in 4 season countries, the temperatire may drop till below 0°c during the peak of winter. why does the surface of the river or lake freeze?
Answer:
Explained below
Explanation:
Normally, when the temperature of water gets colder than 4° C, it starts expanding and will become less dense the colder it becomes. As the temperature gets closer to freezing point, the colder water will float to the top and the warmer water sinks to the bottom. This is mainly because of how the density of water behaves with falling temperatures.
Thus, the lake/river water will freeze from top to down as a a result of that phenomenon of colder water floating to the top and the warmer water sinking to the bottom.
If a sample of 17.3 moles of gas at a pressure of 7.5atm and at a temperature of 306K, what is the volume of the container that the gas is in?
ANSWER
The volume of the container that the gas is in is 57.9L
EXPLANATION
Given that
The moles of the gas is 17.3 moles
The pressure of the gas is 7.5 atm
The temperature of the gas is 306K
Follow the steps below to find the volume of the container
Step 1; Assume the gas behaves like an ideal gas
\(\text{ PV = nRT}\)\(\begin{gathered} \text{ R is 0.08205 L.atm. mol}^{-1}.K^{-1} \\ \text{ 7.5 }\times\text{ V = 17.3 }\times\text{ 306 }\times\text{ 0.08205} \\ \text{ 7.5V = 434.36} \\ \text{ Divide both sides by 7.5} \\ \text{ }\frac{7.5V}{7.5}\text{ = }\frac{434.36}{7.5} \\ \text{ V = 57.9L} \end{gathered}\)Therefore, the volume of the container that the gas is in is 57.9L
Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small
numbers using
to make them easier to work with.
a square roots
b ratios
C exponents
d logarithms
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Which statement best compares potential and kinetic energy?
Objects always have more potential energy than kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases when the velocity of an object increases.
Only potential energy decreases when an object’s height increases.
Objects always have more kinetic energy than potential energy.
Answer:
Its B) Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases when the velocity of an object increases.
Explanation:
because i took the test on edge 2020
Taking into account the definition of kinetic, potencial and mechanical energy, the tatement that best compares potential and kinetic energy is: Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases when the velocity of an object increases.
Kinetic energyKinetic energy is a form of energy. It is defined as the energy associated with bodies that are in motion.
Kinetic energy is defined as the amount of work necessary to accelerate a body of a given mass and at rest, until it reaches a given speed. Once this point is reached, the amount of accumulated kinetic energy will remain the same unless there is a change in speed or the body returns to its state of rest by applying a force.
The kinetic energy is represented by the following expression:
Ec= ½ mv²
Where:
Ec is the kinetic energy, which is measured in Joules (J).m is the mass measured in kilograms (kg). v is the speed measured in meters over seconds (m/s).Potential energyPotential energy is the energy that measures the ability of a system to perform work based on its position.
Gravitational potential energy is the energy associated with the gravitational force. This will depend on the relative height of an object to some reference point, the mass, and the force of gravity as follow:
Ep= m×g×h
Where:
Ep is the potential energy in joules (J).m is the mass in kilograms (kg).h is the height in meters (m).g is the acceleration of fall in m/s² (approximately 9.81 m/s²).Mechanical energyFinally, mechanical energy is that which a body or a system obtains as a result of the speed of its movement or its specific position, and which is capable of producing mechanical work. Then:
Potential energy + kinetic energy = total mechanical energy
Principle of conservation of mechanical energyThe principle of conservation of mechanical energy indicates that the mechanical energy of a body remains constant when all the forces acting on it are conservative (a force is conservative when the work it does on a body depends only on the initial and final points and not the path taken to get from one to the other.)
Therefore, if the potential energy decreases, the kinetic energy will increase. In the same way, if the kinetics decreases, the potential energy will increase.
Statement best compares potential and kinetic energyTaking into account the definition of kinetic energy, when the velocity of an object increases the kinetic energy increases.
Therefore, considering the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy decreases.
So, the correct answer is the second option: Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases when the velocity of an object increases.
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Which type of subatomic particle most directly determines the chemical reactivity of an atom? Protons Neutrons Electrons None of the above Answers b and Question 2 How many covalent bonds does carbon (atomic number 6, atomic mass 12) usually make in organic molecules?
1) Option 3. Electrons. The type of subatomic particle that most directly determines the chemical reactivity of an atom is electrons.
Electrons are negatively charged particles that occupy the outermost energy level, or valence shell, of an atom. The number of electrons in this valence shell, as well as the arrangement of these electrons, determines the chemical properties of an atom and its reactivity. For example, an atom that has a full valence shell, with 8 electrons in its outer energy level, is considered to be unreactive and unlikely to form chemical bonds. On the other hand, an atom with a partially filled valence shell, such as carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen, is likely to participate in chemical reactions and form bonds with other atoms.
2) carbon (atomic number 6, atomic mass 12) usually makes 4 covalent bonds in organic molecules
Carbon, with atomic number 6 and atomic mass 12, usually forms 4 covalent bonds in organic molecules. This is due to the presence of 4 valence electrons in the outermost shell of the carbon atom. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to form a bond and complete their outermost electron shell. Carbon can bond with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. to form complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. The ability of carbon to form multiple covalent bonds with other atoms is what makes it the backbone of all living organisms and the central component of organic chemistry. The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is directly related to the number of valence electrons it has, which in turn determines its chemical reactivity.
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+
Convert 0.406 km into cm
Answer:
The answer is 40600 because of the formula
Answer: 40600
Explanation: You just have to times 100,000 and 0.406
It would look like this...
0.406 * 100,000
or
0.406 x 100,000
---------------------------------------------------
The formula is "multiplying the length value by 100000"
Hope this helps!
write about the chemicals which can bring the permanent hardness in water
Answer:
Permanent hardness (mineral content) is generally difficult to remove by boiling. If this occurs, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate/calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate/magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases
Explanation:
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it takes 500 j of work to compress quasi-statically 0.50 mol of an ideal gas to one-fifth its original volume. calculate the temperature of the gas, assuming it remains constant during the compression.
As the compression is carried out quasi-statically, the gas's temperature will not change during the process. The temperature of the gas is T= 60.65 K.
The temperature of the gas will remain constant during the compression process since it is being done quasi-statically.
This means that the temperature of the gas will remain constant throughout the compression process.
Since the amount of work (500 J) is given, the temperature of the gas can be determined using the equation U = (3/2)nRT, where U is the work, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Solving for T, we find that the temperature of the gas is T = (2/3)(500 J)/(0.50 mol)(8.31 J/mol K) = 60.65 K.
Complete Question:
It takes 500 J of work to compress 0.50 mol of an ideal gas quasi-statically to one-fifth its original volume. What is the temperature of the gas, assuming it remains constant during the compression?
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A chemist has 15.0 M HBr. She would like to use this to make a liter of solution with the molarity of 3.5 M. How does she do this?
To make an aqueous solution of HBr (hydrobromic acid) of concentration 15.0 M from 3.5 M, we can use the dilution ratio: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
We can input our data into the above formula, and thus:
15.0×V₁ = 3.5×1 (final volume is a litre), and solving this to get V₁:
V₁ = 0.2333...
therefore, the initial volume, the volume of HBr we start with, is 233.33 mL.
Dilution
1. accurately measure 233 mL of 15.0 M hydrobromic acid into a measuring cylinder, using a pasteur pipette (dropper), to top it up to the mark.
2. pour the hydrobromic acid into a 1 L volumetric flask, using a wash bottle and demineralised water to rinse out the remaining acid from the measuring cylinder into the flask.
3. Using a wash bottle and demineralised water, fill the volumetric flask up to a little bit below the mark on the neck of the flask. Use a dropper to carefully add water to the mark, making sure that the bottom of the meniscus of the solution is on the mark.
4. Stopper the flask, and holding the flask in one hand whilst pressing down the stopper, invert and swirl, and invert again, about 10-15 times. This ensures solution is thoroughly mixed.
5. Your 3.5 M solution of HBr is ready
where do cells get the instructions on how to build proteins ? help
Answer:
Inside the DNA molecules
Answer:
Genes give instructions to proteins; protein structure determines traits.
Explanation:
Write two or three sentences about what shakespeare is saying about mortality and love in sonnet 73 . how do death and love relate? support your answer with textual evidence.
In Sonnet 73, Shakespeare is suggesting that love and mortality are intertwined, as they both highlight the fleeting nature of life. He portrays the speaker as a withered tree in autumn, a metaphor for aging and approaching death.
Shakespeare's use of vivid imagery highlights the inevitability of death, with phrases such as "bare ruined choirs" and "death's second self." However, he also shows that love can provide solace, with the line "This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong." The relationship between mortality and love is one of acceptance and appreciation for the present moment.
"This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong/ To love that well which thou must leave ere long." This line reinforces the idea that the awareness of death strengthens love, as lovers must cherish their time together before parting due to mortality.
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Which phrase best describes a rock?
Responses
(A)A chemical arranged in a lattice
(B)A repeating pattern of atoms
(C)A fire-formed crystal
(D)A mixture of minerals
The word which best describes a rock from the above options is a mixture of minerals.
The correct answer choice is option D
What is meant by a rock being a mixture of minerals?A rock consist of different kinds of mineral materials or mineral substances which are naturally occurring aggregate of solid mineral matter that constitute a significant part of the earth crust.
From the given option above, the only definition which talks about rock in totality is the one which says rock is a mixture of minerals.
There exist different kinds of mineral rocks, among which includes the following:
Igneous rocks: It is formed by the cooling of molten rock, either below the surface (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive).
Metamorphic rocks: consists of pre-existing rock mass in which new minerals or textures are formed at higher temperatures and greater pressures than those present on the Earth's surface.
Sedimentary rocks: formed by the deposition of either the weathered remains of other rocks, the results of biological activity, or precipitation from solution
So therefore, a rock is a solid substance which forms an important solid matter in the earth crust.
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identify the conditions for a standard electrochemical cell. select one or more: pressure of 1 atm temperature of 298 k solution concentrations of 1 m pressure of 5 atm solute masses of 1 g temperature of 273 k
The conditions for a standard electrochemical cell. select one or more : pressure of 1 atm temperature of 298 k solution concentrations of 1 M.
The electrochemical cell is the cell that is capable of generating the electrical energy from the chemical reactions or by the use of the electrical energy to cause the chemical reaction. The conditions for a standard electrochemical cell. select one or more : pressure of 1 atm temperature of 298 k solution concentrations of 1 M.
There are the two types of the electrochemical cells is as follows : the galvanic called the electrolytic cells. the galvanic cell is also called as the voltaic cell.
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the hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for
The hippocampus plays a special role in memory formation and retrieval. The hippocampus is a region of the brain located in the medial temporal lobe and is known for its involvement in memory processes.
It is responsible for the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of declarative memories, which are memories related to facts and events. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to severe memory impairments, such as the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia).
The hippocampus receives input from various brain regions and integrates this information to form coherent memories. It plays a crucial role in encoding new information and transferring it to long-term memory storage. Additionally, the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory and navigation, as it helps individuals remember the layout of their environment and create cognitive maps.
Overall, the hippocampus plays a central role in memory formation and retrieval, particularly in the realm of declarative memory, and its proper functioning is vital for the formation of new memories and the recollection of past experiences.
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The diagrams show the arrangements of carbon atoms in diamond and in graphite. Compare a use of diamond with a use of graphite, explaining each use in terms of the bonding and structure. In your answer you should use information from the diagrams.
The diagrams show the arrangements of carbon atoms in diamond and in graphite. The diamond is sp³ hybridized and have tetrahedral shape while graphite is sp² hybridized and is hexagonal ring shaped structure.
Diamond containing carbon atoms are strongly bonded chemically with other four carbons. The carbon atoms are sp³ hybridized and make percept tetrahedral shape. Diamond used in jewelry makin g. they are used by surgeons in the cataract surgery. diamond is hard, used for cutting or drilling rock.
Graphite containing carbon atom are form the weak bond with weak forces. the carbon are sp² hybridized and make a hexagonal ring shape structure. The force in graphite in weak that makes it useful material. it is used as lubricant. it is used in pencil. used in making electrodes.
The diagrams show the arrangements of carbon atoms in diamond and in graphite. The diamond is sp³ hybridized and have tetrahedral shape while graphite is sp² hybridized and is hexagonal ring shaped structure.
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What is the pressure (in millimeters of mercury) inside a container of a gas connected to an open-end manometer when the level in the arm connected to the container is 203.3 mm in height lower than the level in the arm open to the atmosphere? Atmospheric pressure is 757.1 mm Hg and the density of mercury is 13.546 g/mL.
Answer:
See explanation below
Explanation:
In this case, you just need to apply the following expression:
Pc = Patm + h + d1/d2
Where:
Pc: Pressure of container
Patm: Atmospherical pressure
h: height of the arm of manometer
d1: density of gas
d2: density of mercury
You are not providing the density of the gas which is filled the container, so, let's assume we are filling this with hexane (d = 0.65 g/mL)
We have all in mm Hg so we just need to apply the above expression:
Pc = 757.1 + 203.3 * (0.65/13.546)
Pc = 757.1 + 9.7553
Pc = 766.8553 mmHg
What is the primary source of energy on Earth?
Answer:
the sun
Explanation:
edge 2020
HELPPP!!!!!!!!!!!! ty
Answer:
increases
Explanation:
it turns out that an object increases as the square of it's speed.
Answer:
Explanation:
In all physical processes taking place in closed systems, the amount of change in kinetic energy is equal to the amount of change in potential energy. If the kinetic energy increases, the potential energy decreases, and vice-versa. this equation reveals that the kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to the square of its speed. That means that for a twofold increase in speed, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of four. so therfore stays the same as the object so it would speed up as well.
HELPPP. What is the molarity (molar concentration) of a 500.0mL that contains 5.60g of KOH? Please show your work, with units, and include a therefore statement.
Answer:
.2 M
Explanation:
grams/molar mass=ans./volume(L)=molarity
5.6/56=ans./.500=.2 M
- Hope that helps! Please let me know if you need further explanation.
3. A gold ring has a mass of 67.0 grams. When
placed in a graduated cylinder containing 10 ml of
water, the water rises to 13.47 ml. Calculate the
density of the ring.
I
Answer:
The answer is
19.3 g/mLExplanation:
The density of a substance can be found by using the formula
\(Density = \frac{mass}{volume} \)
From the question
mass = 67 g
Volume of ring = new volume of water - original volume of water
Volume = 13.47 - 10 = 3.47 mL
Substitute the values into the above formula and solve
That's
\(Density = \frac{67}{3.47} \\ = 19.308357\)
We have the final answer as
19.3 g/mLHope this helps you
The isomerization of cyclopropane to propene is a first-order reaction with a rate constant of 9.2/s. If an initial sample of cyclopropane has a concentration of 6.00 M, what will the cyclopropane concentration be after 1.00 s?
The number of moles of the cyclopropane that remains after 1.00 s is 6.1 * 10^-4 M.
What is is the concentration?By the use of the equation of the first order reaction, we can be able to find out the concentration at a given time.
The equation of the first order reaction can be written as;
ln[A] = ln[Ao] - kt
[A] = Concentration at time t
[Ao] = Initial concentration
k = rate constant
t = time
Then;
[A] = e^ln[Ao] - kt
[A] = e^ln6.00 - (9.2 * 1)
[A] = 6.1 * 10^-4 M
The amount of the cyclopropane left is 6.1 * 10^-4 M.
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Give three examples of environmental, industrial and bio-chemistry.
Three examples of environmental, industrial and bio-chemistry are listed below:
Environmental chemistry: Contamination, Atmospheric Deposition, and Soil Pollution.industrial chemistry: industrial inorganic chemicals, industrial organic chemicals, and agricultural chemicalsbio-chemistry: genetic, immunology, and enzymologyMeaning of ChemistryChemistry can be defined as a branch of science which is concerned with the substances matter is composed of, their properties and reactions,
Chemistry also deals with the use of such reactions to form new substances.
In conclusion, Three examples of environmental, industrial and bio-chemistry are listed anove
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an hcl solution has a ph = 3. if you dilute 10 ml of the solution to 1000ml, the final ph will be:
After diluting 10 mL of the HCl solution with a pH of 3 to a total volume of 1000 mL, the final pH of the solution will be 5.
The initial pH of the HCl solution is 3, and you're diluting 10 mL of the solution to a total volume of 1000 mL.
To find the final pH, we need to first determine the initial concentration of HCl. Using the pH formula:
pH = -log10[H+]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
Rearranging the formula, we get:
[H+] = 10^(-pH)
[H+] = 10^(-3) = 0.001 M (initial concentration)
Next, we will apply the dilution formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C1 and V1 are the initial concentration and volume of the solution, and C2 and V2 are the final concentration and volume after dilution.
0.001 M × 0.01 L = C2 × 1 L
C2 = 0.00001 M (final concentration)
Now, we can calculate the final pH using the pH formula again:
pH = -log10[0.00001] = 5
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In one experiment, 7.62 g of iron are allowed to react with 8.67 g of sulfur. Calculate the mass of iron (Ill) sulfide that can be formed.
1) What’s the Mass of Fe2S3?
2) What is the limiting reactant?
Answer:
The mass of iron sulphide formed is 14.2 g
Explanation:
Starting off with a balanced chemical equation:
2Fe + 3S --> Fe₂S₃
to find the mass of Fe₂S₃ and thus the limiting reagent, we can first find the number of moles of each reactant. Number of moles is found by dividing mass by molar mass (found using a standard IUPAC Periodic Table).
n(Fe) present = m/M = 7.62/55.85 = 0.13644 mol
n(S) present = m/M = 8.67/32.07 = 0.27035 mol.
Using the values for the number of moles of each reactant, we can find the limiting reagent by testing each with the molar ratio of the equation.
If (Fe) is the limiting reagent, then moles of sulphur required = n(Fe)/2 × 3
= 0.20466 mol. Since we have excess of what's required of sulphur, then iron could be the limiting reagent.
Now we test it with (S). If (S) is the limiting reagent, then moles of iron required = n(S)/3 × 2 = 0.18023 mol. Since we have less than what is required, therefore, sulphur is NOT the limiting reagent.
Hence, Iron is the limiting reagent.
Now we have the limiting reagent, we can use this to calculate the number of moles of Fe₂S₃, since the limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed.
Since stoichiometry of Fe : Fe₂S₃ = 2 : 1, therefore:
moles of (Fe) = 2× moles of (Fe₂S₃).
hence, moles of (Fe₂S₃) = 1/2 × 0.13644 mol = 0.06822.
Finally, we can multiply the moles of iron sulphide by the molar mass, to get the mass.
m(Fe₂S₃) = nM = 0.06822 × (55.85×2 + 32.07×3) = 14.2 g (3 significant figures, since all the data in the question is in 3 sig. figs).
Iva shook the bottle of carbonated mineral water well and then abruptly opened it. The sparkling contents of the bottle spilled all over the table. "Don't you know that the pressure of the gas at the top of the corked bottle is greater than the pressure of the air surrounding the bottle?" asked her mother.
Which substance dissolves in mineral water under elevated pressure?
carbon(II) oxide
carbon(IV) dioxide
carbon(IV) oxide
inaccurately
Substance dissolves in mineral water under elevated pressure is carbon(IV) dioxide. Option B
When carbonated mineral water is produced, carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is dissolved under pressure in the water. The dissolved carbon dioxide creates the characteristic fizz or bubbles that are released when the bottle is opened.
The pressure inside a sealed carbonated beverage bottle is higher than the atmospheric pressure outside the bottle. This is why the contents of the bottle fizz and bubble out when the bottle is opened.
The dissolved carbon dioxide in the mineral water exists in the form of carbonic acid (H2CO3). When the bottle is opened, the decrease in pressure allows the carbonic acid to decompose into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The carbon dioxide gas rapidly escapes from the solution, leading to the release of bubbles and the effervescence of the liquid.
Therefore, it is carbon(IV) dioxide (CO2) that dissolves in mineral water under elevated pressure. Carbon(II) oxide and carbon(IV) oxide are not accurate terms for the compound involved in carbonation. Carbon(IV) oxide is not a valid chemical formula.
Understanding the behavior of carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages is important to prevent spills and to enjoy the refreshing fizz of carbonated drinks.
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After reduction with LiAlH4, followed by aqueous workup (protonation) the following starting materials will form what?
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Amides
After reduction with LiAlH4, followed by aqueous workup (protonation), carboxylic acids, esters, and amides will form their corresponding alcohols, primary alcohols for carboxylic acids and esters, and secondary alcohols for amides.
LiAlH4 is a strong reducing agent that is capable of reducing carbonyl functional groups, which include carboxylic acids, esters, and amides, to their corresponding alcohols. The aqueous workup (protonation) serves to neutralize the reaction mixture and remove any remaining LiAlH4. The resulting alcohols can then be further reacted or purified as desired.
After reduction with LiAlH4 (lithium aluminum hydride), followed by aqueous workup (protonation), the starting materials will undergo the following transformations:
1. Carboxylic acids: Reduction with LiAlH4 will convert carboxylic acids into primary alcohols.
2. Esters: LiAlH4 reduction will convert esters into a pair of alcohols, including a primary alcohol from the carbonyl group and an alcohol derived from the ester's alkyl/aryl group.
3. Amides: Reduction using LiAlH4 will transform amides into amines.
In summary, LiAlH4 is a strong reducing agent that can reduce carboxylic acids, esters, and amides to their corresponding alcohols or amines through the process of reduction followed by aqueous workup.
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A
is scientific knowledge established through direct observation and remains constant. Scientific knowledge can change when scientists
.
Answer:
Explanation:Scientific knowledge is knowledge in, or in connection with, any of the sciences or technology, that is accumulated by systematic study and organized by general principles. Scientific knowledge refers to a generalized body of laws and theories to explain a phenomenon or behavior of interest that are acquired using the scientific method⁴. Laws are observed patterns of phenomena or behaviors, while theories are systematic explanations of the underlying phenomenon or behavior.
Scientific knowledge is not established through direct observation alone, nor does it remain constant. Scientific knowledge can change when scientists discover new evidence, test existing hypotheses, revise existing theories, or develop new methods or technologies. Science is a dynamic and ongoing process that seeks to understand the physical world and its phenomena in a rigorous and objective way.
how is ionic radius used to find chemical bonds and reactions
Answer:
Although atoms with equal numbers of protons and electrons exhibit no electrical charge, it is common for atoms to attain the stable electronic configuration of the inert gases by either gaining or losing electrons. The metallic elements on the left side of the periodic table have electrons in excess of the stable configuration. Table 1 shows the electron loss necessary for three light metals to reach a stable electron structure.
The positive charge on the resulting metal ion is due to the atom possessing more nuclear protons than orbital electrons. The valence electrons are most distant from the nucleus; thus, they are weakly held by the electrostatic attraction of the protons and, consequently, are easily stripped from atoms of the metals.
By contrast, the nonmetallic elements on the right side of the periodic table have fewer electrons than that of a stable configuration and can most readily attain the stable configuration of the inert gases by gaining electrons. The negative charge on the resulting nonmetal ion is due to the atom possessing more orbital electrons than nuclear protons. Table 2 compares three nonmetals to the inert gas argon.
Because metallic elements tend to lose electrons and nonmetallic elements tend to gain electrons, a pair of contrasting elements will exchange electrons so that both achieve stable electronic configurations. The resulting ions of opposite charge have a strong force of electrostatic attraction, which is called an ionic bond. Note: This bond forms through the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, in contrast to the electron sharing of the covalent bond.
The force of attraction between two points of opposite electrical charge is given by Coulomb's law:
equation
where q + is the positive charge, q – is the negative charge, and d is the distance between the two charges. This law of electrostatic attraction can be used to measure the distance between two spherical ions because the charges can be considered to be located at the center of each sphere. (See Figure 1.)
Figure 1. The distance between ionic charges.
figure
Notice that the distance between the centers of the two ions is the sum of radii of the ions. The appropriate electrostatic force then is calculated from the equation
equation
where q C is the charge of the positive cation, q A is the charge of the negative anion, and the denominator is the sum of their radii.
The strength of ionic bonding, therefore, depends on both the charges and the sizes of the two ions. Higher charges and smaller sizes produce stronger bonds. Table 3 shows the approximate radii of selected ions, which have the electronic configuration of an inert gas. The radii are in equation.
For ions of the same charge, the ionic radius increases as you go down any column because the elements of higher atomic number have a greater number of electrons in a series of electronic shells progressively farther from the nucleus. The change in ionic size along a row in the chart just above shows the effect of attraction by protons in the nucleus.
In Table 4, the five ions O 2– through A1 3+ are all isoelectronic; that is, they have the same number of electrons in the same orbitals.
For continuity, the neutral Ne atom is also in the chart, with its atomic radius. As you proceed to the right in Table 4, the greater number of protons attracts the electrons more strongly, producing progressively smaller ions.
Now use Coulomb's law to compare the strengths of the ionic bonds in crystals of magnesium oxide and lithium fluoride. The sizes of the four ions are taken from the tabulation of radii of cations and anions in Table 5.
equation
Comparing the two relative forces of electrostatic attraction that you calculated, you can conclude that ionic bonding is considerably stronger in magnesium oxide. This affects the physical properties and chemical behavior of the two compounds. For example, the melting point of MgO (2,852°C) is much higher than that of LiF (845°C).
The strength of chemical bonding in various substances is commonly measured by the thermal energy (heat) needed to separate the bonded atoms or ions into individual atoms or ion
Explanation:
i have 630 mL of 0.27 M sodium hydroxide. I add water to the solution until there is 1.0 L of solution. what is the concentration of the new solution?
The concentration of the new solution after adding water to the solution until it reaches 1 L, is 0.1701 M.
What is solution?A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds in chemistry. The substance that is present in the largest amount is called the solvent, and the substances that are dissolved in the solvent are called solutes. The solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases, and they can be in different physical states from the solvent.
When we add water to a solution, the amount of solute (in moles) remains the same, but the volume of the solution increases. Consequently, the following formula can be used to determine the new concentration of the solution:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C1 and V1 represent the solution's starting concentration and volume, and C2 and V2 represent the solution's final concentration and volume.
Substituting the values we know, we get:
(0.27 M)(630 mL) = C2(1000 mL)
Solving for C2, we get:
C2 = (0.27 M)(630 mL) / (1000 mL) = 0.1701 M
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How many milliliters of a 6.50 M stock solution would be required to produce 500 mL of a 0.25 M dilute solution? Ms:Md: Vs:Vd: Answer:
You can see that Ms and Vs correspond to the stock solution, whereas Md and Vd corresponds to the dilute solution. The word 'M' means concentration and 'V' means volume. We want to know what is the volume of the stock solution (Vs). So, we have to use the following formula:
\(C_1V_1=C_2V_2.\)Where C is concentration and V volume. We can write this formula in our terms, like this:
\(M_sV_s=M_dV_d.\)Let's solve for 'Vs':
\(V_s=\frac{M_dV_d}{M_s}\text{.}\)The given data is:
\(\begin{gathered} M_s=6.50\text{ M,} \\ M_d=0.25M,_{} \\ V_d=500\text{ mL.} \end{gathered}\)So, replacing these values in the last formula, we're going to obtain:
\(V_s=\frac{0.25\text{ M }\cdot\text{ 500 mL}}{0.25\text{ M}}=19.2307\text{ mL}\approx19.2\text{ mL.}\)The answer is that we have 19.2 milliliters (mL) in the stock solution.