The potential energy of a +6.00 x 10-6 C charge
decreases from 0.06 J to 0.02 J when it is moved from point A to
point B. What is the change in electric potential between these two
points?

Answers

Answer 1

The change in electric potential between points A and B, as a +6.00 x 10^-6 C charge moves, is approximately 6.67 x 10^3 volts. Electric potential is the work done per unit charge in an electric field.

The electric potential difference, also known as voltage, is defined as the change in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points. Mathematically, it can be calculated using the formula:

ΔV = ΔPE / q

Where ΔV represents the change in electric potential, ΔPE represents the change in potential energy, and q represents the charge.

In this case, the charge q is given as +6.00 x 10^-6 C.

The change in potential energy ΔPE is the difference between the initial potential energy (0.06 J) and the final potential energy (0.02 J), which is 0.06 J - 0.02 J = 0.04 J.

Now, we can calculate the change in electric potential:

ΔV = ΔPE / q

ΔV = 0.04 J / (+6.00 x 10^-6 C)

ΔV ≈ 6.67 x 10^3 V

Therefore, the change in electric potential between points A and B is approximately 6.67 x 10^3 volts.

It's important to note that electric potential is a scalar quantity and is measured in volts (V). It represents the amount of work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric field.

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Related Questions

Water flowing through an 8-cm-diameter pipe enters a porous section, as in fig. p3.10, which allows a uniform radial velocity vw through the wall surfaces for a distance of 1.2 m. if the entrance average velocity v1 is 12 m/s, find the exit velocity v2 if (a) vw

Answers

The exit velocity of water flowing through an 8 centimetres in  idiameter pipe s Vw= 0.05 m/s = 5 cm/s out

(a) For a

suction velocity

of V{w} = 0.15m / s , and a

cylindrical suction

surface area, 2 A{W} = 2pi RL=2π(0.04)(1.2) = 0.3016 m²

From

continuity equation

, Q1=Qw +Q₂

VIA=VwAw+V2A2

(12)(π )(0.08 )²/4 = (0.15)(0.3016) + V2 (π )(0.08 )²/4 V2=3 m/s

(b) For a

smaller wall velocity

, Vw = 0.10 m/s,

(12)(π )(0.08 )²/4 = (0.10)(0.3016) + V2 (π )(0.08 )²/4 V2= 6 m/s

(c) Setting the outflow V2 to 9 m/s, the

wall suction velocity

is,

(12)(π )(0.08 )²/4 = (Vw)(0.3016) + (9)(π )(0.08 )²/4

Vw= 0.05 m/s = 5 cm/s out

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HELPPPPPP

Which activity would develop and maintain your muscular endurance?

A) girl working out with battle ropes

B) girl doing a core stretch

C) girl pulling on foot, up to bottom

D) boy doing a chest pass

Answers

Answer:

It really depends if you want a certain body part, but I will go with A.)

Explanation:

going more into detail Isometric contractions will maintain your muscular endurance.  Isometric contractions will train your muscles for endurance ( 6, 7 ). For example, karate practitioners will squat in a horse stance (a squat position) for multiple minutes at a time. This works on the endurance of the hips and thighs.

how does the sun's diameter compared with the distance between earth and the sun

Answers

The Sun's diameter is approximately 1.39 million kilometers, while the distance between the Earth and the Sun is approximately 149.6 million kilometers. This means that the Sun's diameter is about 109 times larger than the Earth's diameter, and the distance between Earth and Sun is about 108 times the Sun's diameter.

Despite this enormous distance, the gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth and other planets in the Solar System keeps them in their orbits, while the energy from the Sun supports life on Earth through photosynthesis and other processes.

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fffffrrrrreeeeee points you can have them!

Answers

Answer:

Thank you so much!

Explanation:

Answer:

joe

Explanation:

mama

the time it takes for a college student to travel between her home and her college is uniformly distributed between 40 and 90 minutes. refer to exhibit 6-2. the probability that her trip will take exactly 50 minutes is

Answers

For the continuous probability distribution probability at any constant value is 0. Because the interval width is 0 in that case. There must always be an interval to calculate the probability in case of a uniform distribution.

Continuous probability distribution: A probability distribution in which the random variable X can take on any (continuous) value. Since there are an infinite number of values that can be assumed by X, the probability that X will take a given value is zero.

For the probability distribution of continuous distributions in this problem each constant value is 0.

P[x= 50] = 0

P(the journey will take exactly 50 minutes) = 0

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Which instrument changes kinetic energy into electrical energy?

electric motor

hair drier

electric bell

dynamo​

Answers

Answer:

Dynamo

Explanation:

As we all know, there are dynamos in bicycles. When we paddle the cycle, the wheels of the cycle rotates by generating kinetic energy. When the wheels rotate, the dynamo starts to rotate. This makes the motor inside the dynamo rotates and generate electrical energy.

Humpback whales are known to produce a collection of elaborate
and repeating sounds with frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 10 kHz. The sound
waves travel through water at speeds of approximately 1400 m/s. Determine the
wavelengths of the waves at the lower and the upper end of this frequency
range.​

Answers

Answer:

70 m.

Explanation:

Given,

Frequency, f = 20 HZ

speed of sound, v = 1400 m/s

wavelength of the waves = ?

we know,

v = f λ

Hence, the wavelength of the wave is equal to 70 m.


Cameron flies directly west for 13 km, then turns to the south and flies for another 30 km. He then flies east for 13 km before landing at the airport.

Answers

What’s the questions?

Answer:

Distance = 56km Displacement = 30km

Explanation:

hope I helped

Glycerin flows through a tube that expands from a 1.00 cmcross-section area at point 1 to a 4.00 cm² cross-section area farther downstream at point 2. The pressure difference between points 1 and 2 is 9.45 kPa. Part A What is the speed of the glycerin at point 1? Assume that the glycerin flows as an ideal fluid. Express your answer with the appropriate units.Part B What is the speed of the glycerin at point 2? Assume that the glycerin flows as an ideal fluid. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Answers

To solve this problem, we can use the continuity equation,

which states that the mass flow rate (the rate at which mass flows through a point in a system) must be constant throughout the system.

In other words, the mass flow rate at point 1 must equal the mass flow rate at point 2.

The mass flow rate is equal to the density of the fluid times the flow rate (also known as the volume flow rate). The flow rate is equal to the crosssectional area of the tube times the velocity of the fluid. Therefore, we can write the continuity equation as:

\(density ${ }^*($ cross-sectional area $*$ velocity $)=$ constant\)

We can rearrange this equation to solve for the velocity at each point:

\(velocity = constant (density* cross-sectional area)\)

At point 1 , the velocity can be calculated as follows:

\(V1 = constant $/\left(\right.$ density $*$ A1) $=$ constant $/\left(\right.$ density $\left.* 1.00 \mathrm{~cm}^{\wedge} 2\right)$\)

At point 2 , the velocity can be calculated as follows:

\($$\text { V2 = constant } /(\text { density } * A 2)=\text { constant } /\left(\text { density } * 4.00 \mathrm{~cm}^{\wedge} 2\right)$$\)

We can find the value of the constant by using the pressure difference between the two points and the ideal gas law:

\($$P 1-P 2=\left(\text { density } * \text { velocity }{ }^{\wedge} 2\right) / 2$$\)

Substituting the known values, we have:

\($$9.45 \mathrm{kPa}=\left(\text { density }{ }^* \mathrm{~V} 1^{\wedge} 2\right) / 2$$\)

Solving for \($\mathrm{V} 1$\), we find that the velocity at point 1 is:

V1 = sqrt(2 * 9.45 kPa / density)

Similarly, we can solve for V2:

V2 = sqrt(2 * 9.45 kPa / density) / 2 = V1 / 2

Note that the density of glycerin is not given, so we cannot calculate the exact values of V1 and V2. However, we can still determine the relationships between the velocities at the two points. Specifically, we can see that the velocity at point 2 is half the velocity at point 1.

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How much force would be needed to cause a 4.6kg object to accelerate at 9.2m/s/s? *

Answers

Answer:

42.32 N

Explanation:

The force acting on an object given it's mass and acceleration can be found by using the formula

force = mass × acceleration

From the question we have

force = 4.6 × 9.2

We have the final answer as

42.32 N

Hope this helps you

Two spacecraft
and
are traveling directly towards each other, intending to meet to dock together. Mission control on Earth initially sees spacecraft
moving with a speed of 154. 5 m/s and spacecraft
moving with a speed of 133. 0 m/s. Each spacecraft will need to come to a complete stop when they meet, and each will slow down using its rockets. The rockets on spacecraft
cause it to slow down at a constant rate of 17. 1 m/s2, and the rockets on spacecraft
cause it to slow down at a constant rate of 22. 2 m/s2. Spacecraft
turns on its rockets first. At what distance
from spacecraft
should spacecraft
turn on its rockets in order for the two spacecraft to meet, have zero velocity relative to the Earth, and arrive at the same time?

Answers

Solving for d using the calculated values for t, we find that the distance from spacecraft at which spacecraft should turn on its rockets is approximately 8670.7 meters.

To determine the distance from spacecraft at which spacecraft should turn on its rockets, we need to consider the motion of each spacecraft as it slows down.

Let's call the time elapsed from the moment spacecraft turns on its rockets until it comes to a complete stop t1. The initial velocity of spacecraft is 154.5 m/s and it slows down at a rate of 17.1 m/s^2, so its velocity after time t1 is given by:

v1 = 154.5 m/s - 17.1 m/s^2 * t1

The distance traveled by spacecraft during this time can be calculated as:

d1 = 154.5 m/s * t1 - (1/2) * 17.1 m/s^2 * t1^2

Next, let's call the time elapsed from the moment spacecraft turns on its rockets until it comes to a complete stop t2. The initial velocity of spacecraft is 133.0 m/s and it slows down at a rate of 22.2 m/s^2, so its velocity after time t2 is given by:

v2 = 133.0 m/s - 22.2 m/s^2 * t2

The distance traveled by spacecraft during this time can be calculated as:

d2 = 133.0 m/s * t2 - (1/2) * 22.2 m/s^2 * t2^2

Since the two spacecraft are moving towards each other, their relative velocity is the sum of their initial velocities:

v_rel = 154.5 m/s + 133.0 m/s = 287.5 m/s

The time elapsed until they meet, have zero relative velocity, and arrive at the same time, t, can be calculated as:

t = v_rel / (17.1 m/s^2 + 22.2 m/s^2)

The distance traveled by each spacecraft during this time can be calculated using the equations for velocity and distance given above. The total distance between the two spacecraft when they meet is the sum of these distances, so the distance from spacecraft at which spacecraft should turn on its rockets is given by:

d = d1 + d2 = (154.5 m/s * t - (1/2) * 17.1 m/s^2 * t^2) + (133.0 m/s * t - (1/2) * 22.2 m/s^2 * t^2)

Solving for d using the calculated values for t, we find that the distance from spacecraft at which spacecraft should turn on its rockets is approximately 8670.7 meters.

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A sound wave has a frequency of 342 m/s and a wavelength of 2.15 meters. What is the speed of this wave.

Answers

Answer:

Given,

frequency(f)=342Hz

wavelength= 2.15m

Velocity(v)=?

Now,

. We know,

velocity= frequency × wavelength

or, v=342×2.15

or, v =735.3m/

Therefore, the required velocity is 735.3m/s.

What does the Area under a Speed-time graph represent?
A. acceleration
B. average speed
C. deceleration
D. distance travelled

Answers

Answer:

d. distance travelled

Explanation:

answer

Hi I just need an answer btw it’s science not physics

Hi I just need an answer btw its science not physics

Answers

Answer:

You need to divide 200 by 23 seconds in order to get your answer.

A spring has a spring constant of 300 N/m. How much force is in thespring if it is stretched 0.25 m?32

Answers

Force applied is directly proportional to displacement.

It is given by the formula

\(F=-kx\)

Here F is the force , k is the spring constant , x is the displacement.

Substituting the values,

\(F=-300\text{ }\ast0.25\)\(F=-75\text{ N}\)

The number of calories that you can eat a day without gaining weight depends on your _____.

Answers

The number of calories that you can eat a day without gaining weight depends on your activity level

For there to be a balance between the number of calories consumed through food and weight gain, it is important to maintain a good level of physical activity that helps us to maintain a healthy weight and at the same time does not allow an increase in weight and body mass.

All this is because the relationship between daily calories consumed and weight gain is directly proportional to the level of physical activity that we do.

What is body mass?

It is the amount of mass associated with a person's body

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the laws of science do not limit our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules."" what does limit our ability?

Answers

The ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules is limited by technology, engineering, and the cost of materials, as well as ethical and safety considerations

While the laws of science themselves do not inherently limit our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules, there are several factors that can limit our ability to do so in practice. These limitations include:

   Technological limitations: Our current technology may not be advanced enough to manipulate single atoms and molecules with precision and control. The development of techniques and tools at the nano scale, such as scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force microscopes, has allowed us to manipulate individual atoms to a certain extent. However, there are still significant challenges in scaling up these techniques for practical applications.   Energy requirements: Manipulating atoms and molecules at the atomic scale often requires high-energy processes or specialized equipment. For example, techniques such as scanning probe microscopy or electron microscopy require controlled environments and high-energy beams to manipulate and observe individual atoms. Meeting the energy requirements for such processes can be challenging and expensive.    Quantum effects: At the atomic and molecular scale, quantum mechanics plays a significant role. Quantum effects, such as superposition and entanglement, introduce complexities that make it challenging to manipulate individual atoms and molecules precisely. The behavior of atoms and molecules is governed by quantum principles, which can limit our ability to predict and control their interactions accurately.    Environmental factors: Atoms and molecules are not isolated entities but exist within a larger environment. Interactions with the surrounding environment, such as temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic fields, and other external influences, can make it difficult to manipulate individual atoms and molecules without affecting their properties or stability.    Economic and practical considerations: Manipulating single atoms and molecules on a large scale can be extremely time-consuming, resource-intensive, and costly. The processes involved may not be feasible or practical for certain applications due to limitations in scalability, cost-effectiveness, and overall efficiency.

While these limitations exist, ongoing advancements in scientific research and technological innovation continue to push the boundaries of our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules. Future developments may help overcome these limitations and enable more precise and controlled manipulation at the atomic scale, opening up new possibilities in various fields, including nanotechnology, materials science, and quantum computing.

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A characteristic of a substance?

Answers

A substance could have physical characteristics and chemical ones too, which are unique to the certain substance.

Color, odor, and how hard the substance, are all examples of physical characteristics of a substance.

Toxicity, flammability, and acidity, are all examples of chemical characteristics of a substance.

The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. Examples of characteristic properties include freezing/melting point, boiling/condensing point, density, viscosity, and solubility.

help me pleas i cant figure this out if you cant see the pic cause i have never put one in her before try to open it please

help me pleas i cant figure this out if you cant see the pic cause i have never put one in her before

Answers

The F sub level is the yellow block. The green is S sub level. The red is D and the blue is P

In some parts of india today the caste system (a system that
measures your status in society according to family) is still socially
followed. in the social structure cf colonial latin america, the
status of a person was determined by birth. what do these two
examples demonstrate?

Answers

It can be said that the caste system in India and the social structure of colonial Latin America demonstrate how one's status in society can be predetermined by factors such as birth or family background. The caste system, for instance, assigns people to a particular social class based on their family's background and occupation. This system has been in place for centuries and, although it has been officially abolished, it still affects many aspects of daily life for millions of people in India.

Similarly, in colonial Latin America, a person's social status was often determined by their family's background and ancestry. This social structure was based on the idea of "limpieza de sangre" or "purity of blood," which meant that people of European ancestry were considered higher in status than those of indigenous or African descent. This system was also used to justify colonialism and the oppression of indigenous and African peoples.

Both the caste system in India and the social structure of colonial Latin America illustrate how deeply ingrained societal norms and beliefs can affect people's opportunities and experiences based on factors beyond their control. These systems perpetuate inequality and discrimination, often resulting in limited social mobility and opportunities for those born into lower social classes.

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In 1838 botanist Matthias Schleiden determined that all plants are composed of cells. In 1839 anatomist Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are composed of cells. In 1855 biologists Rudolph Virchow added to Schleiden & Schwann’s observations and proposed that all living things are composed of cells. Which statement is also part of Virchow’s theory? Group of answer choices all cells have a cell wall all cells can develop into any other type of cell all cells come from pre-existing cells all cells are capable of photosynthesis

Answers

Answer:

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Explanation:

Rudolf Virchow, a German Physician, stated the theory that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. He used this theory to explain disease pathology at the cellular level. His work helped clarify that diseases occur not at tissue or organ level, but at the cellular level. This resulted in more accurate diagnosis of diseases by other scientists.

His legacies includes being among the first to use animals in his research, first to name numerous diseases and also the creation of many medical terms still in use today.

When setting your schedule, it is sometimes necessary to tell people "No." Please select the best answer from the choices provided. t or f​

Answers

Answer:

True Edg2020

Explanation:

Answer: true

Explanation:

because I say so :P

The speed of your automobile has a huge effect on fuel consumption. Traveling at 65 miles per hour (mph) instead of 55mph can consume almost 20% more fuel. As a general rule, for every mile per hour over 55 , you lose 2% in fuel economy. For example, if your automobile gets 30 miles per gallon at 55mph, the fuel consumption is 21 miles per gallon at 70mph. If you take a 400-mile trip and your average speed is 83mph rather than the posted speed limit of 73mph, what is the extra cost of fuel if gasoline costs $3.26 per gallon? Your car gets 30 miles per gallon (mpg) at 63mph.

Answers

The extra cost of fuel for driving 83 mph instead of 73 mph is $3.7671.

The speed of your automobile has a huge effect on fuel consumption. Traveling at 65 miles per hour (mph) instead of 55mph can consume almost 20% more fuel. As a general rule, for every mile per hour over 55 , you lose 2% in fuel economy.

If you take a 400-mile trip and your average speed is 83mph rather than the posted speed limit of 73mph, then the extra cost of the fuel is calculated as:

* **Fuel consumption at 83 mph:** 30 mpg * (1 - 2% * (83 - 55)) = 27.6 mpg

* **Fuel consumption at 73 mph:** 30 mpg * (1 - 2% * (73 - 55)) = 29 mpg

* **Extra fuel used:** 400 miles / 27.6 mpg - 400 miles / 29 mpg = 2.4 gallons

* **Extra cost of fuel:** $3.26/gallon * 2.4 gallons = $3.7671

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A person adds a spoonful of sugar to a glass of water. The sugar crystals can first be seen, but as the person stirs, the sugar disappears and the liquid becomes clear. Is this a mixture or a pure substance?

This is a mixture because the liquid is clear in the end.

This is a pure substance because the liquid is clear in the end.

This is a mixture because it is made of two pure substances: sugar and water.

This is a pure substance because it is made of two molecules: sugar and water. ​

Answers

The answer choice which represents the type of substance this is; This is a mixture because it is made of two pure substances: sugar and water.

What is the difference between a Mixture and a pure substance?

A pure substance put simply is a matrix of matter which consists only of one element or one compound. However, a mixture on the other hand consists of two or more different substances, not chemically binded together.

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A Swithed Mode Power Supply produces DC output voltage and mainly used in communication circuits. It consists of a serially (cascaded ) connected power electronic circuits; first circuit is a rectifier supplied from 220 Volt 50 Hz single) phase supply, followed by a series connected high frequency inverter and a high frequency transformer which is connected to the output of the inverter Finally transformer output is rectified to obtain the required DC outpu a. Draw its block diagramme and explain its operation principles. Explain why a transformer is used in this network. What is the objective of using high frequency inverter? b. Define design values for obtaining 48 Volt DC output.

Answers

The operation principles of each circuit in the SMPS are rectifier, inverter, and transformer. The transformer is used in this network due to voltage conversion and isolation. The objective of using a high-frequency inverter is to convert the rectified DC voltage into a high-frequency AC voltage. The design values are voltage efficiency, power rating, and regulation.

The operation principles of each circuit in the SMPS are as follows:

Rectifier: The rectifier circuit converts the incoming 220VAC 50Hz single-phase supply into pulsating DC voltage. This is achieved by using diodes to allow current flow in one direction only, resulting in a rectified voltage waveform.Inverter: The high-frequency inverter converts the rectified DC voltage into a high-frequency AC voltage. This is accomplished by using power electronic switches such as MOSFETs or IGBTs to rapidly switch the DC voltage on and off, creating an AC waveform.Transformer: The high-frequency transformer is connected to the output of the inverter. It steps up or steps down the AC voltage according to the required output voltage level. The transformer also provides isolation between the input and output circuits, which is essential for safety and protection.Rectifier (Output): The transformer's output is rectified once again to obtain the required DC output voltage. This rectification can be achieved using diodes or other rectifier circuits.

The transformer is used in the network for several reasons:

i. Voltage Conversion: The transformer is responsible for stepping up or stepping down the voltage according to the desired output voltage level. It allows the SMPS to provide different output voltage levels than the input voltage.

ii. Isolation: The transformer provides galvanic isolation between the input and output circuits. This isolation ensures safety by preventing direct electrical connection and protects the communication circuits from potential voltage fluctuations or transients in the input supply.

iii. Filtering: The transformer, along with its windings and core, acts as a filtering component by smoothing out high-frequency components and reducing noise or ripple in the output voltage.

The objective of using a high-frequency inverter is to convert the rectified DC voltage into a high-frequency AC voltage. By operating at high frequencies, the inverter enables the use of smaller and lighter transformers. High-frequency operation reduces the size and weight of the transformer, making the overall power supply more compact and efficient.

a. Block Diagram and Operation Principles:

The block diagram of a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) for communication circuits is given in the attachment.

b. Design Values for 48V DC Output:

To design an SMPS for a 48V DC output, several key parameters need to be considered:

Output Voltage: The desired output voltage is 48V DC.Input Voltage: The input voltage is given as 220VAC 50Hz.Efficiency: The efficiency of the SMPS determines how effectively it converts input power to output power. Design considerations should aim for high efficiency, typically above 85% or higher.Power Rating: The power rating is the maximum power that the SMPS can deliver to the load. It depends on the application requirements. For example, if the application requires a maximum output power of 200W, the SMPS should be designed to handle that power level.Current Rating: The current rating of the SMPS is determined by the load connected to the 48V DC output. The design should ensure that the SMPS can provide the required current without exceeding its limits.Regulation: The output voltage should be regulated to maintain stability and compensate for load variations. Voltage regulation techniques, such as feedback control loops, can be implemented to achieve the desired regulation.Protection: The SMPS should incorporate protection features such as overcurrent protection, overvoltage protection, and short-circuit protection to safeguard the circuit and connected devices.

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A Swithed Mode Power Supply produces DC output voltage and mainly used in communication circuits. It

give an example of how four resistors of resistance r can be combined to produce an equivalent resistance of r.\

Answers

Four resistors of resistance r can be combined in a parallel circuit as follows to produce an equivalent resistance of r: Connect two resistors in parallel: This will give an equivalent resistance of r/2.

Repeat step 1 with the remaining two resistors: This will also give an equivalent resistance of r/2.

Connect the two pairs of resistors in series: This will give a total equivalent resistance of r/2 + r/2 = r.

So, by combining the four resistors in this way, we can obtain an equivalent resistance of r.

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Which action has more power

Answers

What action over what
Which action is it? There is no picture

What is the gravity force between two stars with mass of 5,000,000 kg and 1,000,000 kg if the distance between them is 100 m



If your answer is in scientific notation please convert it. Keep only the first 3 non zero digits. (example 1.2345 x 10^5 is 123000 and 1.2345 x 10^-3 is 0.00123)

Answers

Answer:

0.0334N

Explanation:

Given parameters:

M1  = 5 x 10⁶kg

M2  = 1 x 10⁶kg

Distance  = 100m

Unknown:

Gravitational force  = ?

Solution:

To solve this problem, we use the Newton's law of universal gravitation.

     Fg  = \(\frac{G m1 m2}{r^{2} }\)  

G is the universal gravitation constant

m is the mass

r is the distance

         Fg  = \(\frac{6.67 x 10^{-11} x 5 x 10^{6} x 1 x 10^{6} }{100^{2} }\)   = 0.0334N

Imagine that you have an isotropic magnetized plasma with T ∥0

=T ⊥0

=T 0

. Double the magnetic field slowly compared to a gyroperiod, but fast compared to the energy transfer time between T ∥

and T ⊥

. What are the new values of T ∥

and T ⊥

(call them T ∥1

and T ⊥1

) ? Now let the plasma sit long enough for T ∥1

and T ⊥1

to mix by collisions and come to an isotropic temperature T 1

, but not long enough for the plasma to exchange energy with the outside world. What is T 1

? Reduce the magnetic field back down to its original value slowly compared to a gyroperiod, but fast compared to the energy transfer time between T ∥

and T ⊥

. What are T ∥2

and T ⊥2

? And after the plasma becomes isotropic, what is T 2

? This process is called 'magnetic pumping'.

Answers

The new values of T∥1 and T⊥1 will be equal to the original isotropic temperature T0.

When the magnetic field is doubled slowly compared to a gyroperiod but fast compared to the energy transfer time between T∥ and T⊥, the plasma remains magnetized, but the magnetic field becomes stronger. Since the energy transfer time between T∥ and T⊥ is much longer than the timescale of magnetic field doubling, the temperature anisotropy is not affected during this process. Therefore, T∥1 and T⊥1 remain equal to T0.

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What is the minimum speed (in m/s) of an incident electron that could produce this emission line? (hint: recall the expression for relativistic kinetic energy given in topic 26.)

Answers

To determine the minimum speed of an incident electron that could produce a specific emission line, we need to use the expression for relativistic kinetic energy.



The expression for relativistic kinetic energy is given by:

KE = (γ - 1) * mc^2

Where:
KE is the kinetic energy of the electron
γ is the Lorentz factor, which is given by γ = 1 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)
m is the rest mass of the electron
c is the speed of light in a vacuum
v is the velocity of the electron

Since we are looking for the minimum speed, we need to find the velocity (v) that corresponds to a specific energy level.

First, we need to know the rest mass of the electron, which is approximately 9.10938356 x 10^-31 kilograms.

Next, we need to know the emission line that we are considering. Once we have this information, we can determine the energy level associated with that emission line.

Finally, we can substitute the values into the equation and solve for v.

It is important to note that the value of the speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second.

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