the elastic modulus of carbon fibers is 320 gpa and the elastic modulus of epoxy is 1.5 gpa. what is the volume fraction of fibers is necessary
Answers
E_composite = V_f * E_f + V_m * E_m
where E_composite is the effective elastic modulus of the composite, V_f and V_m are the volume fractions of the fiber and matrix phases, respectively, and E_f and E_m are the elastic moduli of the fiber and matrix phases, respectively.
In this case, we want to find the volume fraction of carbon fibers required to achieve a certain elastic modulus. Let's assume we want to achieve an elastic modulus of 100 GPa for the composite material.
Substituting the given values in the rule of mixtures equation, we get:
100 GPa = V_f * 320 GPa + (1 - V_f) * 1.5 GPa
Simplifying and solving for V_f, we get:
V_f = (100 GPa - 1.5 GPa) / (320 GPa - 1.5 GPa) = 0.312 or 31.2%
Therefore, a volume fraction of 31.2% carbon fibers is necessary to achieve an elastic modulus of 100 GPa in a carbon fiber-epoxy composite material.
Related Questions
A car travels 560km while consuming 60 liters of petrol (gasoline). What is the car's gas mileage in mpg? O 24mpg O 18mpg O 20mpg o 22mpg
Answers
To calculate the car's gas mileage in mpg, we need to first convert the 60 liters of gasoline to gallons. One gallon is approximately equal to 3.785 liters, so 60 liters is equal to 15.85 gallons (60 ÷ 3.785 = 15.85).
Next, we can use the formula for gas mileage: mileage = distance traveled ÷ amount of gasoline used. In this case, the distance traveled is 560km, and the amount of gasoline used is 15.85 gallons.
So, gas mileage = 560km ÷ 15.85 gallons = 35.3km/gallon
To convert this to mpg, we need to use a conversion factor of 0.6214 (1 kilometer is approximately equal to 0.6214 miles).
So, gas mileage = 35.3km/gallon × 0.6214 = 21.93mpg, which is closest to 22mpg.
Therefore, the answer is o 22mpg.
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the highway department is to design a roadway over a swamp area. the swamp consists of very soft fine-grained soils obviously saturated. the basic idea is to build a relatively small embankment above the flood level. how would you propose to build the embankment, fast, slow, or in stages? explain.
Answers
I'd like to propose that the embankment be built in stages. Because of the possibility of abrupt coloase of structure in swampy places. Soil carrying capacity is extremely low in those places. You must first densify the soil and make it acceptable using various procedures such as grouting, vibrification, restricting, and so on. These types of jobs are critical during the earliest stages of embankment development. After that, we can begin our construction work.
What is soil?
Soil, often known as earth or soil, is a complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and creatures that support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish dirt from soil by limiting the former term to displaced soil only. Soil is made up of two phases: a solid phase of minerals and organic matter and a porous phase that retains gases and water. As a result, soil is a three-state system composed of solids, liquids, and gases. Soil is the result of various elements interacting throughout time, including climate, relief, creatures, and the parent components of the soil.
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A site is underlain by a soil that has a unit weight of 118 lb/ft3. From laboratory shear strength tests that closely simulated the field conditions, the total stress parameters were measured to be C total = 250 lb/ft2 and φ total = 29°. Estimate the shear strength on a horizontal plane at a depth of 12 ft below the ground surface at this site in lbs/ sq ft
Answers
Answer: the shear strength at a depth of 12 ft is 1034.9015 lb/ft²
Explanation:
Given that;
Weight of soil r = 118 lb/ft³
stress parameter C = 250 lb/ft²
φ total = 29°
depth Z = 12 ft
The shear strength on a horizontal plane at a depth of 12ft
ζ = C + δtanφ
where δ = normal stress
normal stress δ = r × z = 118 × 12 = 1416
so
ζ = C + δtanφ
ζ = 250 + 1416(tan29°)
ζ = 250 + 1416(tan29°)
ζ = 250 + 784.9016
ζ = 1034.9015 lb/ft²
Therefore the shear strength at a depth of 12 ft is 1034.9015 lb/ft²
the impact of engineering to socio economic development of the country
Answers
And by building this infrastructure, engineering has had a much wider and more lasting impact – it has helped to fuel economic growth. Well-built housing and sanitation improves the quality of life of all residents. Good transport links make it easier for businesses to trade their goods, and enables the workforce to be more mobile. High-speed internet can boost productivity, improve efficiencies, and help an organization to look beyond its local or national borders… the list is endless.
An asbestos pad is square in cross section, measuring 5 cm on a side at its small end, increasing linearly to 10 cm on a side at the large end. The pad is 15 cm high. If the small end is held at 600 K and the large end at 300 K, what heat‐flow rate will be obtained if the four sides are insulated? Assume one‐dimensional heat conduction. The thermal conductivity of asbestos may be taken as 0.173 W/m⋅K.
Answers
ln a circuit a voltage of 15 volts is used to dereve a current of 5amps what is the resistance of the conductor
Answers
Answer:
Resistance = 3 Ω
Explanation:
As we know that, By Ohm's Law
V = IR
where
V is the voltage in volt
I is the current in amps
R is the resistance in ohm
Now,
Given that,
V = 15 volts
I = 5 amps
So,
R = V/I
= 15/5
= 3 Ω
⇒R = 3 Ω
A tank contains hydrogen gas at atmospheric conditions of 25°C and 90 kPa. The pipe connecting the tank to the outside is located at the top of the equipment with an internal diameter of 3 cm and a length of 8 cm. If the pipe is left open so that both hydrogen and air experience equimolar counterdiffusion, determine the mass flow of hydrogen lost to the atmosphere. (Dab = 7.2 ∗ 10-5m3/s) Molar mass of hydrogen = 2 Kg/Kmol.
Answers
About 4.06 nanograms of hydrogen are lost to the atmosphere on a mass flow basis every second.
How does hydrogen that is released into the atmosphere fare?Hydrogen in the upper atmosphere may chill and damp the stratosphere, delaying the regrowth of the ozone layer. Hydrogen may expedite the accumulation of the greenhouse gases methane and ozone in the lower atmosphere, which would contribute to climate change.
This equation can be used to determine the mass flow rate of hydrogen via the pipe:
m_dot = ρ * A * Dab * (C1 - C2)
The ideal gas law can be used to determine hydrogen's density in the atmosphere: ρ = P/(R*T)
Inputting the values provided yields:
ρ = (90 kPa * 1000 Pa/kPa)/(8.314 J/mol/K * 298 K) = 0.0379 kg/m3
The diameter of the pipe can be used to compute the cross-sectional area:
A = π/4 * (0.03 m)^2 = 7.07E-4 m2
The ideal gas law determines the amount of hydrogen in the tank:
C1 = P1/(R*T1)
We can assume that P1 = P and T1 = T because the tank is filled with pure hydrogen. Inputting the values provided yields:
C1 = (90 kPa * 1000 Pa/kPa)/(8.314 J/mol/K * 298 K) = 0.00380 kmol/m3
It is safe to presume that there is no hydrogen present in the atmosphere outside of the pipe.
Finally, by entering each value into the mass flow rate equation, we may obtain:
m_dot = 0.0379 kg/m3 * 7.07E-4 m2 * 7.2E-5 m3/s * (0.00380 kmol/m3 - 0 kmol/m3) * 2 kg/kmol = 4.06E-9 kg/s
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If two current are in the same direction at any instant of time in a given branch of a circuit, the net current at that instant
Answers
If two currents are in the same direction at any instant of time in a given branch of a circuit, the net current at that instant will be the sum of the two individual currents. In other words, the net current is the algebraic sum of the two currents.
How can this be illustrated?For example, if one current is 2 amperes and the other current is 3 amperes, and they are flowing in the same direction in a given branch of the circuit, then the net current at that instant will be 5 amperes (2 + 3 = 5).
It's important to note that this only applies at a specific instant in time, and the net current may change as the circuit changes or the currents vary.
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Why weren’t car produced during world war 2
Answers
Answer:
Auto production stopped on Feb. 9, 1942, as factories switched over to making munitions for World War II. The industry retooled plants that could be adapted.
Answer:
9, 1942, as factories switched over to making munitions for World War II. The industry retooled plants that could be adapted. Car manufacturing equipment was replaced with what was needed to make planes and tanks, and floors were reinforced to carry the load of heavier machinery, according to Life magazine
Explanation:
1. When choosing a respirator for your job, you must conduct a
test.
A) Weight
B) Practice
Co Fit
haz
D) Breathing
Answers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The yield stress for a zirconium-magnesium alloy is σY = 15. 3 ksi. A machine part is made of this material and a critical point in the material is subjected to in-plane principal stresses σ1 and σ2 = −0. 54 σ1.
Determine the magnitude of σ1 that will cause yielding according to the maximum-shear-stress theory
Answers
The magnitude of σ1 that will cause yielding according to the maximum-shear-stress theory is 9.94 ksi.
Yield stress for the zirconium-magnesium alloy, σY = 15.3 ksi
In-plane principal stresses are σ1 and σ2 = −0.54σ1
To find the maximum shear stress theory, the equation used is τ_max=1/2(σ1-σ2)
The maximum shear stress theory states that yielding begins when the maximum shear stress in a part equals or exceeds the shear strength of the material. It is represented as τ_max = τ_yield
Where τ_max is the maximum shear stress in a part and τ_yield is the shear strength of the material. In-plane principal stresses are σ1 and σ2 = −0.54σ1
Let us replace the value of σ2 in terms of σ1σ2 = −0.54σ1,σ1 = 1.85σ2
Substitute the values in the τ_max=1/2(σ1-σ2)
τ_max=1/2(σ1-(-0.54σ1))
τ_max=0.77σ1
Now, τ_yield= σY/2 = 7.65 ksi
Therefore, 0.77σ1 = 7.65
σ1 = 9.94 ksi
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Suppose we could take the system of (Figure 1) and divide it into an arbitrary number of pipeline stages k, each having a delay of 300/k, and with each pipeline register having a delay of 20 ps.
Answers
In conclusion, dividing the system into pipeline stages with appropriate delays can improve system performance by parallelizing the processing of instructions. The number of pipeline stages and the delay of each stage depends on the specific requirements and characteristics of the system.
In the given scenario, we have a system represented by Figure 1. To improve the performance of this system, we can divide it into multiple pipeline stages. Let's say we divide it into k stages, where k is an arbitrary number.
Each pipeline stage has a delay of 300/k, and each pipeline register has a delay of 20 ps.
By dividing the system into pipeline stages, we can parallelize the processing of instructions or tasks. This allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously, improving the overall throughput of the system.
For example, if we divide the system into 4 pipeline stages (k=4), each stage would have a delay of 300/4 = 75 ps. Additionally, each pipeline register would have a delay of 20 ps.
In conclusion, dividing the system into pipeline stages with appropriate delays can improve system performance by parallelizing the processing of instructions. The number of pipeline stages and the delay of each stage depends on the specific requirements and characteristics of the system.
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What is computer programming
Answers
Answer:
Computer programming is where you learn and see how computers work. People do this for a living as a job, if you get really good at it you will soon be able to program/ create a computer.
Explanation:
Hope dis helps! :)
provides steady-state operating data for a solar power plant that operates on a Rankine cycle with Refrigerant 134a as its working fluid. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. The rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation is 0.3 kW per m2 of collector surface area, with 60% of the solar input to the collectors absorbed by the refrigerant as it passes through the collectors. Determine the solar collector surface area, in m2 per kW of power developed by the plant. Discuss possible operational improvements that could reduce the required collector surface area
Answers
Answer:
hello some parts of your question is missing attached below is the missing part ( the required fig and table )
answer : The solar collector surface area = 7133 m^2
Explanation:
Given data :
Rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation = 0.3 kW/m^2
percentage of solar power absorbed by refrigerant = 60%
Determine the solar collector surface area
The solar collector surface area = 7133 m^2
attached below is a detailed solution of the problem
The reading on a mercury manometer at 70(°F) (open to the atmosphere at one end) is 25. 62(in). The local acceleration of gravity is 32. 243(ft)•(s)−2. Atmospheric pressure is 29. 86(in Hg). What is the absolute pressure in (psia) being measured? The density of mercury at 70(°F) is 13. 543 g•cm−3
Answers
The absolute pressure in psia being measured is; 27.228 psia
What is the absolute Pressure?
Formula for absolute Pressure is;
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
P_{abs} = P_{atm} + P_g
We are given;
P_atm = 29.86 (in Hg) = 14.666 psia
Density of mercury at 70 °F; ρ = 13.543 g/cm³
Mercury Manometer reading; h = 25.62 in
Acceleration due to gravity; g = 32.243 ft/s²
Gauge pressure of the mercury = ρgh = 13.543 * 25.62 * 32.243
When we multiply and covert to psia gives; P_g = 12.562 psia
Thus;
P_abs = 14.666 + 12.562
P_abs = 27.228 psia
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A copper alloy cylinder that is 1.3 feet long with a diameter of 45.27 inch is subjected to a tensile stress of 1,140 psi along its length. Assuming this applied stress is purely elastic, calculate the diameter, in inches, of the cylinder under this load. For this alloy, the elastic modulus is 904,672 psi and the Poisson's ratio is 0.33.
Answers
Answer:
diameter = 45.251 inches
Explanation:
initial length = 1.3
initial diameter = 45.27
tensile stress = σ = 1140
modulus E = 904672
v = 0.33
we calculate longitudinal strain = σ/E
= 1140/904672
= 0.0012601252
general relation for
v = -Ed/El
\(0.33=\frac{-Ed}{0.0012601252}\)
we cross multiply
-Ed = 0.33 x 0.0012601252
= -0.00041584132in
\(\frac{df - 45.27}{45.27} =\frac{-0.00041584132}{1}\)
when we cross multiply,
df - 45.27 = -0.00041584132*45.27
df - 45.27 = -0.018825136
df = -0.018825136 + 45.27
df = 45.251 inches
fitb. for the compound cro3, what is the correct roman numeral in the name, chromium(__) oxide?
Answers
The compound CrO3 is called chromium(VI) oxide. The correct Roman numeral to use in the name is VI, which indicates that the chromium atom has a +6 oxidation state in this compound.
The compound Cro3 is commonly known as chromium trioxide. In the name of this compound, the Roman numeral represents the oxidation state of the chromium atom. The correct Roman numeral for the compound Cro3 is VI. This is because in chromium trioxide, the oxidation state of chromium is +6, which means it has lost six electrons. The formula for chromium trioxide is CrO3, where Cr represents chromium and O represents oxygen. The name of this compound is chromium(VI) oxide, which indicates that the oxidation state of chromium is +6. Chromium trioxide is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in various industrial processes, including the production of dyes, plastics, and pigments.
The oxygen atoms have a -2 oxidation state each, and with three oxygen atoms, the total negative charge is -6. To maintain charge balance in the compound, the chromium atom must have a +6 charge, leading to the Roman numeral VI in the name.
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[20 pts] determine the maximum deflection and maximum slope of the cantilevered beam use e = 200 gpa and i = 65.0 x 106 mm4.'
Answers
The maximum deflection and maximum slope of a cantilevered beam can be determined using the given values for E (modulus of elasticity) and I (moment of inertia).
For a cantilevered beam with a point load (P) at the free end and a length (L), the maximum deflection (δ_max) and maximum slope (θ_max) can be calculated using the following formulas:
δ_max = (P * L^3) / (3 * E * I)
θ_max = (P * L^2) / (2 * E * I)
Given that E = 200 GPa (200 x 10^9 N/m^2) and I = 65.0 x 10^6 mm^4 (65 x 10^-12 m^4), you'll need the values for P and L to calculate the maximum deflection and maximum slope. Once you have these values, simply plug them into the formulas to get your answers.
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Consider the following data for 2008 in a small suburban community:
1. number of accidents: 360 fatal 10 injury 36 pdo 314
2. number of fatalities 15
3. area population: 50,000
4. registered vehicles 35,000
5. annual vmt: 12,000,000
6. average speed 30 mi/hr
compute all relevant exposure and population based accident and fatality rates for this data. compare these to national norms for the current year. (hint: use the internet to location current national norms)
Answers
Answer:
Motorcyclist Fatality and Injury Rates per Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1998-2008. 10. 9. Fatalities in School Transportation Related Crashes,. 1998-2008.
Explanation:
Standards relating to technical drawing
Answers
Answer:
Borders, Dimensions Identified, Scale, Text Box with Date/Author/Title/Version Number
Explanation:
Technical drawings have many standards in order to maintain integrity and ensure that they can be used by engineers to produce what is mapped out in the drawing.
Every technical drawing needs to have borders and a text box with all information related to the drawing. This includes the date it was created, date it was updated, version number, title, and author.
Furthermore, each drawing should have necessary dimensions with a scale. At the same time, technical drawings should not be over-dimensioned or repetitive.
All of these things must be on a technical drawing to allow professional engineers to sign off on drawings.
Lifting the four loads in ascending order produces larger EMG signals as the loads get heavier. Discuss how you think the EMG signals for each load might change if the loads were lifted in descending order, or in random order. Explain your answer with reference to the underlying physiological mechanisms associated with muscle strength, motor unit activity, and muscle fatigue
Answers
Electromyography (EMG) is the study of electrical activity generated by muscle fibers. The amplitude of the electrical signal generated by the muscle fibers is the basis for the EMG signal's size.
The motor unit recruitment pattern, the number of motor units recruited, and muscle fiber type are all important determinants of EMG signals, which play a significant role in muscle force production. As the load weight increases, the size of EMG signals increases due to an increase in muscle fiber recruitment, which is one of the main determinants of EMG signal amplitude.
The motor unit recruitment pattern, the number of motor units recruited, and muscle fiber type are all important determinants of EMG signals, which play a significant role in muscle force production. The EMG signal is likely to decline as the load decreases, as fewer muscle fibers will be recruited to lift lighter weights. As a result, the size of the EMG signal is likely to be lower for lighter loads.
Muscle fatigue is likely to influence the size of EMG signals, as well as the motor unit recruitment pattern. As fatigue sets in, fewer motor units will be recruited, and the motor unit recruitment pattern may change. This will result in a reduction in the size of the EMG signal produced by the muscle fibers. Randomly lifting loads of different weights is likely to result in varying EMG signals.
This is due to the fact that the amount of muscle fiber recruitment required to lift a given weight is dependent on the weight's characteristics. As a result, the EMG signals produced when lifting random weights are likely to be inconsistent.
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When choosing a respirator for your job, you must conduct a __ test
Answers
Answer:
It's a fit test
with refer undial TWELVE REASONS WHY RECONNAISSANCE IS ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF ANY SURVEYS
Answers
A thorough examination of a large region that could be utilized as a road or an airport is called a reconnaissance survey.
What is the goal of the reconnaissance survey?
Its goal is to discover the more attractive routes or places while excluding the unworkable or impractical options. Existing maps and aerial photos could be very helpful.
The following are the fundamentals of the reconnaissance survey:
THE RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVE AS THE ORIGIN CONNECTS WITH AND MAINTAINS ENEMY FORCES. MAKE SURE TO RECONNAISSANCE CONSISTENTLY. KEEP YOUR ROOM FOR MANEUVER. FAST AND ACCURATE INFORMATION REPORTING-RETENTION OF RECONNAISSANCE ASSETS BUILD UP THE SITUATION QUICKLY.Since the examination is an important part of reconnaissance survey is considered the important aspect
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A recent online start-up just invested millions of dollars into new technology for their firm. Which of the following goals were they MOST likely trying to achieve?
A
specialization
B
economic growth
C
price stability
D
price stability
Answers
Answer:
i think D
Explanation:
in the mvc architecture the functionality of the system is organized into services, with each service delivered from a separate server..........(t/f)
Answers
It is False to state that in the MVC Architecture the functionality of the system is organized into services, with each service delivered from a separate server. The above scenario occurs within Client-Server Architecture.
What is MVC Architecture?Model-view-controller is a software architecture style for building user interfaces that divides the underlying program logic into three interrelated pieces. This is done to isolate internal information representations from how data is communicated to and accepted by the user.
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern, on the other hand, divides an application into three key logical components: the model, the view, and the controller. Every one of these components is designed to handle particular parts of an application's development.
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real life problems solved in statistics using software engineering
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Using a machine learning algorithm, Aerosolve’s predictive model takes the optimal price for a rental based on its location
Sarah fenced in her backyard. The perimeter of the yard is 18 feet, and the width of the yard is 4 feet. Use the perimeter formula to find the length of the rectangular yard in inches: p = 2l + 2w. (1 foot = 12 inches).
Answers
Answer: 72 inches!
Explanation:
The length of the rectangular yard in inches is 72 inches. This is calculated by using the perimeter formula, p = 2l + 2w, and substituting the known values: p = 2(18 feet) + 2(4 feet). This simplifies to p = 36 feet + 8 feet, which is equal to 44 feet. To convert this to inches, we multiply 44 feet by 12 inches per foot, which gives us a total of 528 inches. Therefore, the length of the rectangular yard in inches is 72 inches.
Describe the steps in the PDCA (Deming or Shewhart) cycle.
Answers
PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) is a four-step iterative management method. Plan: Set objectives and devise a plan. Do: Implement the plan on a small scale.
Check: Evaluate the results against objectives and identify deviations. Act: Adjust and refine the plan based on the evaluation. Repeat the cycle to continuously improve processes.
The PDCA cycle begins with planning, where objectives are set and a plan is developed. Next is the implementation stage, where the plan is executed on a small scale. The check phase involves evaluating the results and comparing them with the objectives to identify any deviations or gaps. In the act phase, necessary adjustments and refinements are made to the plan based on the evaluation. The cycle repeats to foster continuous improvement and maintain a dynamic process of goal-setting, implementation, evaluation, and refinement.
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discuss 7 habits of highly effective people and how important are ethics in today's society
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, is a book written and first published in 1989. It is a business and self-help book that was written by Stephen Covey. The seven habits include
Being proactive
Starting anything with the end in mind
First things first
Always thinking towards a win-win situation
Seeking initially to understand, then going on to want to be understood
Synergize, and lastly
Growing
A major tennis manufacturer is undertaking a test program for shoes, tennis balls, and tennis strings. Develop a test plan for the situations described below. In each case provide details for how the test should be conducted, and describe expected difficulties in interpreting the results. In each case the tests are to be conducted during college tennis matches. Four teams of six players each are to test the products under match (as opposed to practice) conditions. A tennis team consists of six players, and a match consists of six singles matches and three doubles matches.
a. Tennis shoes: Two different sole designs and materials are to be wear tested. The life of the soles are known to be strongly affected by court surface and playing style.
b. Tennis strings: A new tennis string material is to be tested for durability. String failure occurs due to breakage or due to loss of tension. String life is a function of the racquet, the player's style, and string tension.
c. Tennis balls: Two tennis balls are to be play tested for durability. The condition of a tennis ball can be described by the coefficient of restitution, and the total weight (since the cover material actually is lost during play). A player's style and the court surface are the primary determining factors on tennis ball wear.
Answers
Answer:
4 balls
Explanation:
First, we find out how many tennis balls are there altogether.
There are 8 cans and each can has 3 tennis balls.
Total numberThese balls are shared with 6 players. So we divide the total quantity by 6 to find out how many tennis balls each player gets.
Each player = 24 ÷ 6 = 4
of balls = 8 x 3 = 24