Please help
The latin name for Russia is Ruthenia which element do you think was named for russia?

Problem 1

The text (from the screenshot you posted) mentions that

"The atoms of covalent materials are bound tightly to each other in stable molecules, but those molecules are generally not very strongly attracted to other molecules in the material"

Put another way, we can think of each atom as a person, and each molecule as a family or a collection of persons. This is because any molecule is a collection of atoms. In covalent molecules, the connection between any two families isn't that strong since each person is focused more on their respective family, instead of other people outside the family. This is one way to think of it, but you may have a more effective way to remember.

In short, the exterior bonds between different covalent molecules isn't that strong, which means it's easier to break those bonds.

======================================================

Problem 2

The text also says

"The atoms (ions) in ionic materials show strong attractions to other ions in their vicinity"

This is due to the positively and negatively charged ions that attract to one another, and this causes a stronger chain so to speak. The stronger the chain, the harder it is to break when you apply temperature to it. Keep in mind that the only difference between a solid and a liquid is that the solid is a rigid structure while a liquid is more loose and free flowing. The ionic materials having a stronger inner bond like this is why ionic materials have higher melting points. You need to apply more temperature than normal to get the solid to melt.

======================================================

Problem 3

Again we turn to the text and it says

"For example, the molecule carbon tetrachloride is a non-polar covalent molecule, CCl4. It's melting point is -23 degrees Celsius. By contrast, the ionic solid NaCl has a melting point of 800 degrees Celsius"

In short, the difference between the two is that carbon tetrachloride has covalent bonds and NaCl (sodium chloride, aka table salt) has ionic bonds. It's much easier to melt the carbon tetrachloride than it is to melt the table salt.

Side note: carbon tetrachloride was historically used in fire extinguishers, but have been phased out due to safety concerns. Exposure to this toxin can lead to central nervous system problems, kidney failure, or liver problems. Due to its very low melting point, carbon tetrachloride is a liquid at STP.

1. Covalent compounds are held together by weak intermolecular forces. It is because of such weaker forces, which fails to make the compound bind tightly. Since lower heat (energy) is capable of breaking these weak intermolecular forces, therefore the melting and boiling points of covalent compounds is low.

2. Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions . As the ionic lattice contains such a large number of ions, a lot of energy is needed to overcome this ionic bonding so ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

3. In terms of chemical bonding, carbon tetrachloride is a covalent chemical compound whereas sodium chloride is an ionic chemical compound. NaCl is solid in nature while CCl₄ is liquid.

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Answer:

9.10% dextrose

Explanation:

To find the mass percent, you need to use the following equation:

                               mass (g) of solute
Mass Percent  =  ---------------------------------  x  100%
                              mass (g) of solution

You can plug the given values into the equation and solve to find the mass percent of dextrose. But first, you need to calculate the mass of the solution.

Mass (solute): 25.0 g

Mass (solution): 250.0 g + 25.0 g = 275 g

                                25.0 grams
Mass Percent  =  ------------------------  x  100%
                                 275 grams

Mass Percent  =  0.0909 x 100%

Mass Percent  =  9.10%

A solution of dextrose contains 25.0 g solute in 250.0 g water. 9.10% is the percentage by mass of dextrose in this solution.

A component's concentration in a combination or compound can be expressed as a mass percent, also known as a weight percent. It shows how much of the total mass of the solution or mixture is made up of the solute's (component's) mass. In chemistry, mass percent is frequently employed and stated as a percentage.

Mass Percent  =     mass (g) of solute/       mass (g) of solution x  100%

Mass (solute): 25.0 g

Mass (solution): 250.0 g + 25.0 g = 275 g

Mass Percent  =25.0 grams /    275 grams x  100%

Mass Percent  =  0.0909 x 100%

Mass Percent  =  9.10%

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Answer:

30

Explanation:

yes of courseeee i cant balance with the nearest milligram

Answer:

B

Explanation:

as temperature rises, the particles gain kinetic energy (they will move faster) so if temperatures stays constant, so will the movement or vibration of the particles

Explanation:

Force=mass *acceleration

F=300*5

f

F=1500N

A chemist determines that a substance is composed of 30.4% nitrogen by mass and 69.6% oxygen by mass. The molar mass of the compound is 230.5 g/mol, the molecular formula is NO₂.

We must compute the empirical formula in order to ascertain the compound's chemical composition.

If we have 100 grams of the compound.

This suggests we have:

30.4 g of nitrogen

69.6 g of oxygen

Now, we have to convert the mass of each element to moles.

The molar mass of nitrogen (N) = 14.01 g/mol

the molar mass of oxygen (O)  =  16.00 g/mol.

Number of moles of nitrogen (N):

2.17 mol

Number of moles of oxygen (O):

4.35 mol

The simplest whole-number ratio between the moles of nitrogen and oxygen must now be determined. To calculate the ratio, we divide both numbers by the smaller value.

Moles N / moles O = 2.17 mol / 2.17 mol = 1.00

Moles O / moles O = 4.35 mol / 2.17 mol = 2.00

The ratio is approximately N₁O₂.

We divide the subscripts by their greatest common divisor to obtain the simplest ratio, since we are looking for the empirical formula. The empirical formula is NO₂ since the greatest common divisor in this situation is 1.

The molecular formula of the compound is NO₂.

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Answer:

nacl with water

they are capable of conducting electricity

Answer:

Voltage is the measure of electric potential energy per unit charge, current is the flow of electric charge through a circuit, and resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current.

Ohm's Law relates these three concepts by stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.

Hope this helps!

Orbital notation is a way of representing the electronic configuration of an atom, which describes the arrangement of electrons in its various energy levels or orbitals.

In this notation, each orbital is represented by a box or circle, and the electrons are represented by up or down arrows, which indicate their spin. The number and arrangement of boxes and arrows in the notation follow the rules of the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

The Aufbau principle tells that electrons fill the least energy orbitals before filling higher energy orbitals. The first shell of an atom contains one s orbital, which can hold up to two electrons. The s orbital is represented by a single box or circle, and each electron is represented by an up or down arrow.

The electronic configuration for potassium (K) is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹. In orbital notation, this would be represented as 1s: up arrow, down arrow; 2s: up arrow, down arrow; 2p: up arrow, up arrow, up arrow; 3s: up arrow, down arrow; 3p: up arrow, up arrow, up arrow; 4s: up arrow.

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pH is a scale used to specify acidity or basicity of aqueous solution.  Acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton to another substance and base is a molecule or ion able to accept hydrogen ion from an acid.

An acid is hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating proton to another substance whereas base is a molecule or ion able to accept hydrogen ion from acid. Acidic substances are generally identified by sour taste.

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is and the range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pH of less than 7 indicates acidity, pH greater than 7 indicates base.

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Answer:

Distance = 154 pm

Explanation:

Given that,

The distance between carbon atoms in diamond is \(1.54\times 10^{-8}\ cm\)

We need to find the distance in pm.

We know that,

\(1\ pm=10^{-12}\ m\)

\(1.54\times 10^{-8}\ cm=1.54\times 10^{-8}\times 10^{-2}\ m\\\\=1.54\times 10^{-10}\ m\)

Multiplying and dividing by 10⁻².

\(d=1.54\times 10^{-10}\times \dfrac{10^{-2}}{10^{-2}}\\\\=154\times 10^{-12}\ m\\\\=154\ pm\)

So, the distance is 154 pm.

Answer:

\(\large \boxed{4.12 \times 10^{23}\text{ formula unis of CaCl}_{2}}$}\)

Explanation:

You must calculate the moles of CaCl₂, then convert to formula units of CaCl₂.

1. Molar mass of CaCl₂

CaCl₂ = 40.08 + 2×35.45 = 40.08 + 70.90 = 110.98 g/mol

2. Moles of CaCl₂ \(\text{Moles of CaCl}_{2} = \text{75.9 g CaCl}_{2} \times \dfrac{\text{1 mol CaCl}_{2}}{\text{110.98 g CaCl}_{2}} = \text{0.6839 mol CaCl}_{2}\)

3. Formula units of CaCl₂

\(\text{No. of formula units} = \text{0.6839 mol CaCl}_{2} \times \dfrac{6.022 \times 10^{23}\text{ molecules CaCl}_{2}}{\text{1 mol P$_{2}$O}_{5}}\\\\= \mathbf{4.12 \times 10^{23}}\textbf{ formula units CaCl}_{2}\\\text{There are $\large \boxed{\mathbf{4.12 \times 10^{23}}\textbf{ formula units of CaCl}_{2}}$}\)

Answer:

The entropy increases

Explanation:

Just took the quiz

Answer:

Step 1: CCl4 + 2(HF) --> CCl2F2 + 2(HCl)

Step 2: CCl2F2: 121 g/mol   CCl4: 154 g/mol

Step 3: 25.1 g

Step 4: 50.6%

Explanation:

Step 1: Write a balanced equation

The unbalanced form of the equation is just what the problem tells you in the beginning: Freon is synthesized from CCl4 with HF. HCl is also made as a byproduct. This means that our equation will be:

CCl4 + HF --> CCl2F2 + HCl

This equation is clearly unbalanced, as there are different numbers of atoms on either side.

Starting Atoms:

(The arrow shows what is on either side of the reaction arrow)

C: 1 --> 1

Cl: 4 --> 3

H: 1 --> 1

F: 1 --> 2

Let's first try adding a coefficient of 2 to HCl.

Coefficient One:

C: 1 --> 1

Cl: 4 --> 4

H: 1 --> 2

F: 1 --> 2

However, now the H (as well as the F) are out of balance on the left side of the arrow. Luckily, putting a coefficient of 2 in front of HF balances the equation completely.

Coefficient Two:

C: 1 --> 1

Cl: 4 --> 4

H: 2 --> 2

F: 2 --> 2

This means that the balanced equation is:

CCl4 + 2(HF) --> CCl2F2 + 2(HCl)

Step 2: Calculate the Molar Masses

To find the molar masses, we simply add up all of the individual atomic masses.

CCl2F2: (12.0)+2(35.5)+2(19.0) = 121 g/mol

CCl4: (12.0)+4(35.5) = 154 g/mol

Step 3: Calculate the Theoretical Yield in Grams

  We can now put together the previous steps. You typically need to figure out which molecule is the limiting reactant, but as they have only given you one initial mass, we can assume that CCl4 will be the LR. Essentially, the next step is to do several conversions to turn this reactant gram value into a product value. We will go from g of reactant to moles of reactant (using its molar mass), then to moles of product (with the balanced equation), and finally, to grams of product (using the other molar mass):

\(\frac{31.9g}{1} *\frac{1molCCl4}{154g} *\frac{1molproduct}{1molCCl4} *\frac{121g}{1molproduct}=25.1g\)

This results in 25.1 g of product as our theoretical yield. This amount is the absolute maximum amount of product that could possibly be made from the amount of starting materials that we put in.

Step 4: Calculate the Percent Yield

This is probably the easiest step. All we have to do is use the following equation, and we will have our answer:

\((\frac{created}{expected})*100=yield\)

The created value is what is given in the problem itself: 12.7 g

The expected amount is our theoretical yield value that we just calculated: 25.1 g

Substituting this into the equation, our percent yield is just over half at about 50.6%. Keep in mind that a yield of 100% is just about impossible due to human error, things being left on glassware, etc.

Answer:

177.3 meters per second

Explanation:

Assuming that both gases are at the same temperature, we can use Graham's law to calculate the ratio of the average speeds of N2 and He molecules:

(ratio of speeds) = sqrt(molar mass of He/molar mass of N2)

The molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g/mol, and the molar mass of He is 4.00 g/mol. Therefore:

(ratio of speeds) = sqrt(4.00/28.02) = 0.379

We know that the average speed of N2 molecules is 468 m/s. Therefore:

(average speed of He molecules) = (ratio of speeds) x (average speed of N2 molecules) = 0.379 x 468 m/s = 177.3 m/s

Therefore, the average speed of He molecules at the same temperature is approximately 177.3 meters per second.

Answer:

Balance and Unbalanced.

The scenario in which as the climate warms, ice and snow melt making the climate hotter, which then melts more snow and ice is an example of positive feedback.

The correct option is A.

Positive feedback refers to a process in which an initial change or disturbance in a system leads to an amplification or reinforcement of that change.

Considering the scenario of climate change, the example provided earlier is a demonstration of positive feedback.

As the climate warms, ice and snow melt, reducing the reflective surface and exposing darker surfaces like land or water. These darker surfaces absorb more sunlight, which leads to further warming and more melting of ice and snow. This cycle continues, causing a self-reinforcing effect that amplifies the initial warming.

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The statement that correctly defend or dispute his conclusion is option3:

A physical alteration occurs when salt water evaporates. Since the matter has merely changed states but still remains the same substance, any phase shift is a physical change.

Table salt dissolving in water is an example of a physical change because only the condition of the substance has changed. Frequently, physical changes can be undone. The salt will become solid once the water has evaporated.

It's not a given that salt and water's formation of a single phase indicates a chemical reaction. It simply indicates that the two substances mixed evenly.

Therefore, This is supported by the fact that the mixture's components could be easily separated using a straightforward physical technique called evaporation.

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See full question below
Henry mixed salt and water together in a cup until he observed a clear solution. He measured the mass of the solution. Then he placed the cup outside for several sunny days during the summer. After a week, he observed that only solid salt remained in the cup and the mass had decreased. Henry concluded that a physical and chemical change occurred in this investigation.

Which statements correctly defend or dispute his conclusion?

1- He is correct. Dissolving salt in water is a physical change, but evaporating the water is a chemical change. Formation of a solid is evidence that a chemical change occurred.

He is correct. Evaporation is a physical change, but dissolving salt in water is a chemical change. The change in mass is evidence that a chemical change occurred.

2- He is incorrect. Dissolving salt in water and evaporation of the water are both physical changes. The reappearance of salt is evidence that the change was reversible by a physical change, so it could not be a chemical change.

3- He is incorrect. Dissolving salt in water and evaporation of the water are both chemical changes. The reappearance of salt is evidence that the change was reversible by a chemical change, so it could not be a physical change.

Answer:

D - Thermodynamics

Explanation:  I just took the quiz

Answer:

"the energy that is associated with temperature" ✔️

Explanation:

Thermal Energy = Heat

Ex: The sun has thermal energy.

Ex: The oven radiates thermal energy

I hope this helps, you understand!!

The statement describes thermal energy is as

So, option D is correct one

The energy posses by the particles or system due to their temperature is called thermal energy.

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The balanced chemical equation is for the aqueous reaction of hydroiodic acid (HI) and zinc metal is Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂.

The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.

Now write the balanced chemical equation

Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂

Here Zn is a reducing agent, HI is an oxidizing agent.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The balanced chemical equation is for the aqueous reaction of hydroiodic acid (HI) and zinc metal is Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂.

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It is observed that the electronegativity difference in the bond between the two atoms is highest in the case of H2O. Thereby, it has a greater ionic bond character.

Pauling proposed quantifying the percentage of ionic character that a chemical link possesses. A complete ionic link would obviously have 100% ionic character, while a covalent bond with an equal share of the charge density has 0% ionic character.

We examine the electronegativity of the two atoms participating in a bond in order to determine its ionic character (or polarity). The connection has a stronger ionic character the larger the difference. The placement of polar bonds in the compound's three - dimensional structure allows us to determine the polarity of the entire complex.

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Answer:

12 moles H

2

O

Explanation:

Your tools of choice for stoichiometry problems will always be the mole ratios that exist between the chemical species that take part in the reaction.

As you know, the stoichiometric coefficients attributed to each compound in the balanced chemical equation can be thought of as moles of reactants needed or moles of products formed in the reaction.

In your case, the balanced chemical equation for this synthesis reaction looks like this

2

H

2(g]

+

O

2(g]

→

2

H

2

O

(l]]

Notice that the reaction requires  

2

moles of hydrogen gas and  

1

mole of oxygen gas to produce  

2

moles of water.

This tells you that the reaction produces twice as many moles of water as you have moles of oxygen gas that take part in the reaction.

You know that your reaction uses  

6.0

moles of oxygen. Assuming that hydrogen gas is not a limiting reagent, you can say that the reaction will produce

6.0

moles O

2

⋅

2

moles H

2

O

1

moles O

2

=

12 moles H

2

O

Explanation:

If there had been five exons and four introns, the result would have been. The four introns will be forced to loop in order to bring out the adjacent exons together.

An exon is any part of a gene that will be included in the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns are removed via RNA splicing. Exons refer to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA transcript sequence. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to form mature RNA. The genome is made up of the entire set of genes for a species, and the exome is made up of the entire set of exons."The concept of the cistron must be replaced by that of a transcription unit," wrote American biochemist Walter Gilbert in 1978.

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Answer:

D = 2.9 g/mL

Explanation:

Density = Mass over Volume

D = m/V

Step 1: Define

m = 58 g

V = 20 mL

D = unknown

Step 2: Substitute and Evaluate for Density

D = 58 g/20 mL

D = 2.9 g/mL

The compound CH₃OCHO is known as methyl glyoxal or pyruvaldehyde. Its molecular formula is C₃H₄O₂.

Methyl glyoxal or pyruvaldehyde is known to have a pungent odor. It has been described as having a sharp, acrid smell that is similar to that of formaldehyde or acrolein. The odor of pyruvaldehyde can be irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat, and it can cause respiratory problems if inhaled in large quantities. The odor of methyl glyoxal or pyruvaldehyde has been described in several chemical and safety databases.

One of the most important factors that predict a molecule's smell is the presence of functional groups, which are groups of atoms that impart characteristic chemical and physical properties to a molecule. The pungent odor of methyl glyoxal is thought to be associated with its carbonyl functional group (C=O), which is a common feature of many aldehydes and ketones. In the case of methyl glyoxal, the carbonyl group is located at the center of the molecule, and it is flanked by two methyl groups and a hydroxyl group, which likely contribute to the molecule's overall odor.

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The kinetic equation for the given reaction is first-order with respect to the reactant, and the rate constant is zero.

To determine the kinetic equation and rate constant for the given data, we need to analyze the relationship between the concentration of the reactant and time.

The general form of a first-order reaction is given by the equation:

Rate = k[A]^n

Where:

Rate is the rate of the reaction

k is the rate constant

[A] is the concentration of the reactant

n is the order of the reaction with respect to the reactant

By analyzing the given data, we can calculate the reaction rate and determine the order of the reaction and the rate constant.

Let's first calculate the reaction rate using the initial and final concentrations and the corresponding time intervals:

Rate = (Change in concentration) / (Change in time)

For the first time interval (0 to 10 min):

Rate = (13.2 kg·m^(-3) - 16.0 kg·m^(-3)) / (10 min - 0 min) = -2.8 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)

Similarly, we can calculate the rates for the other time intervals:

10 to 20 min: Rate = (11.1 kg·m^(-3) - 13.2 kg·m^(-3)) / (20 min - 10 min) = -2.1 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)

20 to 35 min: Rate = (8.8 kg·m^(-3) - 11.1 kg·m^(-3)) / (35 min - 20 min) = -2.3 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)

35 to 50 min: Rate = (7.1 kg·m^(-3) - 8.8 kg·m^(-3)) / (50 min - 35 min) = -1.7 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)

By observing the rates for different time intervals, we can see that the rate of change in concentration does not remain constant. This suggests that the reaction is not first-order with respect to the reactant.

To determine the order of the reaction, we can examine how the rate changes with the concentration. Let's calculate the rate ratios for the different time intervals:

Rate ratio (10/0) = (-2.8 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) / (-2.8 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) = 1

Rate ratio (20/10) = (-2.1 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) / (-2.8 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) ≈ 0.75

Rate ratio (35/20) = (-2.3 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) / (-2.1 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) ≈ 1.10

Rate ratio (50/35) = (-1.7 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) / (-2.3 kg·m^(-3)·min^(-1)) ≈ 0.74

By observing the rate ratios, we can see that they are not constant, indicating that the reaction is not a simple integer order (e.g., first-order or second-order). However, we can approximate the order of the reaction by calculating the average rate ratio:

Average rate ratio = (1 + 0.75 + 1.10 + 0.74) / 4 ≈ 0.897

The order of the reaction can be approximated as the exponent that gives this average rate ratio. In this case, the order is approximately 0.897, which we can round to 1. Therefore, the kinetic equation for the reaction is:

Rate = k[A]^1.5

Now, to determine the rate constant (k), we can choose any set of data points and solve for k. Let's use the first data point at time = 0 min:

16.0 kg·m^(-3) = k * (0 min)^1.5

Since (0 min)^1.5 is zero, the right side of the equation is zero. Therefore, k must be zero as well.

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