The CBC (Cipher Block Chaining), OFB (Output Feedback), and CTR (Counter) modes of operation are widely used block cipher modes in cryptography. However, these modes of operation do not provide CCA-secure (Chosen Ciphertext Attack) encryption schemes.
In CBC mode, each block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before encryption. However, this creates a vulnerability when the attacker has the ability to modify the ciphertext. If the attacker can flip a bit in the ciphertext, then the corresponding bit in the plaintext will also flip. This means that the attacker can alter the plaintext in a predictable way, which is not desirable for a secure encryption scheme. Similarly, in OFB mode, a keystream is generated by encrypting an initialization vector (IV) with the block cipher. This keystream is then XORed with the plaintext to create the ciphertext. However, if an attacker can modify the ciphertext, they can flip a bit in the keystream. This will cause the corresponding bit in the plaintext to flip, resulting in predictable changes to the message.
Finally, in CTR mode, a keystream is generated by encrypting a counter with the block cipher. The keystream is then XORed with the plaintext to create the ciphertext. However, if an attacker can modify the ciphertext, they can also modify the keystream. This allows the attacker to alter the plaintext in a predictable way. Therefore, while CBC, OFB, and CTR modes of operation are useful for certain applications, they do not provide CCA-secure encryption schemes. To achieve CCA-secure encryption, other modes of operation such as GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) or OCB (Offset Codebook Mode) should be used.
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henry has to create a checklist with all the steps to respond to a specific incident. what type of artifact should he make to do so in his security orchestration, automation, and response (soar) environment?
To create a checklist with all the steps to respond to a specific incident in his security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) environment, Henry should make a "playbook" as the type of artifact.
A playbook helps security teams respond more effectively to security incidents by providing step-by-step guidance for each action. Playbooks include a series of tasks, integrations, and workflows that are needed to respond to a particular security incident.A Playbook is a SOAR artifact that guides security teams through each phase of the incident response process. It is created by mapping out all of the manual steps that a security analyst performs during an incident, automating those steps wherever possible, and finally, creating an orchestration flow for the remaining manual steps.
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2) State True or False. 1. Abacus is an electronic device. 2. ROM is read and writes memory of computer. 3. Header and footer appear at the top and bottom of 4. The first microprocessor is INTEL 4004. 5. CTRL + A is used to print data in M.S. word. Answer the following questions:
Answer:
1 false
2 false
3 false
4 true
5 false
Explanation:
Answer:
False, True, True, True, False
Explanation:
1. False, it is a calculation device not electronic device.
2. True
3. True, Header appear at the top and Footer appear at the bottom.
4. True
5. False, Ctrl + A in MS Word or other text platforms is used to select all the text, not to print data in MS Word. To print data in MS Word or other text platforms we use Ctrl + P.
based on the description given for abc university, what is the maximum cardinality between each instance of "section" and "teacher"?A section teacherB section teacherC section teacherD section teacher
The n is the maximum possible cardinality while 1 is the minimum in the ratio 1:n. A link with a cardinality stated as 1:1 to 1:n is commonly referred to as 1 to n when focusing on the largest cardinalities.
It is optional if the relationship has a minimum cardinality of 0. determines how many options a user can select from a connection. If it is more than 0, the maximum cardinality must be at least as high as the lowest cardinality. If you do not specify a maximum cardinality, the default value is 999. Minimum cardinality is the smallest number of instances of one entity that can be connected to one instance of another.
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Darren is starting to craft his resume. What is one acceptable practice he should implement to make a resume that is MOST likely to get him an interview?
A.
Fill the entire page with information from top to bottom.
B.
List at least five references with their contact information.
C.
Incorporate a wide variety of fonts, styles, and images.
D.
Use the language that is used in the job advertisement.
Answer:b
Explanation:
Explain briefly why one should be very cautious when using a Wi-Fi hotspot.
Answer: Other people can access the same network and may have access to parts of your computer to try and steel your data.
Explanation:
Answer:
Privacy reasons.
Explanation:
Being cautious is very important when using a hotspot. Some hotspots are unsecure, which means that if somone, per say, a hacker, we're to see you using said hotspot, a security breach could be possible, thus, having your information stored on said device stolen.
When we use the term the Web what is the correct definition?
a. The set of interconnected networks that cover the world
b. The set of world wide resources that are available over the Internet
c. The set of server computers that connect to the Internet
d. The set of networks and computers that support the Internet
b. The set of world wide resources that are available over the Internet use the term the Web what is the correct definition.
When we use the term "the Web," we are referring to the collection of web pages, websites, and other digital resources that are accessible over the Internet. It is a vast network of interconnected documents and information that can be accessed through web browsers. The Web is not limited to a specific set of interconnected networks or server computers, but rather represents the entirety of online content and resources that are made available globally.
The Web, also known as the World Wide Web, is a global system of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. It is a platform for information sharing and communication over the Internet. When we refer to the Web, we are specifically talking about the vast collection of websites, web pages, images, videos, audio files, and other digital content that can be accessed through web browsers.
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Steffi has to record a 70-minute-long video. Which camcorder should she use to record for convenience in transfer?
A. Super VHS
B. Digital Video
C. VHS-C
D. Hi8
The correct answer is Steffi should use a Digital Video camcorder to record the 70-minute-long video for convenience in transfer. Steffi has to record a 70-minute-long video.
Which camcorder should she use to record for convenience in transfer.Digital Video uses digital technology to capture and store video, which makes it easier to transfer the video to a computer or other digital device. Super VHS, VHS-C, and Hi8 are all analog video formats that require analog equipment to transfer and edit the video, which can be more cumbersome and time-consuming.Steffi has to record a 70-minute-long video. Which camcorder should she use to record for convenience in transfer.
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When you declare an array of objects, what is the initial value of the elements? What are the elements initialized to?
The programming language utilized determines the original value of the objects contained within an array.
What conventions do other programming languages use?In certain programming languages like Java, the default value for elements is null when it comes to object references. By contrast, in C++, the default status of elements is uninitialized, which leads to incomplete or unspecified values until the programmer has manually initialized them.
It should be emphasized that during declaration, certain programming languages offer the option of indicating a starting value for array elements, whereas some do not. Sometimes, it is necessary for the developer to initialize each element individually by utilizing loops or alternate methods.
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The correct banner marking for a commingled document containing top secret secret and cui is.
The correct banner marking for a commingled document containing top secret secret and cui is known as TOP SECRET.
What is thebanner marking for commingled document?The CUI markings in a kind of comingled classified document will show in paragraphs or subparagraphs and it is seen to have only CUI and must be an aspect that is marked with “(CUI).”
Note that “CUI” will not be seen in the banner or footer and as such, The correct banner marking for a commingled document containing top secret secret and cui is known as TOP SECRET.
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What is the name of the variable in this code?
1| fav_color = sprite.ask("What's your favorite color?")
2| sprite.say(fav_color)
fav_color
What's your favorite color?
sprite
ask
Answer:
fav_color
Explanation:
Answer:
fav_color
Explanation:
Patricia Works in a coffee shop and manages the inventory of items.for each item she needs to recover the quantity in stock and quantity sold how should she maintain the data
Answer:
store quantity in stock and quantity sold in a single cell
Explanation:
what is information that can be proven with evidence A opinion B copy C fact D paste
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A fact is a true statement with evidence
Answer: C. Fact
Explanation: if it was already proven with evidence then we can confirm it was a fact
Read the mini case study below. It documents a project’s (in some cases catastrophic) failure. In light of this module’s topics, discuss two contributing factors to the failure of this project.
Organization: Dyson Ltd – UK
Project type: Development of an electric car
Project name: The Dyson
Date: Oct 2019
Cost: £500M
Synopsis:
The future of transportation is here to see and it is of course electric! As a result, the development of electric cars has been a growth area for the past ten years and the pace of change continues to grow.
That growth and the potential to revolutionize the car market has interested both newcomers and the incumbents alike. Of the newcomers Tesla has of course made the cut and has proven they have the stamina to stay in the game. Other start-ups and have come, gone, been resurrected and gone again. At the time of writing Rivian, Fisker and other start-ups are still in the game, but they face the monumental challenge of taking on the likes of Volkswagen, Nissan, GM and other organizations that already have the infrastructure to design, build, sell and support vehicles on a worldwide basis.
One of the recent challengers to throw in the towel is Dyson Ltd. James Dyson is one of the UK richest men. An engineer, a techie and an entrepreneur, Dyson made his fortune developing high-end home appliances (most notably vacuum cleaners). Always looking for fields in need of his engineering prowess, Dyson started down the difficult road of developing a from-scratch electric car. The jump from vacuum cleaners to cars is of course massive and the decision to invest in the project was a quantum leap of faith.
Normally such a move would require careful due diligence and active management of the downside risks. It appears, however, that as a privately owned business, Dyson took a different path. In a Mar 2020 interview with business magazine "Fast Company" Dyson was asked about the role up front market analysis plays in developing Dyson products. Dyson replied…
"We never think of the market for the product. It’s not something that guides us. We look for a problem in the product, and then we go to solve the problem. Hand dryers aren’t a particularly big market compared to hair dryers or vacuum cleaners, but that didn’t stop us from wanting to make a hand dryer. Having an interesting technology for products decides what we do, whether the market is small or big."
To be fair, Dyson’s leap of faith did make a lot of progress and reports indicate that his nascent project got as a far as a fully functional vehicle that was near ready for production. However, as costs mounted past the £500M mark, the monumental costs of product launch came into view. Recognizing that to cover the investment and production costs the finished product was likely to have a price higher than the market would bare, the project has been canned.
Note: Dyson is a privately owned company and the cost of the project was apparently born by Mr. Dyson himself. Although Mr. Dyson can certainly afford to absorb the £500M cost, I think we should also remember the time, talent, sweat and tears of the team who work on the project. To see all of that effort wasted is a heart break in its own right. Hopefully some of the technology will still find a way forward and some of that effort will be rewarded, but as it stands, the project may not be catastrophic for Dyson, but it is likely a massive disappointment for those who vested themselves in the project’s success.
The failure of the Dyson electric car project can be attributed to a combination of factors. The lack of thorough market analysis and consideration of the competitive landscape prevented Dyson from adequately positioning their product in the automotive market.
Two contributing factors to the failure of the Dyson electric car project are:
Lack of market analysis and consideration of competitive landscape:
Dyson's approach of focusing primarily on solving a problem rather than considering the market demand and competition played a significant role in the project's failure. The decision to develop an electric car without thoroughly analyzing the market and understanding the challenges posed by established automotive manufacturers with global infrastructure put Dyson at a disadvantage. While Dyson had a track record of innovation and success in the home appliances industry, the automotive sector is highly complex and competitive. Not adequately assessing the market dynamics and competition hindered their ability to develop a competitive product and establish a viable market position.
Mounting costs and pricing challenges:
Although the project made substantial progress and reached the stage of a fully functional vehicle near production readiness, the costs associated with launching the product became a significant concern. As the costs exceeded £500 million, the realization that the final product would likely have a price higher than what the market would bear posed a major obstacle. Dyson's decision to halt the project can be attributed to the realization that the financial viability of the electric car was questionable due to the high production costs and anticipated pricing challenges. Failing to align the project's costs with market expectations and feasible pricing strategies contributed to its ultimate discontinuation.
The failure of the Dyson electric car project can be attributed to a combination of factors. The lack of thorough market analysis and consideration of the competitive landscape prevented Dyson from adequately positioning their product in the automotive market. Additionally, the mounting costs and pricing challenges posed significant financial risks and made the project economically unviable. While the project may not have had catastrophic consequences for Dyson as a company, it was undoubtedly a disappointment for the team involved and a missed opportunity to leverage their technological advancements in the automotive industry.
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Why is the GDD useful for game artists?
a.
because it contains specific directions for exactly what the artist must
create and exactly how to go about creating it
B. because it allows artists to see the big picture into which their individual
pieces of artwork will fit, which usually results in more unified artistic content for the game
c. because it lists the different subtasks of a game development project for
artists, along with their estimated time and progression
D. because it provides artists with the underlying structure of a game level
or mission in terms of layout, presentation of obstacles and options for
movement
pls answer fast
Answer:
i think ur answer would be either D, or B
Explanation:
What is a power surge?
O When you restart a device.
O An electric outlet.
O When a computer is turned on and starts up.
O A spike in electricity
Answer:
A spike of Electricity
Explanation:
2.2 code practice
Write a program that accepts three decimal numbers as input and outputs their
sum.
this is for python correct?
Answer:
I have used Python Language for this question. Code
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))
print("The sum of these numbers is", a + b + c)
Explanation:
a, b and c are variables in the code. int is a command used to convert string into an integer(if possible). input is also a command. It is used to take input from the user. Whenever we make an input to take a number as a input it will be stored in a string not in an integer. The numbers/strings are stored in their variables. At last, I have used print function, which is used to print an integer or any string. To print the sum of numbers taken as input, I add them using their variables name, used in it. We can also give an integer and a string at same as a output by adding them. I know 2 ways to add an integer and a string. But, I have used the easy one for you in the code, and will explain that only. To add a string and an integer first you need to write print() function. Now, write write two quotes in the bracket of print function. Now, write the string you want in the quotes. After writing the string type one comma just after quotes, and type the number you want after comma. You can also write the integer before string by writing the number then comma and then string in quotes. You can also write more string or integer by typing comma then string/integer...
Definition of words I used in the explanation.
Variables: It is used to store any number, string, code etc. For example, a = 23. So, the variable a store the number 23, or b = "This is a string". So, the variable b stores the string etc.
String: It is stored as a sentence, or alphabet not as a number. For example, a = "This is a string", or b = "23". 23 is a number but, it is written between quotes that's why its not a number is a string.
If you have any doubt related my explanation, ask me in comment.
Language is abstract. Authoritative. Allopathic. Altruistic.
The adjectives "abstract," "authoritative," "allopathic," and "altruistic" highlight the diverse ways in which language functions and its significance in society.
What are the different perspectives on language presented in the sentence?The sentence presents a list of adjectives that describe language from different perspectives. "Abstract" refers to the fact that language is not concrete but rather consists of symbols and meanings that are created and understood by humans.
"Authoritative" suggests that language is often used to assert power or control over others. "Allopathic" implies that language can be used to cure or alleviate problems, as in the context of medicine.
"Altruistic" means that language can be used for the benefit of others, as in the context of philanthropy or social justice.
Together, these adjectives highlight the multifaceted nature of language and its role in society.
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What do you understand by the following malicious programs (i) computer virus (ii) worm (iii) trojan horse (iv) sweeper (v) malware (vi) spyware.
Answer:
Computer virus- A computer virus is a type of malware that attaches to another program (like a document), which can replicate and spread after a person first runs it on their system. For instance, you could receive an email with a malicious attachment, open the file unknowingly, and then the computer virus runs on your computer.
Worm virus- A computer worm virus is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. It often uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. It will use this machine as a host to scan and infect other computers.
Trojan horse virus- A Trojan Horse (Trojan) virus is a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate code or software. Once inside the network, attackers are able to carry out any action that a legitimate user could perform, such as exporting files, modifying data, deleting files or otherwise altering the contents of the device.
Sweeper virus- Sweeper virus is a fake anti-spyware program known to be an updated version of the rogue anti-spyware program Virus Doctor. Virus Sweeper is a program that when it is installed starts to perform actions such as scanning your computer without your permission.
Malware- Malware is any software intentionally designed to cause disruption to a computer, server, client, or computer network, leak private information, gain unauthorized access to information or systems, deprive access to information, or which unknowingly interferes with the user's computer security and privacy.
Spyware- Spyware is any software that installs itself on your computer and starts covertly monitoring your online behavior without your knowledge or permission. Spyware is a kind of malware that secretly gathers information about a person or organization and relays this data to other parties.
Which term originated on social media?
O A. LOL
O B. Unlike
O C. Notebook
D. Word
Answer:
a
Explanation:
A.
HOPE THIS HELPS YOU GOOD FELLOW PERSON!
convert into 24 hours clock time. (a).1.40pm
Answer:
13:40
Explanation:
Select the correct text in the passage.
Which sentences highlight the correct way of preparing baked potato?
George finds that there are no vegetables at home today except potatoes. He decides to prepare something simple with the potatoes. He preheats oven to 350°F. He then cleans and scrubs the potatoes. He pierces potato skin with fork many times to create air routes. He finally bakes the potatoes in oven at 350°F for one hour. Joe is at home with his friend Elvis. He shows Elvis how to prepare baked potatoes. He preheats oven at 150°F. He then puts potatoes in water. After cleaning the potatoes, he bakes the potatoes in oven at 150°F for 30 minutes.
Answer:
. He preheats oven to 350°F. He then cleans and scrubs the potatoes. He pierces potato skin with fork many times to create air routes. He finally bakes the potatoes in oven at 350°F for one hour.
Explanation:this is correct because got it right on the test.
Language modeling incorporates rules of __. Select all that apply.
A. story structure
B. grammar
C. dictionary definitions
D. pronunciation patterns
Language modeling incorporates rules of grammar and pronunciation patterns
Language modeling is simply known to use rules of grammar, known pronunciations, and other patternsIt seeks to know the given probability distribution of all linguistic units such as words, sentences. is main work is to predict the next word that is to come in a document.It makes use of grammar principles and the various forms of pronunciation in its task.
Conclusively, we can say that Language modeling incorporates rules of grammar and pronunciation patterns
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Which of these situations describes a computer network?
(Choice A)
A programmer runs a program using parallel computing on their multi-CPU computer. Each CPU processes a different part of the program and stores the final results in shared memory.
(Choice B)
A plant biologist inserts a moisture sensor into a the soil of a potted plant. The moisture sensor records the moisture every minute and saves it onto an SD card for storage.
(Choice C)
A smartphone store displays 20 different smartphones for shoppers to try out. All the smartphones are on a long table and plugged into a single power strip.
(Choice D)
A company gives every employee a desktop computer and connects each of the computers to each other using wires, so that they can quickly transfer files and messages.
Using the concept of computer network, it is found that the correct option is given by:
D. A company gives every employee a desktop computer and connects each of the computers to each other using wires, so that they can quickly transfer files and messages.
-----------------------
A computer network is when multiple electronic devices are connected with each other using wires, for transfer of files and messages. There are various protocols for this, such as TCP-IP, public and private key cryptography, and the scope of these topics is studied in computer networks.The option that represents the multiple electronic devices connected by wires is given by option D, and thus it is the correct option.A similar problem is given at https://brainly.com/question/14200752
Pam wants to make a note for other programmers in her Python code. How should the line of code for the note begin?
Pam wants to make a note for other programmers in her Python code. How should the line of code for the note begin?
(A) note
(B) NOTE
(C) #
(D) --
Based on Pam's work, the line of code for the note should begin with # sign.
What is # the sign about?Note that in Python, comments are said to be shown or indicated through the use of a line starting with a # symbol.
Note also that that # symbol is one that also tells the computer that it should not execute the statement that is found in that line.
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Answer:
It is C.#
Explanation:
Pam wants to make a note for other programmers in her Python code. How should the line of code for the note begin?
A.
note
B.
NOTE
C.
#
D.
--
List any four features of first generation computer
Answer: Some features are,
Vacuum-tube technology
Unreliability
Supported only by machine language
Overpriced
A lot of heat generation
Slow input and output devices
Bigger in size
Pick any
Hope this helps!
Answer:
Machine language.
Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Paper tape and punched cards.
Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Explanation:
Which piece of network hardware keeps a record of the MAC address of all devices connected to it and uses this information to direct data packets to the appropriate port? A) server B) bus C) router D) switch
A switch is a piece of network hardware keeps a record of the MAC address of all devices connected to it and uses this information to direct data packets to the appropriate port. The correct option is D.
What is switch?Using packet switching to receive and forward data to the intended device, a network switch is networking hardware that joins devices on a computer network.
A network switch is a multiport network bridge that transmits data at the OSI model's data link layer using MAC addresses.
By removing the MAC address data from the headers of transmitted Ethernet data packets, switches are able to identify the MAC addresses of the networking devices that are connected to them.
A switch associates the data packet's port with the retrieved MAC address.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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Payton bought a couple new dog toys for her puppy. The bone she bought cost $5.25 and the frisbee cost $6.75. About how much did the toys cost?
Answer:
$12
Explanation:
1 00
5.25
+ 6.75
-------
12.00
hello guys,
What is the features of c programming language? explain all point.
Answer: Most peoples opinions say "Simple and Efficient. The basic syntax style of implementing C language is very simple and easy to learn"
Some say "Fast to learn"
Explanation:
It is a very low-level access to memory, a simple set of keywords, and a clean style. so many features make C language suitable for system programmings like an operating system.
c programming language and it gives it an edge over other dynamic languages.
Answer: This is the most important features of C programming language.
Explanation:
It is a well-known fact that statically typed programming languages are faster than dynamic ones. (A statically-typed language is a language (such as Java, C, or C++) where variable types are known at compile time.)
How to fix the initialization error on Dead by Daylight?
To solve the Dead by Daylight Initialization Error, you can try the these steps:Restart the game,Open the NAT if it's closed,Enable Steam Cloud, Synchronization for Dead by Daylight,Power cycle your console,Clear the persistent storage from your console's settings,Check if there's an ongoing server issue.
The startup problem for Dead by Daylight can occur for a number of reasons, some of which you can resolve and some of which, regrettably, you cannot.
The server-related causes that are the most frequent causes of the Dead by Daylight initialization error are, sadly, completely beyond your control. Access to Dead by Daylight is being blocked either because your platform's general servers are down or because there is a problem with the game's specialized servers.
But there might also be a problem with the game you have, and that problem can take one of two kinds. Your persistent storage could potentially be corrupted if you're playing the game.
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Subject: Cyber Security
Q.how to generate protocol layer attack?
In order to generate a protocol layer attack, a number of steps need to be followed. Here are the steps for generating protocol layer attack:
Step 1: Reconnaissance This is the first stage of a protocol-layer attack. The attacker will attempt to learn as much as possible about the target network before launching an attack. This may involve passive data gathering, such as port scanning, network mapping, and protocol identification.
Step 2: Identify the target protocol Once the reconnaissance stage is complete, the attacker will determine which protocol to attack. The attacker must be familiar with the protocol's weaknesses in order to exploit them. The attacker will use a variety of tools and techniques to determine the target protocol's vulnerabilities.
Step 3: Analyze the protocol The attacker will conduct a protocol analysis to identify potential vulnerabilities and the best methods to exploit them. The attacker will scrutinize the protocol's functionality to determine if there are any flaws that can be exploited.
Step 4: Plan the attack Once the reconnaissance, target identification, and protocol analysis have been completed, the attacker will plan the attack. This may include choosing the appropriate exploit, preparing the payload, and selecting the most appropriate attack vector.Step 5: Launch the attackThe attacker will launch the attack after it has been planned and tested. The attack will be launched using a variety of methods, including port scanning, brute force attacks, and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. The attack will be launched with the aim of disrupting or exploiting the target protocol.
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