The action that is not part of the six rights of drug administration is **assessing the patient's pain level**.
The six rights of drug administration are as follows:
1. Right patient: Ensuring that the medication is being administered to the correct patient by verifying their identity using two patient identifiers (e.g., name and date of birth).
2. Right medication: Ensuring that the medication being administered is the correct medication as prescribed by the healthcare provider. This involves verifying the medication label and comparing it to the medication order.
3. Right dose: Administering the correct dosage of the medication as prescribed. This involves verifying the ordered dose and performing the necessary calculations, if applicable.
4. Right route: Administering the medication via the correct route as prescribed (e.g., oral, intravenous, intramuscular). This involves ensuring that the medication is prepared and administered using the appropriate route and technique.
5. Right time: Administering the medication at the correct time as indicated by the prescribed frequency. This involves following the prescribed medication schedule and avoiding delays or administering doses too close together.
6. Right documentation: Accurately documenting the administration of the medication, including the date, time, medication name, dosage, route, and any relevant patient response or observations.
Assessing the patient's pain level, although an important nursing intervention, is not specifically part of the six rights of drug administration. However, it is essential to assess pain before administering pain medication to determine the appropriate dose and evaluate the effectiveness of the medication.
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All of the following are true statements about in-office tooth whitening except it
A. Can usually be done in one treatment
B. Requires a light-accelerated bleach
C. Requires multiple treatments
D. Involves isolation of soft tissue
All of the following are true statements about in-office tooth whitening except it requires multiple treatments.
In-office tooth whitening can usually be done in one treatment, requires a light-accelerated bleach, and involves isolation of soft tissue.
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A person receives Ty21a vaccine because he is traveling to a country in which typhoid fever is endemic. If he plans to continue this type of travel in the future, when is it recommended that he be revaccinated against typhoid fever
Answer:
in five (5) years
Explanation:
Typhoid fever is a disease caused by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with a bacteria called Salmonella typhi. Some symptoms of typhoid fever include high fever, abdominal pain, weakness, constipation and mild vomiting. The S. typhi Ty21a (Ty21a) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine created by reducing the virulence of the pathogen, which is orally administrated. Revaccination with Ty21a is recommended after 5 years in the USA and 7 years in Canada after first vaccination, regardless of the risk of infection. However, the period of protection after Ty21a immunization still has not been well defined.
What are the priority nursing actions you would anticipate implementing when caring for Mr. Jones and why
Answer:
At first i could see the patient's diagnosis so that i could know what is the disease condition of patient and why is he been admittedi will take a past and present history ( how many year has been patient is affected from disease condition, does he/she smoke ,drink :if yes then i could lije to do counseling )suggest them to take medicine in proper time i could see the list of medication prescribed bt doctor if any medication is not present then i could suggest them to bring itTime to time analysing the patientif there is any problem and i could not know then i should immediately inform the staff sister or my senioranemia risk factors?
Answer:
Explanation:
Anemia is lack of RBC in body or disfunctional RBCs. Risk factors would be things that make you prone to have this disease. Some commonly known factors are:
Menstruation Pregnancy Age (more common as you keep aging) Chronic conditions Family history (genetics does make you less or more prone) Many more!For more info visit: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360
bill, who is 28 years old, comes for his annual checkup. when reviewing his social data sheet, you discover he is now living in an apartment and has a new phone number. he mumbles to you that his wife left him and won’t let him see the kids. how will you respond therapeutically?
5. What is one way that you can use one of the learning theories to influence another human or animal in your life? What theory of learning would you use? Why?
Learning theories give teachers models for creating lessons that promote better learning by describing the circumstances and procedures through which learning takes place.
What is learning theories?Learning theories are defined as the theory based on the behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism psychological perspectives.
The biological processes of learning start in neurons, which are electrically stimulated brain cells.
Synaptic plasticity, which involves modifying the number and strength of neuronal connections, is the mechanism by which learning occurs.
Thus, learning theories give teachers models for creating lessons that promote better learning by describing the circumstances and procedures through which learning takes place.
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Match the age group with the recommended therapeutic consideration
A client is experiencing mood swings after a stroke and often has episodes of tearfulness that are distressing to the family. Which is the best technique for the nurse to instruct family members to try when the client experiences a crying episode?
The best technique for the nurse to instruct family members to try when the client experiences a crying episode is to practice active listening. This involves giving the client your undivided attention, acknowledging their feelings, and validating their emotions.
Encourage the family members to listen without interrupting and to show empathy towards the client. Additionally, suggest using distraction techniques such as engaging in a favorite activity, playing soothing music, or taking a walk outside. It may also be helpful to have the family members encourage the client to take deep breaths and practice relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga to help manage their mood swings. Finally, it is important to encourage the family members to seek support from a healthcare professional, such as a therapist or counselor, to help the client and family cope with the emotional impact of the stroke. When a client experiences mood swings and tearfulness after a stroke, the best technique for the nurse to instruct family members to try during a crying episode is providing emotional support and reassurance. Encourage the family members to calmly and gently acknowledge the client's feelings, offer a comforting presence, and remind the client that their emotions are a common post-stroke symptom that can improve over time. This approach helps to create a supportive environment and can potentially alleviate the distress for both the client and their family.
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write any two safety measures of eyes
Answer:
1.We should always wash our eyes with clean water.
2.We should wear spects when we go to place like dumping site,construction site,e.t.c.
The phrase _____ was coined to indicate payment of services rendered by someone other than the patient. Group of answer choices health care provider health maintenance organization third-party reimbursement two-party system
The phrase third-party reimbursement was coined to indicate payment of services rendered by someone other than the patient and this is because the payment was rendered by the patient guardian.
What is third part reimbursement?Third party reimbursement is a form of phrase that is use in the health care system to indicate when a patient guardian, family or friend tend to pay for the devices rendered or treatment of a patient from a particular ailment.
Therefore, The phrase third-party reimbursement was coined to indicate payment of services rendered by someone other than the patient and this is because the payment was rendered by the patient guardian.
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he functions of vitamin b-6 include_____. multiple select question. a. homocysteine metabolism b. the regulation of fluid balance c. the synthesis of nonessential amino acids d. the synthesis of neurotransmitters
The functions of vitamin B-6 include: a. Homocysteine metabolism, d. The synthesis of neurotransmitters and c. The synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
What is neurotransmitter?A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons, or from neurons to other cells in the body, such as muscle cells or gland cells. These chemicals are released from the end of a neuron, called the presynaptic terminal, and travel across a small gap called the synapse to bind to specific receptors on the surface of a neighboring neuron or cell. This binding of neurotransmitters to receptors can either excite or inhibit the activity of the target neuron or cell, leading to a wide range of physiological effects. Neurotransmitters play a critical role in the communication between neurons and are involved in many physiological processes, including sensory perception, movement, mood, memory, and cognition. Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine. Dysfunction of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Here,
So options a, c, and d are correct. Vitamin B-6 plays a key role in the metabolism of homocysteine, the synthesis of neurotransmitters, and the synthesis of nonessential amino acids. It is involved in over 100 enzyme reactions in the body, making it an important nutrient for overall health. Vitamin B-6 also plays a role in immune function, the formation of red blood cells, and the regulation of blood glucose levels. However, it is not directly involved in the regulation of fluid balance.
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a 22-year-old law student comes to the office complaining of severe abdominal pain radiating to his back. he states it began last night after hours of heavy drinking. he has had abdominal pain and vomiting in the past after drinking but never as bad as this. he cannot keep any food or water down, and these symptoms have been going on for almost 12 hours. he has had no recent illnesses or injuries. his past medical history is unremarkable. he denies smoking or using illegal drugs, but admits to drinking 6 to 10 beers per weekend night. he admits that last night he drank around 14 drinks. examination shows a young man appearing his stated age in some distress. he is leaning over on the examination table and holding his abdomen with his arms. his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 120. he is afebrile. his abdominal examination reveals normal bowel sounds, but he is very tender in the left upper quadrant and epigastric area. he has no murphy's sign or tenderness in the right lower quadrant. the remainder of his abdominal examination is normal. his rectal, prostate, penile, and testicular examinations are normal. he has no inguinal hernias or tenderness with that examination. blood work is pending. what etiology of abdominal pain is most likely causing his symptoms?
The etiology of this patient's abdominal pain most likely resulted in a condition known as acute pancreatitis
What is acute pancreatitis?Acute pancreatitis is a condition in which the pancreas becomes inflamed (swelled) for a short period of time. The pancreas is a small organ that is located behind the stomach and helps in digestion. Most people with acute pancreatitis feel better within about a week and have no further problems.Acute pancreatitis is usually caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, but sometimes the cause is unknown.What is the best treatment for acute pancreatitis?Hospitalization to treat dehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids and oral fluids if swallowable.Oral or IV painkillers and antibiotics if pancreatic infection.If unable to eat, low-fat diet or feeding by tube or IV.To learn more about acute pancreatitis visit:
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In a study of helicopter usage and patient survival, among the 58,558 patients transported by helicopter, 164 of them left the treatment center against medical advice, and the other 58,394 did not leave against medical advice. If 40 of the subjects transported by helicopter are randomly selected without replacement, what is the probability that none of them left the treatment center against medical advice? The probability is (Round to three decimal places as needed.)
The probability of none of the 40 patients leaving the treatment centre against medical advice is approximately 0.936.
In a study of helicopter usage and patient survival, among the 58,558 patients transported by helicopter, 164 of them left the treatment centre against medical advice, and the other 58,394 did not leave against medical advice. If 40 of the subjects transported by helicopter are randomly selected without replacement, the probability that none of them left the treatment centre against medical advice is approximately 0.936.
To calculate this probability, we can use the formula:
P(none of the 40 patients leaving the treatment center against medical advice) = (58494/58558)⁴⁰
≈ 0.936
Hence, the probability of none of the 40 patients leaving the treatment centre against medical advice is approximately 0.936.
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Which of the following is NOT an element of progression?
A.
type
B.
duration
C.
exertion
D.
strength
Answer:
d. strength
Hope it helped u
Ethical Principles From the case study provided: a) Identify the meaning of a fragility hip fracture and the impact this can have on an elderly person. b) Describe the specific situation in this case study. c) Using the Framework of Ethical Decision Making (Corey et al., 2014) d) Identify the problem or dilemma Describe the potential issues involved f) Review relevant ethics principles as they apply to this case (eg; informed consent, confidentiality, beneficence, etc. g) Consider possible and probable courses of action h) Describe the consequences of various decisions i) What is the best course of action? Provide a reflection of your learning with this case study. What did you learn? How will you apply this learning in the future? 1 Assignment #2 Ethical Principles From the case study provided: a) Identify the meaning of a fragility hip fracture and the impact this can have on an elderly person. b) Describe the specific situation in this case study. c) Using the Framework of Ethical Decision Making (Corey et al., 2014) d) Identify the problem or dilemma Describe the potential issues involved f) Review relevant ethics principles as they apply to this case (eg; informed consent, confidentiality, beneficence, etc. g) Consider possible and probable courses of action h) Describe the consequences of various decisions i) What is the best course of action? Provide a reflection of your learning with this case study. What did you learn? How will you apply this learning in the future?
a) A fragility hip fracture is a broken hip bone resulting from minimal trauma or a fall in the elderly person which leads to pain, mobility loss, and reduced independence.
b) The specific situation in the given case study involves an elderly individual experiencing a fragility hip fracture and being admitted to the hospital for treatment. The fracture caused severe pain, limited mobility, and required surgery. A person's independence and quality of life are severely compromised and require support and rehabilitation to restore function.
c) Using the Framework of Ethical Decision Making, the problem or dilemma is how to address the treatment and care of the elderly patient with a fragility hip fracture.
d) The potential issues involved in this scenario includes ensuring informed consent, maintaining patient confidentiality, promoting beneficence, and balancing autonomy with the patient's best interests.
f) Relevant ethics principles include informed consent, confidentiality, beneficence (doing good for the patient), and autonomy.
g) Possible courses of action may include surgical intervention, pain management, rehabilitation, and ensuring proper support and care for the patient.
h) Consequences of decisions can vary which includes successful recovery, complications, functional limitations, and impact on the patient's quality of life.
i) The best course of action depends on individual circumstances, but it may involve a comprehensive treatment plan that considers the patient's preferences, involves shared decision-making, and prioritizes their overall well-being.
Reflection: This case studies highlight the importance of considering ethical principles in medical decision-making, especially when dealing with vulnerable populations such as the elderly. It stresses the importance of informed consent, confidentiality and the promotion of the patient's best interests.
We learnt the significance of considering individual values and preferences, as well as involving the person and their support system in decision-making. In the future, we can apply this learning by ensuring a patient-centered approach, promoting open communication, and advocating for the well-being and autonomy of individuals in my healthcare practice.
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After enjoying a cheeseburger and a glass of fat-free milk, where does the majority of the chemical digestion of the protein occur?a. Small intestineb Mouthc Stomachd Pancreas
After enjoying a cheeseburger and a glass of fat-free milk, the majority of the chemical digestion of the protein occurs in c. stomach.
Chemical digestion is the process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymes. This is in contrast to mechanical digestion, which involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.The stomach is a muscular sac-like organ that secretes gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes like pepsin, lipase, and rennin.
Pepsin, an enzyme that is produced by cells in the stomach lining and is responsible for breaking down protein into smaller peptides, is the most important digestive enzyme found in the stomach.Therefore, the majority of the chemical digestion of protein occurs in the stomach after enjoying a cheeseburger and a glass of fat-free milk. As a result, option C is the correct answer.
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exosomal il-8 derived from lung cancer and colon cancer cells induced adipocyte atrophy via nf-κb signaling pathway. true or false
True, exosomal il-8 derived from lung cancer and colon cancer cells induced adipocyte atrophy via nf-κb signaling pathway.
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released by cells and contain various biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. IL-8, also known as CXCL8, is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in the immune response.. Adipocyte atrophy is a process in which adipose tissue (fat) decreases in size and number. The statement suggests that exosomal IL-8 derived from lung cancer and colon cancer cells can induce adipocyte atrophy via the NF-κB signaling pathway. The NF-κB signaling pathway is a complex pathway that is involved in the regulation of inflammation and cell survival. It is possible that exosomal IL-8 derived from lung cancer and colon cancer cells may play a role in adipocyte atrophy and may be linked to the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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What is Science..?
.......No Spam........
Answer:
the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
What determines the way people use their resources
• personal values
• personal goals
•personal standards
• all choices
Answer:
all choices
Explanation:
QUESTION 8 OF 40
What is the percentage of incoming college students who report being frequent, high-risk drinkers?
63% 36% 17% 10%
Answer:n 10%
Explanation:
According to the reports, 10% of incoming college students are frequent, high-risk drinkers.
The prevalence of frequent, high-risk drinking among college students can vary depending on various factors such as the location, time period, and specific population being studied. However, it is important to note that high-risk drinking is a concerning issue on many college campuses.
Historically, research has indicated that a significant proportion of college students engage in high-risk drinking behaviors. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) conducted in 2019, which included individuals aged 18 to 25, around 53.7% of full-time college students reported past-month alcohol use.
Therefore, 10% of incoming students are frequent high-risk drinkers.
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which percentage of blood alcohol content is legally considered impaired?
The legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving varies by country and jurisdiction. In the United States, for example, the legal limit is typically set at 0.08% BAC for drivers who are 21 years of age or older.
However, it is important to note that even a BAC below the legal limit can impair driving ability and increase the risk of accidents. Factors such as age, weight, sex, and metabolism can also affect the way alcohol affects a person's body and their ability to drive safely.
It is always recommended to avoid drinking and driving altogether, and to use alternative modes of transportation if you plan to consume alcohol. If you are unsure whether it is safe to drive after drinking, it is best to err on the side of caution and find a safe way home.
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Fewer and fewer customers have been coming into the restaurant, so Bill, the manager, decides to change the entire menu. After he does this, he finds out
that people loved the food, but the service has been driving people away. This represents what kind of problem in the decision-making process?
A. Failure to act on a decision
B. Failure to develop enough options
C. Failure to correctly define the problem
D. Failure to evaluate the decision
Answer:
C
Explanation:
When people visit restaurant, they don't want little bit of options, they want to try a variety of foods when they go to the restaurant. The menu has to be interesting and has to look good to peoples eyes in order to try a new food. Maybe he hasn't made variety of different kinds of food, and just stuck to one kind of food. (EX: Meat, chicken, etc.) Maybe if he adds different kinds of foods to the menu, maybe people will start to go there again. Because not all people like to order the same type of food and spend money on it.
This represents what kind of problem in the decision-making process is failure to develop enough options. Thus, option B is correct.
What happens when people visit restraunt?When people visit restaurant, they don't want little bit of options, they want to try a variety of foods when they go to the restaurant. The menu has to be interesting and has to look good to peoples eyes in order to try a new food.
Maybe he hasn't made variety of different kinds of food, and just stuck to one kind of food. (EX: Meat, chicken, etc.) Maybe if he adds different kinds of foods to the menu, maybe people will start to go there again. Because not all people like to order the same type of food and spend money on it.
Fewer and fewer customers have been coming into the restaurant, so Bill, the manager, decides to change the entire menu. After he does this, he finds out that people loved the food, but the service has been driving people away.
Therefore, This represents what kind of problem in the decision-making process is failure to develop enough options. Thus, option B is correct.
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Which action would the nurse take for a client who is a psychologist and has questioned the authority of the treatment team and advised other clients that their treatment plans are wrong
As the client, a psychologist has questioned the authority of the treatment team and advised other clients that their treatment plans are wrong, it becomes imperative for the nurse to intervene and handle the situation. In this case, the nurse must follow the code of ethics and take the necessary action to safeguard the client's interests. The nurse should approach the psychologist and discuss the issue with them privately.The nurse should try to gain the client's trust and help them understand the importance of following the treatment plan.
The nurse should also encourage the psychologist to ask questions and express their concerns during their appointments with the treatment team.The nurse should provide the psychologist with clear explanations of their treatment plans and help them understand the importance of each aspect of the plan. The nurse should also encourage the psychologist to ask questions and express their concerns during their appointments with the treatment team. It is essential to ensure that the client's rights are respected and that the treatment team delivers the best care possible to meet the client's needs.Answer:In the event of a client, a psychologist questioning the authority of the treatment team and advising other clients that their treatment plans are wrong, the nurse should follow the code of ethics and take the necessary action to safeguard the client's interests. The nurse should approach the psychologist privately and discuss the issue with them. The nurse should try to gain the client's trust and help them understand the importance of following the treatment plan.
The nurse should also encourage the psychologist to ask questions and express their concerns during their appointments with the treatment team. The nurse should provide the psychologist with clear explanations of their treatment plans and help them understand the importance of each aspect of the plan. It is essential to ensure that the client's rights are respected, and the treatment team delivers the best care possible to meet the client's needs. The above actions taken by the nurse will help the client gain trust in the treatment team and ultimately improve the chances of successful treatment.
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The nurse would need to take appropriate action to address the behavior of the psychologist client by Documentation, Communication, Collaboration, Professional Boundaries and Referral.
Documentation: The nurse should document the incidents of the psychologist questioning the authority of the treatment team and providing conflicting advice to other clients. Accurate and detailed documentation will serve as evidence of the client's behavior.
Communication: The nurse should initiate a conversation with the psychologist client to discuss their actions and the potential impact on the treatment team and other clients. Open and non-confrontational communication is essential to gain a better understanding of the client's perspective.
Collaboration: If possible, the nurse can involve the treatment team, including the psychologist's colleagues, in a collaborative discussion to address the concerns and ensure a unified approach to treatment. This can help foster a supportive and cohesive working environment.
Professional Boundaries: The nurse should emphasize the importance of maintaining professional boundaries and respecting the expertise and decisions of the treatment team. Reinforcing ethical guidelines and professional standards can help the psychologist understand the potential consequences of their actions.
Referral: If the behavior persists and significantly affects the therapeutic environment, it may be necessary to refer the psychologist client to a higher authority or supervisor within the organization. This step ensures that appropriate measures are taken to address the situation.
It is important for the nurse to approach the situation with empathy, professionalism, and a focus on maintaining a therapeutic environment for all clients involved.
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nancy walker, a medical assistant, ask a patient if he has been experiencing any pain,he says that he has not , but when he moves from the chair in to the examination room to the exam table nancy notices that he limps his facial mucsle are tense, and there is a light sweat on his forehead. What other nonverbal signals might indicate that the patient has not been completey honest
Answer:
Avoiding eye contact
Detail the steps Kaylyn should take to design and implement an inventory system.
Answer:
Steps that Kaylyn should take to design and implement an inventory system are as follows:
Categorize the clients requirements and demands.Find out how to track the incoming or the outgoing inventoryFinalize a technique for the management of inventoryThe dead and faulty products must be wasted and removed.Always buy the product which provides full quality.The stock must be categorized and make a proper list of the medicines in the office and inventory of sample medicines.Accuracy must be ensured by conducting inventory analysis.All the racks and the cup-boards which contain the sample sample and office medications must be labelled.For easy approach, all the sample drugs and office medications must be arranged in an alphabetical order.All the drugs with expiry date and discard and document must be discarded.One nutrition related warning sign of AD is
One nutrition related warning sign of Alzheimer's disease is the significantly lower blood levels of nutrients like Vitamin A, B12, C, E, and folate.
What is AD patient?
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder which causes the brain to shrink or atrophy and the brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia disease and it is a continuous decline in thinking ability, behavioral and social skills of a person that affects a person's ability to function independently.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a systematic review and meta-analysis has found that AD patients had significantly lower blood levels of nutrients such as vitamins A, B12, C, E, and folate and non-significantly lower levels of vitamin D and zinc mineral when compared with individuals without Alzheimer's disease.
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Which of the following studies would need irb approval
which component of the ecg represents the repolarization of the ventricles?
Answer:
T waves
Explanation:
T waves represent ventricular repolarization (atrial repolarization is obscured by the large QRS complex).
Antioxidant therapy for pain reduction in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Antioxidant therapy for pain reduction in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Objectives: Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (CP); however, clinical studies evaluating antioxidant therapy (AOT) in the management of CP pain have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of AOT in pain reduction in CP patients.Methods: From the beginning until December 2013, two writers separately performed a thorough literature search. The Mantel-Haenszel and DerSimonian-Laird techniques were used to compute the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: There were eight studies totaling 446 patients (234 in the AOT group and 212 in the control group). Overall, compared to the control group, CP patients who received AOT saw a substantial decrease in pain (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.91; P = 0.006). Trials with primarily alcoholic CP patients (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47-0.77; P 0.0001) and studies with patients who were on average 42 years old or older (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89; P = 0.006) also shown a substantial advantage of AOT over placebo in the subgroup analysis.Conclusions: This is the first meta-analysis to compile all the evidence that is currently available and demonstrate the value of AOT in reducing pain in CP patients. To better identify the patient and illness characteristics favoring response, the ideal formulation, and the duration of AOT, larger studies with longer follow-up are urgently needed.To learn more about antioxidants visit:
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Mart Beth's sense of belonging and trust have been shaken since her second divorce. She is most often late for appointments and is very impulsive. What is Mary Beth's focus?
Answer:
Present time focus
Explanation:
Present-focused people are the people who are well known and focused on current life situations. They regularly find the activities, and relationship to get pleasures.
They have strong believe that if they involved in activities that give them spontaneous gratification, temporary payoffs.
So, The basic difference between the present and past focused people is that the past focused people are always thinking about their condition and experiences of the past.