Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. It involves light-dependent reactions -electron transporter chain- that occur in the thylakoid membrane, and light-independent reactions in the stroma - Calvin cycle-.
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Let us first describe the structures that compose the chloroplast.
In the image, we can see the outer and inner membrane of the organelle.Between the external and internal membranes, we can see the intermembrane space.The space surrounded by the inner membrane is the stroma.The structures found in the stroma are the thylakoids, arranged in piles known as grana.Thylakoids are also surrounded by a membrane.The interior of thylakoids is the thylakoid space.
Now, let us talk about photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves two stages: light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent reactions refer to the non-cyclin pathway –electron transporter chain- that takes place in the thylakoid membrane.During light-dependent reactions, oxygen is released, while ATP and NADPH are produced. Both of them are used during light-independent reactions.Light-independent reaction is known as the Calvin cycle, and it takes place in the stroma.During the Calvin cycle, sugars or carbohydrates are synthesized.When carbón dioxide, CO₂, enters the leaves through stomas, it diffuses to the chloroplast stroma.Carbon atoms fixate, meaning that they incorporate into organic molecules. These molecules are used to produce 3-C sugars.The whole process is impulsed by ATP and NADPH coming from light-dependent reactions.In the attached files you will see one image showing the structures of the chloroplast and a second image showing the movement of molecules.
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(b) To genetically engineer the original cell so that it would glow, the scientists had to obtain a suitable
gene.
(i) Describe the stages that a scientist would complete to obtain this gene.
Answer: See Below
Explanation:
1. The scientist would need to identify the gene for a protein that would make it glow. For example Aequorea victoria, the jellyfish that produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) is the most common type of fluorescent tag use in biotechnology. This would be done by completing genetic sequencing to identify the gene of interest from the jellyfish cell.
2. The gene could then be amplified through PCR. Assuming this is a bacterial cell, a vector such as pUC19 could be used. The vector and the PCR amplified product would have to be digested. A double digest is recommended to ensure the gene inserts in the proper conformation.
3. Heat shock the plasmid into the cell and proceed on to Blue/White screening to identify which cells contain the gene of interest. You can then isolate and grow the culture containing the GFP gene and induce with IPTG to produce the protein that would make it glow.
Alternatively you could buy a pre-made plasmid from AddGene containing the GFP gene for 75$, complete a miniprep on the cells and heatshock. Either way works.
Sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes form tetrads, and crossing-over (exchange of genetic information between regions of non-sister chromatids in the tetrad) occurs during which phase
Crossing over (exchange of genetic information between regions of non-sister chromatids in the tetrad) occurs in the prophase I stage of meiosis.
WHAT IS MEIOSIS?Meiosis is the process whereby a single cell produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from one another.
Meiosis is able to ensure genetic diversity in the daughter cells due to a process called Crossing over.
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. It occurs in the prophase I stage of meiosis.
Therefore, crossing over (exchange of genetic information between regions of non-sister chromatids in the tetrad) occurs in the prophase I stage of meiosis.
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Depending on the oil and whether the chemical were improperly dipoed of on the land, the chemical could end up in the ground water. The proce i known a leaching. It can occur on farm, indutrial ite, and landfill. Can you rewrite the entence
The process of leaching can occur on farms, industrial sites and landfills, where chemicals that were improperly disposed of on the land can end up in the ground water, depending on the oil.
What is Leaching?
Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid material by dissolving them in a liquid, either naturally or through an industrial process. This is commonly done by adding a solvent to a solid material, such as soil, and allowing the liquid to pull out the desired substances. Leaching can also be used to separate particles from a solution by adding a compound that binds to the particles and causes them to precipitate out of the solution.
In this case, chemicals improperly disposed of on the land can leach into the ground water, depending on the oil, because the oil can act like a solvent, dissolving and transporting hazardous chemicals into the ground water.
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A white light is shone onto a blue book. Explain why we see the book as being blue in colour.
You are solving a density problem, where density = mass/volume. Your volume of liquid is 2.1 milliliters. Your mass of the liquid is 2.811 grams. What is the density of the liquid using the correct number of significant figures?
The correct density is?
Answer:
whats the answer?
Explanation:
i have the same question... what school do you go to?
Which behavior is both territorial and used for courtship?
1.) baring teeth as a sign of aggression 2.) sparring or wrestling using antlers or horns
3.) dance rituals with potential partners
4.)defending a nest from predators
Answer:
2.) sparring or wrestling using antlers or horns
Explanation:
Territorial behavior is defined as the animal behavior in which animals protect their territory from other species.
Courtship behavior is defined as the animal behavior that is involved in mating and eventual reproduction.
Sparring or wrestling using antlers or horns is both territorial and used for courtship. Many animals or males uses their antlers or horns for wrestling or to fight with other animals to protect their territory while some males are involved in ritualized mating behaviors that include antler wrestling (sparring). The loud vocalizations during antler wrestling show the dominance of males that females and leads to mating.
Hence, the correct answer is "2.) sparring or wrestling using antlers or horns".
Marc and his brother take turns mopping the flies in their fathers pizzeria each night. Which force becomes weakened when the floor is wet?
A. Air resistance
B. Friction
C. Magnetism
D. Gravity
Answer:
friction
Explanation:
think about a carpet flooring
What happens to a cell cycle when cancer occurs?
Answer:
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.
Answer:
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.
Explanation:
Superficially, the connection between the cell cycle and cancer is obvious: cell cycle machinery controls cell proliferation, and cancer is a disease of inappropriate cell proliferation. Fundamentally, all cancers permit the existence of too many cells.
as an aspiring biologist, you are interested in sources of clean energy. the molecule that you wish to study is closely associated with that splits water to generate h ions during photosynthesis.
The molecule that you are interested in studying, which is closely associated with splitting water to generate H+ ions during photosynthesis, is called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. It plays a crucial role in light-dependent reactions, specifically in the process known as photolysis. During photolysis, chlorophyll absorbs light energy and uses it to split water molecules into oxygen (O2), protons (H+), and electrons (e-). This process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
The generation of H+ ions through the splitting of water is an essential step in the production of chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These molecules serve as energy carriers and are used in the subsequent steps of photosynthesis to produce glucose and other organic compounds.
Studying chlorophyll and its role in water splitting can provide valuable insights into the process of photosynthesis and contribute to the development of clean energy technologies that mimic or optimize this natural process for the production of sustainable and renewable energy.
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What enzyme does sars-cov-2 encode to make copies of its genome during an infection?.
The enzyme sars-cov-2 encodes to make copies of its genome during infection is the RdRP.
RdRP present in nsp12 is proposed as a promising drug target because it is central to the coronavirus RTC and is a key enzyme in the viral life cycle for both viral genome replication and sgRNA transcription. Infection occurs when bacteria enter the body, multiply, and the body responds.
Three things are necessary for an infection to occur Source of infection Place where pathogens live Weak people who have opportunities for pathogens to enter the body. The incubation period is the time from exposure to an infectious agent to the onset of symptoms. Viral or bacterial particles replicate during the incubation stage. Bacterial infections occur when bacteria enter the body increase in number and trigger a response in the body.
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the connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle is called ______.
The connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle is called the epimysium.
The epimysium is a layer of dense connective tissue made up of rough collagen fibres embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The muscle's whole circumference and volume are determined by the epimysium. Several muscle types with varied forms and functions have distinct arrangements of collagen fibres in the epimysium.
Together with connective, epithelial, and neurological tissues, muscle is one of the main forms of bodily tissue. Since it may shorten and contract, muscle tissue is unique in that it enables movement in the structures to which it is attached.
Muscles come in three varieties. Smooth muscle is present in many human organs, including those that are involved in digestion, circulation, urination, and reproduction. Skeletal muscle is the kind that is found linked to the bones, cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and smooth muscle is present in many organs of the body. A single muscle cell makes into a muscle fibre.
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Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.
Hemoglobin is the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the circulatory system.
The red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, and some invertebrate tissues, contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein.
The blood's hemoglobin transports oxygen from the respiratory system, including the lungs and gills, to the rest of the body (i.e. tissues). There, oxygen is released, allowing aerobic respiration to take place and produce energy for an organism's metabolic processes.
Other gases are also transported by hemoglobin, which carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (20–25% of the total)as carbaminohemoglobin, a form of hemoglobin in which carbon dioxide is bonded to the heme protein.
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Write a poem that teaches the concepts of plant classification
What is the best explanation for why scientists involved in biotechnology sometimes insert the DNA of one organism into a second organism?to make more efficient cell organellesto increase meiosisto cause the second organism to produce proteinsto create a new species
Biotechnologist use to insert DNA sequences inside other organisms to cause the second organisms to produce proteins.
Considering the other answer options, they do not do it to make more efficient cell organelles, neither to increase meiosis, nor to create new species.
Are genetic mutations avoidable? Explain.
Answer:
Mutations happen in our cells all the time. It's actually how all humans grow and change. The vast majority of mutations are harmless. Thus, they aren't avoidable.
Mutations occur in our cells all the time. It's how all humans grow and transform. The vast bulk of mutations is harmless. Therefore, they aren't avoidable.
What are Genetic Mutations?
The permanent transmissible difference in the genetic material. An individual exhibiting such a transformation. A point mutation is a mutation resulting from a modification in a single bottom pair in the DNA molecule.
Any alteration in a nucleotide succession of DNA is called a mutation. Chromosomal, dependent, and gene mutations are some of the illustrations of different kinds of genetic mutations.
So, Therefore, They aren't avoidable.
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Beginning with the first step on top, list the steps in order for the first part of assisting in a gynecologic exam.
Instructions
The steps involved in assisting in a gynecologic exam may vary depending on the specific circumstances and healthcare provider's preferences.
However, here is a general outline of the steps involved, starting from the first step at the top:
1. Preparing the examination room: Ensure that the examination room is clean, well-lit, and adequately stocked with necessary supplies such as gloves, lubricant, speculums, swabs, and examination gowns or drapes.
2. Greeting the patient: Introduce yourself to the patient and create a comfortable and supportive environment. Explain the purpose of the examination and ensure the patient's consent.
3. Obtaining the patient's medical history: Review the patient's medical records and obtain relevant information such as previous surgeries, medical conditions, medications, allergies, and menstrual history. This information helps in understanding the patient's background and potential risk factors.
4. Explaining the examination process: Briefly explain the different steps involved in the gynecologic examination, including the use of instruments, potential discomfort, and the importance of relaxation. Answer any questions or concerns the patient may have.
5. Assisting the patient into the appropriate position: Depending on the type of examination being performed (e.g., pelvic exam, Pap smear), assist the patient into the appropriate position, usually lithotomy position (lying on their back with knees bent and legs apart) or modified lithotomy position.
6. Providing privacy and draping: Ensure the patient's privacy by providing a curtain or screen to shield them from unnecessary exposure. Provide the patient with a drape or sheet to cover themselves while maintaining access to the examination area.
7. Assisting with equipment preparation: If necessary, help the healthcare provider gather and prepare the necessary instruments and supplies, such as lubricant, speculums, swabs, or cytology brushes. Ensure that the instruments are properly sterilized and ready for use.
8. Assisting with gloving: Assist the healthcare provider in donning sterile or non-sterile gloves. Ensure proper hand hygiene by washing hands or using hand sanitizer before wearing gloves.
9. Assisting with speculum insertion: During a pelvic examination, the healthcare provider may insert a speculum into the vagina to visualize the cervix. Offer support to the patient, ensuring their comfort and maintaining their dignity.
10. Collecting specimens (if required): If the healthcare provider intends to collect specimens for tests such as a Pap smear, assist in the process by providing necessary equipment, ensuring proper labeling, and handling the specimens appropriately.
11. Assisting with documentation: Help the healthcare provider document relevant findings, observations, and any procedures performed during the examination accurately. This may include taking notes, recording measurements, or using an electronic health record system.
Remember, it's essential to follow the specific protocols and guidelines of the healthcare facility and consult with the healthcare provider for any additional or modified steps they require.
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HELP ASAP⁉️⁉️⁉️ WILL GIVE BRAINLYIST⁉️⁉️
These models represent molecules that play a role in the
immune system.
In which two ways do these molecules fight pathogens in the body?
A. They bind to pathogens that enter the body.
B. They recognize specific pathogens in the body.
I C. They eat pathogens that attack the body.
O D. They carry pathogens out of the body.
Answer: d i believe hope it helps
Explanation:
Answer:
the awnser is b.they recognize specific pathogens in the body
Which of the following cutaneous receptor is mismatched with its function?
a) Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch
b) Meissner corpuscles, fine touch
c) Krause end bulbs, fine touch
d) Ruffini endings, pressure
e) free nerve endings, temperature
cutaneous receptor is mismatched with its function answer: a) Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch
Pacinian corpuscles are actually responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration, not fine touch. The other cutaneous receptors are correctly matched with their functions.The cutaneous receptor that is mismatched with its function is Krause end bulbs with fine touch. The correct match for Krause end bulbs is cold temperature sensation.Cutaneous receptors of the feet provide feedback about the distribution of pressure beneath the foot (base of support), the direction, level, and rate of load bearing (pressure), and the compliance and geometry of the support surface. Four receptor structures of the glabrous skin provide this information: Merkel discs, Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings. Merkel discs and Meissner corpuscles are located near the surface of the skin at the dermal–epidermal junction, are highly sensitive to localized vertical pressure, and contribute to the sense of light touch.
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Before the RNA can leave the nucleus, it must be modified and edited.
Sections on the RNA molecule that are not involved in the making of the protein are called ____ and will be ____.
Answer:
RNA polymerase and Nucleus
Explanation:
A patient has swollen feet, ankles, and legs, and has pain in his lower back. Tests show the level of urea, a waste product, in the patient's blood has suddenly risen. Which body system is most likely not functioning properly?
A.
Nervous
B.
Excretory
C.
Digestive
D.
Reproductive
The body system that is most likely not functioning properly is excretory system. The correct option is B.
What is excretory system?The excretory system is a detached biological mechanism that removes excess, unneeded materials from an organism's body fluids to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis as well as prevent body damage.
The excretory system's function is to remove waste from the body. Water, CO2, nitrogen, salts, and heat are among the wastes. Metabolism refers to the process by which the body converts food into energy.
The primary function of the kidneys is to eliminate excess water and wastes from the bloodstream through the production of urine, a liquid waste.
As the patient has swollen feet, ankles and legs and having urea level boosted in blood, it means his excretory system has some problems.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Which of the following statements has not been indicated by research on food and hunger behaviors? ( psychology)
Option D) Children are more likely to eat certain foods after seeing a parent eat them.
Research on food and hunger behaviors has consistently indicated that children are more likely to eat certain foods after seeing a parent eat them. This phenomenon, known as observational learning or social modeling, has been widely documented in various studies. Children tend to imitate their parents' eating behaviors and food choices, and parental eating habits can significantly influence children's food preferences and consumption patterns.
Observational learning is a fundamental aspect of human behavior, particularly during childhood, when children learn and acquire various behaviors and preferences from their immediate environment. Children often look to their parents as role models and are highly influenced by their actions and behaviors, including eating habits. Research has shown that when children observe their parents consuming specific foods, they are more inclined to try and accept those foods themselves, even if they were initially hesitant or resistant.
Therefore, the statement that children are more likely to eat certain foods after seeing a parent eat them has indeed been indicated by research on food and hunger behaviors. Therefore the correct option is D
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The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :
Which of the following statements has NOT been indicated by research on food and hunger behaviors?
A) Forcing children to eat specific foods often has a negative effect on food preference.
B) People usually consume larger amounts of food in social settings.
C) Stress may cause people to decrease their craving for carbohydrates.
D) Children are more likely to eat certain foods after seeing a parent eat them. explain in 150 words
1. How can embryology be used to explain evolution?
2. What are fossils? How are fossils used to explain evolution?
Answer: 1. Embryology, the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely-divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved. ... Another form of evidence of evolution is the convergence of form in organisms that share similar environments. 2. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the past. Fossils are important evidence for evolution because they show that life on earth was once different from life found on earth today. mark brainliest
Explanation:
The embryos of a bird, a reptile, and a mammal are similar in appearance. How does comparing the physical appearance of embryos of different species support the theory of evolution
Comparing the physical appearance of embryos of different species is an important tool for supporting the theory of evolution. The similarity in appearance of embryos from different groups of organisms is one of the key pieces of evidence that supports the idea that all living things share a common ancestry.
In particular, the similarities between the embryos of birds, reptiles, and mammals are especially striking. In the early stages of development, the embryos of these three groups of animals all share many of the same features, such as the presence of a tail, pharyngeal pouches, and limb buds.
The fact that these similarities are present in the embryos of different groups of animals suggests that they have been inherited from a common ancestor. This is because the genes responsible for the development of these structures are highly conserved across different species, meaning that they have remained largely unchanged over long periods of time.
In addition to these physical similarities, the study of embryonic development has also revealed important insights into the evolution of different groups of animals. For example, by comparing the embryonic development of birds and reptiles, scientists have been able to infer the sequence of events that led to the evolution of feathers and wings.
Overall, the study of embryonic development provides a valuable tool for understanding the evolution of different groups of organisms. By examining the physical similarities and differences between embryos from different species, scientists can gain insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth, and better understand the mechanisms that have driven the diversification of life over time.
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help me help me help me
Explanation:
voilà! it's actually easy, just use the formula f = ma when you know either two of them.
What statement best describes how chaperones perform their function? They prevent intermolecular hydrophobic interactions while the protein folds. They prevent the premature aggregation of secondary structure so the hydrophobic core of the protein can form first. Chaperones are proteases that digest and disrupt protein aggregates when they form. They hydrolyze ATP to physically manipulate proteins into the appropriate shape.
Chaperones perform their function by preventing the premature aggregation of secondary structure so the hydrophobic core of the protein can form first. They help in proper protein folding and prevent misfolding or aggregation that could lead to loss of protein function or formation of harmful protein aggregates.
A class of proteins known as chaperones aids in the proper folding of other proteins. Certain areas of the protein may have a propensity to prematurely generate secondary structures, such as alpha helices or beta sheets, during the process of folding. Premature protein aggregation can prevent the hydrophobic core from forming, which is necessary for the protein to adopt its functional conformation.
By adhering to exposed hydrophobic protein areas when the protein is forming, chaperones aid in preventing this premature aggregation. Chaperones can maintain the protein in a more extended shape and aid in the appropriate development of the hydrophobic core by binding to these areas. This stops the protein from gathering and forming ineffective or misfolded structures.
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shape size and any structures at the lowest magnification and record what you see under each magnification identify any cell structuresyou see
Hello. Unfortunately your question is incomplete, which makes it impossible for it to be answered. However, through the context, we can see that your question is asking you to describe the cellular structures that you can see through a microscope.
To answer this question, you will need to look at biological material under a microscope to see what cells this material has and the structures it has. To do this, you will need to determine what material you will be using. This material can be a leaf, flower, a piece of fruit, or any other material that contains cells. After choosing the material, you need to search for a protocol, a tutorial, that shows how this material can be prepared so that the cells can be visualized through a microscope. This protocol can be found on the internet and in articles. You must follow the entire protocol to the letter, to be able to identify the cellular structures.
how does the material and color of the jacket affect heat absorption?
1. Describe the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature is increased from 10°c to 20°c
Answer:
As temperature increases the number of collisions increases, therefore the rate of photosynthesis increases.
Explanation:
However, at high temperatures, enzymes are denatured and this will decrease the rate of photosynthesis
Question 4(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) (06.03 MC) In pea plants, the gene for the color of the seed has two alleles. In the Punnett square shown below, the dominant allele) represents yellow and the recessive allele (y) represents green Female Plant Parent One Phenotype = Yellow Genotype = Yy Male Plant Parent Two Phenotype = Yellow Genotype=YY Based on the Punnett square, what percentage of offspring would have genotype YY? O 0% O 25% O 50% O 100%
IT NOT C or D
Answer: A
Explanation:
i had the same queston on a test and i got that question right
fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: experience, protocol, and results
Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: experience, protocol, and results
Pre-FMT themes included physical (continuous diarrhea and weight loss), mental (depression, wanting to die, and fear), quality of life (unable to perform normal activities), social support, and financial (medication costs) factors. Provider resistance/limited awareness were barriers to FMT. Participants reached a tipping point, experiencing feelings of hopelessness, which led them to pursue FMT.
During FMT, participants commented on lack of a so-called ick factor. During the posttreatment period, participants experienced symptom relief, but had residual fears. Patient activation was present during all phases, including information seeking and empowerment.
During the pre-FMT period, participants experienced extreme discomfort and encountered FMT barriers.
Undergoing FMT was reported as easy but residual fear remained. There were displays of patient activation at all FMT time periods, including the seeking of FMT.
Participants could have benefited from having undergone FMT sooner, demonstrating a need for improvement in provider education and health system barriers regarding FMT.
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