the power needed to accelerate a projectile from rest to its launch speed v in a time t is 61.0 w. how much power is needed to accelerate the same projectile from rest to a launch speed of 2v in a time of 1 2 t?

Answers

Answer 1

The same projectile requires 244W of power to accelerate from rest to launch speed.

What kind of energy does acceleration require?

Kinetic energy is the term used in physics to describe the energy an object has as a result of motion. It is defined as the effort required to accelerate a mass-determined body from rest to the indicated velocity.

Power needed P = 61.0 W

initial Launch velocity is v

Energy of projectile when it is launched E = 1/2mv²

Power = energy/time

P = E/t

61 = 1/22mv²/t............(i)

when it is launched, it has 2 v of power.

E₂ = 1/2m(2v)² = 4/2mv²

P = 2mv²/t..........(ii)

Divide i & ii we get

61/P = 1/2ˣ2

P = 61 × 4

P = 244W

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Related Questions

Need help with this physics problem!! 30 points if done!!!

Need help with this physics problem!! 30 points if done!!!

Answers

Answer:

40° 70° 8

Explanation:

Hello!

For an object sliding down an inclined plane, there are two forces working on the object: The normal force and the force due to gravity.

Breaking the force due to gravity into its components, we get a force of:

Mgsinθ, parallel to the incline's slope. This is the NET force acting on the object, causing it to accelerate.

Since ∑F = m · a:

Mgsinθ = m · a

Divide by the mass:

a = gsinθ

For G60 Galvanized tubing, i temperature of the urface important to apply a clear coat?

Answers

Yes it is important that the temperature of the surface important to apply a clear coat for G60 Galvanized tubing.

The end of a steel sheet (either hot- or cold-rolled) is sheared and welded to the preceding coil to form one continuous coil.A high-performance tension leveler is used to straighten the strip, resulting in excellent flatness.

The strip is dipped in an alkali bath and brushed for preliminary degreasing, and then undergoes alkaline electrolytic degreasing. This removes impurities on the material surface that could harm the zinc coating. The strip is then dipped in a acidic bath to activate the surface.

The zinc-coated strip is given various chemical treatments according to intended use, including phosphate treatment for excellent paintability, and chromate free special treatment for good corrosion resistance.

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An hand crank is used to life a bucket of water from a well. The bucket and water have a combined mass of 12.0 kg and must be raised 8.5 m. The force used to lift this load is 40.0 N and must be applied over a total circular distance of 15.0 m. What is the efficiency of the system?Need answer in next hour please? I keep calculating efficiency over 100%???

Answers

Efficiency of a system can never be greater than 100% as it is a ratio of the output work to the input work. In a situation where the efficiency is greater than 100%, this suggests that the output work is greater than the input work, which is impossible.

Calculation of the work done on the bucket of water The work done by the hand crank, W = Fd, where F is the force used to lift the bucket, and d is the distance over which the force is applied. The work done on the bucket is given by the equation W = mgΔh, where m is the mass of the bucket and water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and Δh is the height the bucket is lifted. To determine the efficiency of the system, we must first calculate the work done on the bucket and then calculate the work done by the hand crank. To do so, we use the following equations:

The calculated efficiency is 196.61%, which is greater than 100%. However, this result is incorrect because it violates the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. As a result, the calculated value of efficiency is impossible. The error in the calculation is most likely due to the incorrect measurement of one of the parameters used in the calculation.

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An ambulance is currently traveling at 15m/s, and is accelerating with a constant acceleration of 5 m/s^2. The ambulance is attempting to pass a car that is moving at a constant velocity of 30m/s. How far must the ambulance travel until it matches the car’s velocity?

Answers

initial velocity=15m/s=uAcceleration=a=5m/s^2Final velocity=v=30m/sDistance be s

Using 3rd equation of kinematics

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto v^2-u^2=2as\)

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto s=\dfrac{v^2-u^2}{2a}\)

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto s=\dfrac{30^2-15^2}{2(5)}\)

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto s=\dfrac{900-225}{10}\)

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto s=\dfrac{675}{10}\)

\(\\ \rm\longmapsto s=67.5m\)

An electron with kinetic energy E=5.0 eV is incident on a barrier with thickness L=0.200 nm and height 10.0 eV. What is the probability that the electron will tunnel through the barrier? Energy L=0.20 m Electron E= 5.0 eV U = 10 eV a. 4% Chance of transmission b. 8% c. 12% d. 50% e. 1.0% 56. In the problem above, what is the probability of reflection? a. 50% b. 92% c. 88% d. 99% e. 96%

Answers

"There is no transmission, the probability of reflection is 100% or 1.0. The closest option provided is "e. 96%," which corresponds to 100%."

To calculate the probability of tunneling through a barrier, we can use the transmission coefficient (T). The transmission coefficient represents the probability that the electron will pass through the barrier. The reflection coefficient (R) represents the probability of reflection.

The formula for the transmission coefficient is given by:

T = (4E(V-U))/(4E(V-U) + U²)

Where:

E = kinetic energy of the electron

V = height of the barrier

U = potential energy inside the barrier

Let's substitute the given values into the formula:

E = 5.0 eV

V = 10.0 eV

U = 10.0 eV (assuming the potential energy inside the barrier is the same as its height)

T = (45.0(10.0-10.0))/(45.0(10.0-10.0) + 10.0²)

= 0

The transmission coefficient (T) is 0, which means there is no probability of tunneling through the barrier. Therefore, the probability of transmission is 0%.

Since there is no transmission, the probability of reflection is 100% or 1.0. The closest option provided is "e. 96%," which corresponds to 100%.

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An airplane travels for 2.5 hours at an average rate
of 130 miles per hour. Use the distance formula, d=rt, to find how
far the plane travels.

Answers

The plane travels a distance of 325 miles if the airplane travels for 2.5 hours at an average speed of 130 miles per hour. Using the distance formula (d = rt), we can calculate the distance.

To find the distance traveled by the airplane, we can use the distance formula, which is represented as d = rt. In this formula, "d" represents the distance, "r" represents the rate or speed at which the object is traveling, and "t" represents the time taken for the travel.

Given that the airplane travels for 2.5 hours at an average rate of 130 miles per hour, we can substitute these values into the formula. The rate of the airplane is 130 miles per hour, and the time taken is 2.5 hours.

Using the formula, we can calculate the distance traveled as follows:

d = rt

d = 130 mph × 2.5 hours

Multiplying the rate (130 mph) by the time (2.5 hours) gives us:

d = 325 miles

Therefore, the airplane travels a distance of 325 miles during the 2.5 hours of travel at an average rate of 130 miles per hour.

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A lion with a mass of 190 kg is chasing a gazelle with a mass of 15 kg. The distance between the lion and the gazelle is 2 meters. A. How much gravitational force does the lion exert on the gazelle? b. How much gravitational force does the gazelle exert on the lion? remember to identify all data (givens and unknowns), list equations used, show all your work, and include units and the proper number of significant digits to receive full credit.

Answers

A lion with a mass of 190 kg is chasing a gazelle with a mass of 15 kg. The distance between the lion and the gazelle is 2 meters. Both will exert an equal and opposite force on each other  of value  4752.4 * \(10^{-11}\) N

Gravitational Force =  G m1 * m2 / \(r^{2}\)

                                = 6.67 * \(10^{-11}\) * 190 * 15 / 4

                                = 4752.4 * \(10^{-11}\) N

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For a series circuit, as lights are added, the voltage across each bulb increases/ decreases/ remains the same ?

For a series circuit, as lights are added, the current across each bulb increases/ decreases/ or remains the same ?


Answers

For a series circuit, as lights are added, the current across each bulb decreases.  

Discuss the magnitude of relative internal resistances of an ammeter and a voltmeter. Which meter is connected in series? in parallel? Explain.

Answers

The internal resistance of ammeter is zero and voltmeter is infinite and, ammeter is connected in series and the voltmeter is in parallel.

To find the answer, we have to study about the internal resistance.

What is the internal resistance of an ammeter and voltmeter?A circuit has a parallel connection for the voltmeter and a series connection for the ammeter. An ammeter is used to calculate the amount of current flowing through a circuit. The value of the potential difference or voltage across the load is measured using a voltmeter (resistor). The voltage reading on the voltmeter represents the amount of energy that each unit of charge has transmitted to the component. An ideal ammeter should have zero internal resistance since it should permit current to flow through it. To measure the current flowing through a circuit, an ammeter is connected in series with the circuit. Since the internal resistance of the ideal voltmeter should prevent any current from passing through it, it is infinite. Voltmeter measures the potential difference, it is connected in parallel.

Thus, we can conclude that, the internal resistance of ammeter is zero and voltmeter is infinite and, ammeter is connected in series and the voltmeter is in parallel.

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An astronaut on a strange planet finds that she can jump a maximum horizontal distance of 15 m if her initial speed is 3 m/s. what is the free-fall acceleration on the planet?

Answers

Answer:

R = V^2 sin 2 θ / g        range formula

R is a maximum for θ = 45 and R = V^2  g

g = V^2 / R = 3^2 / 15 = .6 m/s^2

What change happens when matter
changes states?

Answers

Matter either loses or absorbs energy when it changes from one state to another. For example, when matter changes from a liquid to a solid, it loses energy. The opposite happens when matter changes from a solid to a liquid. For a solid to change to a liquid, matter must absorb energy from its surroundings.

Which forms of energy increase as a rocket blasts off?
A.
chemical potential and gravitational potential energy
B.
gravitational potential and kinetic energy
C.
kinetic and thermal energy
D.
chemical potential and kinetic energy

Answers

Answer: A B C D

Explanation:

The forms of energy that increase as a rocket blasts off are the chemical potential and kinetic energy that are in Option D, as during the launch of a rocket, the chemical potential energy stored in the rocket's fuel is converted into kinetic energy.

What is the different forms of energy?

When a rocket launches, it uses its engines to burn fuel and produce exhaust gases, and this process releases the chemical potential energy stored in the fuel, which is converted into kinetic energy, as the rocket gains speed and altitude, its kinetic energy increases, but the potential energy of the rocket remains relatively constant during the launch. So during a rocket launch, the chemical potential energy stored in the fuel is converted into kinetic energy as the rocket's engines expel exhaust gases.

Hence, the forms of energy that increase as a rocket blasts off are the chemical potential and kinetic energy that are in Option D.

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A boy walks towards a stationary plane mirror at a speed of 12ms^1 what is the relative speed of approach of the boy and his image? (a)zero (b)1.2ms^-1 (c) 2.4ms^-1 (d)1.44ms^-1​

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

mark me as brainlist ez

Select the correct answer. Which characteristic is not a characteristic of plastic? OA easy to mold O'B. good conductor of heat OC. lightweight and durable OD. repels water​

Answers

Answer:

O'B. Good conductor of heat.

Explanation:

Plastic is not a good conductor of heat because it has no delocalized electrons it's surface to transfer heart.

Answer:

I hope this helps

Explanation:

Select the correct answer. Which characteristic is not a characteristic of plastic? OA easy to mold O'B.

A duck floats backwards a distance of 3 meters in 15 seconds. What is the duck's velocity?

Answers

I think the ducks velocity is 45

why does a person feel weightless during a free fall

Answers

A person feels weightless during a free fall because they are in a state of freefall acceleration, where the gravitational force is the only force acting on them. In this state, the person and the objects around them are all falling at the same rate, so they appear to be weightless. The sensation of weight is caused by the normal force exerted by a surface on an object, which is absent during free fall.

calculate the wavelength of light required to make a transition from n=1→n=2 and from n=2→n=3.

Answers

The wavelength of light required for the transition from n=1 to n=2 is approximately 8.23 × 10⁶ meters, and for the transition from n=2 to n=3, it is approximately 1.51 × 10⁶ meters.

To calculate the wavelength, we use the Rydberg formula, which considers the initial (n₁) and final (n₂) energy levels. Plugging in the values into the formula, we can determine the wavelength. For the n=1 to n=2 transition, the wavelength is determined to be approximately 8.23 × 10⁶ meters. Similarly, for the n=2 to n=3 transition, the wavelength is calculated to be around 1.51 × 10⁶ meters.

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A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification).


It has a Cp = 1. 2. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


1. A part is specified with a tensile strength 2 sided specifications. Assume process average is centered and two sided specifications. It has a Cpk = 1. 2. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


2. A part is specified with a tensile strength 2 sided specifications.


It has a Cp = 0. 7. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


3. A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification).


It has a Cp = 1. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


4. A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification). Assume process average is centered and one-sided specifications.


It has a Cpk = 1. 3. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


5. A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification).


It has a Cp = 1. 2. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


6. A part is specified with a tensile strength 2 sided specifications. Assume process average is centered and two sided specifications. It has a Cpk = 1. 1. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


7. A part is specified with a tensile strength 2 sided specifications.


It has a Cp = 0. 6. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


8. A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification).


It has a Cp = 1. 25. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________


9. A part is specified with a tensile strength minimum only (no maximum specification). Assume process average is centered and one-sided specifications.


It has a Cpk = 0. 8. Please determine the reject rate. RR = _______________

Answers

To determine the reject rate (RR) for each scenario, we need to consider the capability indices Cp and Cpk along with the specifications for tensile strength. The reject rate represents the proportion of parts that do not meet the specifications.

1. RR = 0.27%

2. RR = 16.03%

3. RR = 0%

4. RR = 0.003%

5. RR = 0.27%

6. RR = 2.28%

7. RR = 29.93%

8. RR = 0%

9. RR = 5.87%

Please note that these calculations assume a normal distribution of tensile strength and that the process is in statistical control. The reject rate is obtained by evaluating the proportion of values falling outside the specified limits based on the process capability indices Cp and Cpk.

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how much energy, in joules, must the shock absorbers dissipate in order to damp a bounce that initially has a speed of 0.85 m/s at the equilibrium position?

Answers

The energy that the shock absorbers must dissipate is 0.5 * m * 0.7225 Joules,

where m is the mass of the bouncing object.

To calculate the energy that the shock absorbers must dissipate, we will use the formula for kinetic energy:
Kinetic energy (KE) = 0.5 * mass (m) * \(velocity^2 (v^2)\)
However, the mass is not given in the problem. Since the question asks for the energy to be dissipated, we can assume that the entire initial kinetic energy needs to be dissipated by the shock absorbers.
Initial velocity (v) = 0.85 m/s.

Now, let's plug in the values into the formula:
\(KE = 0.5 * m * (0.85 m/s)^2\)
Since the mass is constant, we can write the answer in terms of mass:
KE = 0.5 * m * 0.7225 J/kg.

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pulsed lasers are used for science and medicine produce very brief bursts of electromagnetic energy. a) if the laser light wavelength is 1062 nm and the pulse lasts for 38 ps, how many wavelengths are found within the laser pulse? b) how brief would the pulse need to be to fit only one wavelength?

Answers

Answer:

To answer your question:

a) The formula to calculate the number of wavelengths within a laser pulse is:

number of wavelengths = pulse duration / wavelength

Plugging in the values given in the question, we get:

number of wavelengths = 38 ps / 1062 nm

Converting picoseconds to seconds and nanometers to meters, we get:

number of wavelengths = 38 x 10^-12 s / 1062 x 10^-9 m

number of wavelengths = 0.0358

Therefore, there are approximately 0.0358 wavelengths within the laser pulse.

b) To fit only one wavelength, the pulse duration would need to be equal to the wavelength. The formula to calculate the pulse duration is:

pulse duration = wavelength

Plugging in the value given in the question, we get:

pulse duration = 1062 nm

Converting nanometers to picoseconds using the speed of light ©, we get:

pulse duration = wavelength / c

pulse duration = 1062 x 10^-9 m / 3 x 10^8 m/s

pulse duration = 3.54 x 10^-12 s

Therefore, the pulse would need to be approximately 3.54 ps long to fit only one wavelength.

I hope this helps

The fictional rocket ship Adventure is measured to be 50 m long by the ship's captain inside the rocket. When rocket moves past a space dock at 0.5 c , space-dock personnel measure the rocket ship to be 43.3 m long. The rocket ship adventure travels to a star many light-years away, then turns around and returns at the same speed. when it returns to the space dock, who would have aged less: the space-dock personnel or ship's captain? the space-dock personnel. the ship's captain. both the same amount, because both sets of people were moving relative to each other. we need to know how far away the star is.

Answers

Based on the data furnished, we can determine that the space-dock employees could have elderly much less compared to the ship's captain when the rocket returns to the space dock.

This conclusion is based on the concept of special relativity, which states that point dilation takes place as an object approaches the rate of mild. In this scenario, the rocket ship Adventure is transferring at a velocity of 0.5 c (half of the speed of light) relative to the distance dock.

When an item moves at excessive speeds relative to an observer, time seems to skip more slowly for that item compared to a stationary observer. This approach is that as the Adventure travels at 0.5 c, time onboard the rocket ship will skip extra slowly relative to the time experienced by the gap-dock employees. The size discrepancy inside the length of the rocket deliver similarly helps this.

According to the ship's captain, the Adventure is 50 m lengthy, while the space-dock employee's degree it to be 43. Three m long whilst it's miles moving at 0.5 c. This phenomenon is called duration contraction, where objects in motion appear shorter within the direction of their movement while determined from a desk-bound body of reference.

Since time dilation happens and period contraction is determined for the rocket ship Adventure because it acts at relativistic speeds, the delivery's captain reports time passing more slowly in comparison to the distance-dock employees. As an end result, when the rocket ship returns to the distance dock, the distance-dock personnel might have elderly in comparison to the delivery's captain.

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A car wheel of radius 0.3 m has an angular acceleration of 2.45 rad/s2
. Calculate
the linear acceleration of wheel.

Answers

The linear acceleration of the car wheel is 0.735 m/s².

What is the the linear acceleration of car wheel?

The linear acceleration of a point on the rim of a wheel is related to the angular acceleration of the wheel by the equation:

a = rα

Where "a" is the linear acceleration, "r" is the radius of the wheel, and "α" is the angular acceleration.

Given the data in the question;

angular acceleration of α = 2.45 rad/s² radius r = 0.3 m. linear acceleration a = ?

Plug the given values into the above formula and solve for the linear acceleration of wheel.

a = r × α

a = 0.3 m × 2.45

a = 0.735 m/s²

Therefore, the linear acceleration is 0.735 m/s².

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at what distance does a 100-w lightbulb produce the same intensity of light as a 75-w lightbulb produces 10 m away? (assume both have the same efficiency for converting electrical energy in the circuit into emitted electromagnetic energy.)

Answers

The 100-w lightbulb produces the same intensity of light as a 75-w lightbulb produces 10 m away at a distance of 4.0 m.

What is lightbulb?

A lightbulb, also known as a lamp or lightbulb, is an electrical device that produces light by the process of incandescence or by the emission of light from a glowing filament. It is one of the most common sources of artificial light used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

Traditional incandescent lightbulbs consist of a glass envelope or bulb containing a filament made of a tungsten wire. When an electric current passes through the filament, it heats up and becomes so hot that it emits visible light. The glass bulb is designed to protect the filament from oxidation and to contain the inert gas, usually argon or nitrogen, which helps preserve the life of the filament.

The intensity of light from a light bulb follows an inverse square law, which means that the intensity of light decreases with the square of the distance from the source. So, we can use the formula:

I1/I2 = (d2/d1)²

where I1 and I2 are the intensities of the light bulbs, d1 and d2 are the distances from the light bulbs, and we want to find the distance where I1 = I2.

Let's call the distance we want to find x. We can set up two equations:

I1 = 100 W / x²

I2 = 75 W / 10²

Setting I1 = I2 and solving for x:

100/x² = 75/10²

x² = (100*10²)/75

x = 4.0 m

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A chart showing the type of reproduction that occurs in several organisms is shown below. Organism Type of Reproduction Bacteria Asexual Salmon Sexual Oak Trees Both Bears Sexual Asexual Flatworms Based on the information on the chart, which organisms are able to produce genetically diverse offspring? A Bacteria, oak trees, and flatworms B Salmon, oak trees, and bears C Salmon and bears only D Bacteria and flatworms only​

A chart showing the type of reproduction that occurs in several organisms is shown below. Organism Type

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Because it’s asking about sexual

Two students are running in a race. Student 1 has more kinetic energy than student 2. Who will win the race?

Answers

Student 1 will win the race.
More kinetic energy= faster

Which of the following games below involves different manipulative skills like throwing and rolling and some motor skills?




Group of answer choices

target games

invasion games

striking and fielding games

physical activity

Answers

Answer:

striking and fielding

Explanation:

striking and fielding


Please I need help on question 22 and 23 you don’t have to answer both tho

Please I need help on question 22 and 23 you dont have to answer both tho

Answers

Answer:

22. is A and 23. is C

Explanation:

In what ways is thermal energy transferred during physical and chemical changes

Answers

Explanation:

chemical changes

>produce new substances w/ different chemical structure/ properties

> thermal energy can be used to BREAK bonds (endothermic)

>thermal energy can be transferred to a chem rxn to help form new products (endothermic)

> heat can be released by an exothermic chemical reaction (excess energy- the total energy used to break bonds is less than energy released in forming new bonds)

physical changes

>does not result in new substances (typically changes in state- solid, liquid, gas)

> thermal energy can be transferred to EVAPORATE water (add thermal E... water (liquid) to steam (gas)) or FREEZE water (remove thermal E... water (liquid) to ice (solid))

a thermometer is taken from a room where the temperature is 72o f to the outside where the temperature is 32o f. after 2 minutes, the thermometer reads 48o f. how many minutes does the thermometer have to be outside for it to read 36o f?

Answers

A thermometer is taken from a room where the temperature is 72° F to the outside where the temperature is 32° F. 1.26 minutes does the thermometer have to be outside for it to read 36° F.

If an item is heated to a greater temperature, T is transferred to a lower temperature environment, cooling rate ​is directly proportional to the temperature differential. By separating the variables, rewrite the equation. In the derived equation, substitute 0 for t and 72 for T.

If an item is heated to a greater temperature,

T is transferred to a lower temperature environment, T then the cooling rate.

By Newton's Law of Cooling

\(T(t) = T_{s} + Ce^{tr}\)

Here, the ambient temperature, \(T_{s} = 32^{\circ} F\)

The temperature to the outdoor, T(0) = 72°F

Use the equation \(T(t) = T_{s} + Ce^{tr}\) to obtain that,

\(T(0) = T_{s} + Ce^{k - 0}\)

72 = 32 + C

C = 40

So, \(T(t) = 32 + 40 e^{kt}\)

After half minute, the temperature reads 48°F,

so, T(1/2) = 48

Then,

\(T(1/2) = 32 + 40e^{k \times \frac{1}{2}}\)

\(48 = 32 + 40e^{\frac{k}{2}}\)

\(40e^{\frac{k}{2}} = 16\)

\(e^{\frac{k}{2}} = \frac{16}{40}\)

\(e^{\frac{k}{2} = \frac{2}{5}\)

\(\frac{k}{2} = \ln \left(\frac{2}{5} \right )\)

k = 2 ln (2/5)

Therefore,

\(T(t) = 32 + 40e^{2 \ln \left(\frac{2}{5} \right) t}\)

\(T (t) = 32 + 40 \left[ e^{\ln (\frac{2}{5} ) \right ]^{2t}\)

\(T (t) = 32 + 40 \left(\frac{2}{5} \right)^{2t}\)

Now find the time t when T(t) = 36

\(32 + 40 (\frac{2}{5})^{2t} = 36\)

\(40 (\frac{2}{5})^{2t} = 4\)

\((\frac{2}{5})^{2t} = \frac{4}{40}\)

\(2t\ \ln (\frac{2}{5}) = \ln (\frac{1}{10})\)

\(t = \frac{\ln (\frac{1}{10})}{2 \ln (\frac{2}{5})}\)

\(t = \frac{-2.30}{2 \times (-0.91)}\)

t = -2.30/-1.82

t = 1.26 min

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A sheet of BCC iron 1.5-mm thick was exposed to a carburizing atmosphere on one side and an carburizing atmosphere on the other side at 725°C. After having reached steady state, the iron was quickly cooled to room temperature. The carbon concentrations at the two surfaces were determined to be 0.012 and 0.0069 wt%. Calculate the diffusion coefficient if the diffusion flux is 3.6 × 10-8 kg/m2-s, given that the densities of carbon and iron are 2.25 and 7.87 g/cm3, respectively.

Answers

Answer:

Diffusion coefficient D = 2.6613 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s

Explanation:

From the given information:

Carbon concentration \(C_c\) = 0.012

Iron concentration \(C_{Fe}\) = 100 - 0.012 = 99.988

Density of carbon = 2.25 g/cm³

Density of iron = 7.87 g/cm³

We can convert the carbon concentrations from weight percentage to kilograms carbon per meter cubed by using the formula.

\(C^*_c = \dfrac{C_c}{\dfrac{C_c}{\rho_c}+\dfrac{C_{Fe}}{\rho_{Fe}}}\times 10^3\)

\(C^*_c = \dfrac{0.012}{\dfrac{0.012}{2.25 \ g/cm^3}+\dfrac{99.988}{7.87 \ g/cm^3}}\times 10^3\)

\(C^*_c = \dfrac{0.012}{0.00533 \ g/cm^3 + 12.71 \ g/cm^3} \times 10^3\)

\(C^*_c = 0.9437 \ kgC/m^3\)

However; for 0.0069 wt% C

\(C^*_c = \dfrac{C_c}{\dfrac{C_c}{\rho_c}+\dfrac{C_{Fe}}{\rho_{Fe}}}\times 10^3\)

\(C^*_c = \dfrac{0.0069}{\dfrac{0.0069}{2.25 \ g/cm^3}+\dfrac{99.9931}{7.87 \ g/cm^3}}\times 10^3\)

\(C^*_c =0.5429 \ kgC/m^3\)

Thus; the diffusion coefficient can be computed by using the formula:

\(D = - J \begin {bmatrix} \dfrac{x_A-x_B}{C_A-C_B}\end {bmatrix}\)

\(D = - (3.6 \times 10^{-8} \ kg/m^2-s) \begin {bmatrix} \dfrac{-15^{-3} \ m }{0.9437 \ kgC/m^3 - 0.5429 \ kgC/m^3}\end {bmatrix}\)

D = 2.6613 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s

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