10.584 N.

Force required to pump the blood = weight of blood = 10.584 N.

Density of blood = 1080 kg/m³Volume of blood pumped = 1 L = 0.001 m³.

Distance travelled by blood = distance between heart and head = 0.4 m.

So,W2 = Fd = 10.584 N x 0.4 m = 4.2336 J

Total Work done = W1 + W2 = 4.2336 J + 4.2336 J = 8.4672 J.

Therefore, the minimum amount of work required for the heart to pump one litre of blood from your heart to your head is 4.35 J.

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