please help!!!
compare a vaccine and an antibody
:)
Answers
A vaccine and an antibody are both important tools in fighting infectious diseases, but they work in different ways.
A vaccine is a substance that contains weakened or killed microorganisms or parts of microorganisms, which when administered to a person, triggers the body's immune system to produce a protective response against the disease-causing agent. The vaccine primes the immune system to recognize and fight off the infectious agent, so that if the person is later exposed to the actual disease-causing organism, their immune system is already prepared to respond quickly and effectively. Vaccines are given as a preventive measure and can be effective at preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
On the other hand, an antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to an infection or vaccination. Antibodies are specific to a particular pathogen, and their function is to bind to and neutralize the pathogen, or mark it for destruction by other immune system cells. Antibodies can be produced naturally by the body or synthetically in a laboratory. They can be used as a treatment for infectious diseases, especially if the person is already infected and needs immediate protection.
In summary, vaccines are used to prevent infections by stimulating the body's immune system to produce a protective response, while antibodies are used to treat infections by directly neutralizing or eliminating the pathogen.
Purpose:
A vaccine is designed to prevent an infection from happening in the first place. It works by introducing a small, harmless piece of the pathogen (such as a protein or piece of genetic material) to the body's immune system, which then learns to recognize and mount a response against the actual pathogen if it ever enters the body.
On the other hand, an antibody is a protein that the body produces in response to an infection. Antibodies are part of the immune response and help to neutralize the pathogen by binding to it and flagging it for destruction by other immune cells.
Method of action:
A vaccine works by priming the immune system to recognize and respond to a specific pathogen. It does this by triggering the production of memory cells, which can quickly mount a response if the pathogen is encountered in the future.
An antibody, on the other hand, works by directly neutralizing the pathogen. When an antibody binds to a pathogen, it can prevent it from infecting cells or flag it for destruction by other immune cells.
Timing:
A vaccine is typically administered before a person is exposed to a pathogen. It can take several weeks for the immune system to build up a protective response, so it's important to get vaccinated well in advance of potential exposure.
An antibody, on the other hand, is produced by the body after it has already been exposed to a pathogen. It can take several days for the body to produce enough antibodies to mount an effective response, which is why vaccines are often preferred over relying on the body's natural immune response.
In summary, vaccines and antibodies are two different tools that the body can use to defend itself against infectious diseases. Vaccines are designed to prevent infections before they happen, while antibodies are produced in response to an infection and work to neutralize the pathogen.
Related Questions
Adenine always pairs with
.
Cytosine always pairs with
.
Answers
Answer:
Thymine
Guanine
Zappos says goodbye to bosses - The Washington Post
Reflect on the changes to organizational structure
taking place at Zappos. What concepts are illustrated in this
article? Has it been a successful i
Answers
The changes taking place at Zappos illustrates numerous concepts related to organizational structure. The Holacracy system being adopted by the company removes the traditional line of command; instead tasks are delegated by employees to “circles” which are then serviced by members of those circles.
It focuses on efficiency of operations, as decisions are made in a decentralized fashion. Furthermore, the organization encourages employees to engage in learning and development to reach their potential, which is complemented by the company’s employee-first mentality.
It is difficult to ascertain whether these changes have been successful in so far as it is too early to ascertain the long-term effects. While the initial reports from the media focus on the positive aspects such as improved communication, job autonomy and growth, it remains to be seen if the company will continue to succeed or fall flat.
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The lack of success in identifying a single gene responsible for schizophrenia likely suggests that ______.
Answers
The lack of success in identifying a single gene responsible for schizophrenia likely suggests that polygenic,
A huge number of genes have been linked to the development of schizophrenia, and many of them appear to overlap with those linked to bipolar illness.
According to research, schizophrenia is caused by a shift in the levels of two neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin.
Excess dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the brain) is hypothesised to play a role in schizophrenia. Hallucinations, delusions, and racing thoughts are examples of hallucinations.
That is, a person encounters something that does not actually exist (except in their mind). Deletions or duplications of genetic material in any of many chromosomes are also considered to raise the risk of schizophrenia. A minor loss (microdeletion) on chromosome 22 termed 22q11, in particular, may be involved in a small percentage of instances of schizophrenia.
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6. Lactic acid is a byproduct
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Alcoholic Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
Answers
Answer:
-Anaerobic Respiration
Explanation:
The waste byproduct
The pathogenesis of pneumonia includes the inhalation of microbial agents and the resulting of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Inflammation Lung consolidation Formation of exudates Alveolar wall thickening Decreased lung compliance
Answers
Answer:
Inflammation
Lung consolidation
Formation of exudates
Explanation:
Pneumonia could be caused by Bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The air sacs are usually affected and characterized by presence of pus in the sacs. It could be serious and life threatening and can be treated with antibiotics.
The pathogenesis of pneumonia includes the inhalation of microbial agents, Inflammation , Lung consolidation and Formation of exudates.
In some animals, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). What color fur
would an animal have if its genotype is Bb?
Please help!
Answers
The pathogenesis of tuberculosis includes the entrance of mycobacteria into the lungs and the resulting of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Calcification Ghon tubercles Formation of granulomas Activation of macrophages Antigen-antibody complexes
Answers
Answer:
The macrophages have a in the calcification process, which generates the inflammatory processes. The Ghon tubercles is a lung lesion caused in tuberculosis that consists of a focus of calcification in conjunction with a lymph node infection. A granuloma is a mass of immune cells that forms when the immune system tries to isolate foreign substances.Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli during the immune response. The antigen-antibody (Ag-Ac) reaction is one of the molecular reactions in the body's immune response.Explanation:
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that almost always affects the lungs. When the active form of the disease is present, symptoms (cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, etc.) can be mild for many months. If not treated properly, Tuberculosis can be fatal.
Macrophages are a type of white blood cell found in the blood and they are the first body's defense against foreign substances. So they are effector cells of the immune system, the main players in the innate immune response.
When M. Tuberculosis infects a person, it attacks this first-response immune cells in the lungs, the macrophages. When they recognize these pathogens, macrophages produce the cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α, which cause the inflammation itself by acting on the endothelial cells of the nearby blood vessels to allow the transendothelial migration of the leukocytes. The inflammation t is a non-specific response to environmental aggressions, and its purpose is the isolation and destruction of the damaging agent, as well as repairing the damaged tissue or organ.
The macrophages have a in the calcification process, which generates the inflammatory processes. The Ghon tubercles is a lung lesion caused in tuberculosis that consists of a focus of calcification in conjunction with a lymph node infection. These lesions are especially common in children and may retain viable bacteria, so they are sources of disease transmission and may also be associated with classic tuberculosis reactivation after several years of inactivity.A granuloma is a roughly spherical mass of immune cells that forms when the immune system tries to isolate foreign substances that it has been unable to eliminate. Therefore it is a special type of inflammation that can occur in a wide variety of diseases. Infections that are characterized by granulomas include tuberculosis, but also include for example leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and cat scratch disease.Macrophages are usually in a resting state, they can be activated by a variety of stimuli during the immune response. Antigen phagocytosis serves as an initial stimulus; however, macrophages and their activity can be increased by cytokines secreted by, or through contact with, helper T-lymphocytes. One of the most powerful macrophage activators is gamma interferon. They are also able to recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens. M. tuberculosis is a pathogen that contains Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which are small sequences of molecules that repeat in groups of pathogens. They are recognised by Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which include the Toll-like receptor (TLRs) family or the NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Once the receptors found in the macrophages recognize these PAMPS, the macrophages are activated are ready to perform an immune response.The antigen-antibody (Ag-Ac) reaction is one of the molecular reactions in the body's immune response. The concept refers to the specific binding of an antibody to an antigen to inhibit or delay its toxicity. When the macrophage recognizes a pathogen, it phagocytes it and degrades it, and presents its peptides to a T cell. This can activate a cytotoxic response, causing apoptosis of infected cells. Or, the T cell may activate a B cell to produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins whose function is to detect any foreign elements that may enter the body. They normally detect specific parts of these elements, for example, proteins from the surface of bacteria or viruses. When antibodies bind to these foreign proteins, they act as a marker, making it easier for them to be recognised and eliminated by the cells of the immune system.A team of scientists altered the DNA of pseudomonas bacteria. The bacteria thus developed had the ability to eat up oil. What could be the likely impact of this biotechnology on the environment and the society?
Toxic gases would be released, causing large-scale pollution.
Damage to marine flora and fauna due to oil spills could be prevented.
The consumption of nonrenewable energy sources would be increased.
The process of oil exploration would become simpler and more economical.
Answers
The alteration of pseudomonas bacteria's DNA to enable them to consume oil could have both positive and negative impacts on the environment and society.
Firstly, the potential benefits include the ability to mitigate oil spills and minimize damage to marine flora and fauna. These genetically modified bacteria could be used in oil spill cleanup efforts, helping to break down and digest the spilled oil more effectively, thus reducing the environmental impact.
On the other hand, there are also potential risks associated with this biotechnology. If the modified bacteria were released into the environment unintentionally or without proper control, there could be adverse consequences. The uncontrolled spread of these bacteria could result in unintended pollution as they consume not only spilled oil but also other hydrocarbon sources, leading to the release of toxic gases and further environmental damage.
Moreover, the introduction of such bacteria could disrupt natural ecosystems, potentially affecting other microorganisms and organisms that depend on oil for survival. The long-term effects on the balance of ecosystems are uncertain and would require thorough evaluation before any large-scale implementation.
In terms of society, the development of these bacteria could have economic implications. The cleanup of oil spills could become more efficient and cost-effective, potentially reducing the financial burden on affected industries and governments. However, it is important to consider the potential risks and unintended consequences of relying solely on this biotechnology, as it may discourage the development of alternative, cleaner energy sources.
Overall, the impact of genetically modified pseudomonas bacteria with oil-consuming abilities on the environment and society would depend on how the technology is deployed, regulated, and monitored. It is crucial to carefully evaluate the potential risks and benefits to ensure responsible and sustainable implementation.
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What does the pH tells us about water?
a. Particles
b. Oxygen
c. Acidic or basic
d. Level of chlorine
Answers
Answer:
it's so obvious...
C. ... the pH tell us whether the water, a substance is acidic or basic.. but know that water is neutral
Answer:
C is the correct answer here.
In the example in the animation, uracil is incorrectly paired with guanine. What is the effect on the dna sequence if base excision repair does not remove the uracil and dna replication is allowed to proceed?
Answers
Mutation will occur in the DNA sequence if base excision repair does not remove the uracil and DNA replication is allowed to proceed.
What occurs when DNA damage is not repaired prior to replication?DNA's stability and integrity are crucial to life since it houses each live cell's genetic information. However, DNA is not inert; rather, it is a chemical structure that can be harmed by the environment. If the damage is not repaired, it can result in mutation and even disease.
What occurs if nucleotide excision repair is unsuccessful?Base excision repair (BER) is in charge of repairing broken DNA bases, including those left over after oxidative damage, deamination, and SSBs. Point mutations may occur as a result of these lesions not being repaired.
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decreased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?
A) increase, pressure
B) decrease, volume
C) increase, sodium levels
D) decrease, pH
E) increase, urea
Answers
The decreased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in an increase of blood pH. Therefore, the answer is D) decrease, pH.
What is hydrogen ?Hydrogen is a chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, making up about 75% of its elemental mass. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas, consisting of two atoms of hydrogen bonded together (H2). It is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas. Hydrogen is used in a wide range of applications, including fuel for vehicles, industrial processes, and as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals.
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What is the main reason we need protein in our diets
Answers
Answer:
Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women
Explanation:
Compare and contrast meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
Answers
Comparing Asexual and Sexual reproduction
Answers
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique.
Explanation:
Which of the sequences listed below are palindromes found in the cloned DNA segment?
Select the two that apply.
a. 5'-CCTAGG-3' 3'-GGATCC-5'
b. 5'-AATT-3'
3'-TTAA-5'
c. 5'-AAGCTT-3'
3'-TTCGAA-5'
d. 5'-ACGG-3'
3'-TGCC-5'
e. 5'-GGATCC-3'
3'-CCTAGG-5'
Answers
Among the sequences listed, 5'-CCTAGG-3' 3'-GGATCC-5' and 5'-GGATCC-3' 3'-CCTAGG-5' are palindromes found in the cloned DNA segment. The correct options are a and e.
The sequences listed below are palindromes found in the cloned DNA segment:
a. 5'-CCTAGG-3' 3'-GGATCC-5' (This sequence is a palindrome as it reads the same on both strands when read in the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and in the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand.)
e. 5'-GGATCC-3' 3'-CCTAGG-5' (This sequence is also a palindrome as it reads the same on both strands when read in the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and in the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand.)
Palindromic sequences are DNA sequences that exhibit symmetry, where the complementary bases on each strand match each other when read in opposite directions. In this case, sequences a and e fit this definition and are palindromes.
Thus, the correct options are a and e.
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Which statements describe the breakdown of lipids?
-The enzyme is a catalyst
-The name of the enzyme is lipase
-The enzyme speeds up the reaction
-The enzyme is made of RNA molecules
-The enzymes is degraded in the reaction
-The enzyme is involved in an anabolic reaction
Answers
Answer:
I think the second one
The name of the enzyme is lipase
Explanation:
because enzyme is a catalyst not because of breakdown of lipids but because it speeds up the biochemical reaction
this is a fact that enzyme speeds up the reaction.it is not because of lipids
enzymes is not degraded in the reaction.
anabolic reactions are the reactions that synthesizes larger molecules to smaller ones, not related to breakdown of lipids.
enzymes is not made up of RNA molecules. They are made up of proteins
Answer:
a,b,c,f are the correct choices
Explanation:
An ice age is a period in which large areas of Earth are covered in ice. Throughout its history, Earth has experienced at least five such ice ages.
Ice is white in color, so it reflects most of the sunlight it receives. Imagine that an ice age were to happen again on Earth. Which statement
best explains how Earth's temperature would be affected?
Refer to the below image for assistance.
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The earth would be covered with ice, therefore there would be no soil, water, or rocks to absorb the sunlight.
Which of the following benthic sediments would have the lowest percentage of organic matter?
A. Temperate deep sea sediments in the North Atlantic
B. Open ocean deep sea sediments
C. Deep sea sediments beneath the equator
D. Abyssal sediments beneath gyre centers
E. Sediments on the shelf-slope break
Answers
The benthic sediment with the lowest percentage of organic matter would likely be open ocean deep sea sediments.
Open ocean deep sea sediments, as mentioned in option B, generally have the lowest percentage of organic matter compared to the other listed sediment types. This is because open ocean environments are characterized by low primary productivity, meaning there is a limited supply of organic material sinking to the seafloor. In these areas, nutrient availability is typically low, and the rate of organic matter deposition is slow. As a result, the sediments that accumulate over time contain a lower percentage of organic matter.
On the other hand, sediments in temperate deep sea regions (option A), deep sea regions beneath the equator (option C), abyssal sediments beneath gyre centers (option D), and sediments on the shelf-slope break (option E) may have higher percentages of organic matter. These areas often receive higher inputs of organic material due to factors such as increased primary productivity, nutrient availability, or proximity to landmasses where terrestrial runoff contributes organic matter to the marine environment.
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what is measurement
Answers
Measurement is defined as the act of measuring or the size of something. An example of measurement means the use of a ruler to determine the length of a piece of paper. An example of measurement is 15" by 25".
Answer:
This is the act of measuring something or the act of taking the length, weight or height of something,e.t.c.
Explanation:
you are using a variety of techniques to study how the risc complex differs between sirnas and mirnas. you found that what distinguishes a risc complex containing an sirna from one containing an mirna is that
Answers
RISC carrying siRNA differs from miRNA in having different argonaute proteins, as RISC (siRNA) can have argonaute 2 whereas the RISC (miRNA) can have argonaute 1-4.
A multiprotein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) contains one strand of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or micro RNA (miRNA). The siRNA or miRNA serves as a template for RISC, which recognizes complementary mRNA. When it locates a complementary strand, RNase is triggered, and the RNA is cut. The RISC complex is similar for miRNA and siRNA, except in the type of protein (argonaute) associated.
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how are most eukaryotic transcription regualtors able to affect transcription when their binding sites are far the promoter
Answers
By removing the DNA that stands between their binding site and the promoter through looping are most eukaryotic transcription regulators able to affect transcription when their binding sites are far the promoter.
What about DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix and which contains the genetic material necessary for all known creatures, including many viruses, to develop, function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid.DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that houses the genetic information required for an organism to grow and carry out its duties.A double helix, which is made up of two linked strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder, is the shape of DNA.The instructions required for life are encoded in DNA. DNA contains instructions on how to build the proteins necessary for our growth, development, and general health.A with T and C with G are the base pairs that are formed when DNA nucleotides are joined together. Each base also has a phosphate and sugar molecule attached to it. A base, a sugar, and a phosphate make up a nucleotide. Two lengthy nucleotide strands spiral together to form the double helix.The base pairs serve as the ladder's rungs while the sugar and phosphate molecules serve as the ladder's vertical side rails in the double helix shape.Learn more about DNA here:
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Why is shoulder most susceptible ro joint dislocation?
Answers
Answer:
The muscles and ligaments around the shoulder tend to be stretchy and relatively vulnerable (compared to those around the hip). Thus the shoulder is relatively easy to dislocate. The hip is much harder to dislocate even though it is also a ball and socket joint.
Answer:
The shoulder's muscles are stretchey and like elastic in some ways, and then it is easy for someone to dislocate it.
Explanation:
Hope this helps, Have a nice day, and Merry Christmas
Which best describes the process of peer review?
A. Scientists allow other people to draw the conclusions from their
work.
B. Scientists allow other people to choose their control groups.
C. Scientists examine each other's work to make sure it is not biased
or unreliable.
D. Scientists prevent other scientists from seeing their experimental
data.
SUBMIT
Answers
Scientists examine each other's work to make sure it is not biased or unreliable this describes the process of peer review. The correct option is C.
What is a peer review?The peer-review process is used to verify academic scientific quality by confining an author's published work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field (peers).
Scientists examine each other's work to make sure it is not biased or unreliable this describes the process of peer review.
Thus, the correct option is C.
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Did John Dalton use an observational study, a controlled experiment, or a mathematical model?
Answers
Answer:
we need a picture! if you provide one, then i can help in comments
Explanation:
Carbon 12 is the most common isotope of action and has mas number of 12. However, the average om mass of carbon found on a periodic table is the more than 12 tons Why? The tom does not include the mass of electrons Some carbon stores in uwe have an extra proto Some Carbon atominature have more on Some Carbonminne
Answers
Carbon 12 is the most common isotope of carbon with a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on the periodic table is more than 12 tons. This is because of the following reasons: The tom does not include the mass of electrons.
This is because electrons are much lighter than the other subatomic particles, and their mass is not considered in the calculation of the atomic mass of an element. Some carbon stores in uwe have an extra proto. Carbon 12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon and has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. However, some carbon atoms have an extra neutron or two, making them isotopes of carbon. The presence of these isotopes in nature accounts for the slightly higher atomic mass of carbon found on the periodic table.
Some Carbon atominature have more on. Some carbon atoms have more than six neutrons in their nucleus, making them heavier isotopes of carbon. These isotopes are much less abundant in nature than carbon-12, but they do exist and contribute to the average atomic mass of carbon found on the periodic table. Some Carbonminne. Carbon has a few isotopes such as Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14. Of these, Carbon-14 is unstable and radioactive, and Carbon-13 is stable and non-radioactive.
They are not found in equal abundance, but the contribution of their presence to the atomic mass is also responsible for the slightly higher atomic mass of carbon found on the periodic table.
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In the product 6O2, what does the coefficient mean? There are 12 molecules of O2, There are 8 molecules of O2, There are 6 molecules of O2. There are 2 molecules of O2.
Answers
"O2" is the formula for one molecule oxygen, which has 2 atoms.
The subscript (small) "2" tells you how many atoms are in the molecule.
The coefficient is the big number tells you the number of molecules.
In 6O2, there are 12 atoms in total (6 molecules of 2 atoms each).
In the product 6O2, there are 6 molecules of O2.
WHAT COEFFICIENT MEANS:
Coefficient, in chemistry, refers to the number behind an element. It represents the number of molecules of that element. The coefficient tells us the amount of molecules contained in an element. For example;In the product 6O2, this tells us that there are 6 molecules of oxygen gas (O2). Other examples are: 2Mn meaning 2 molecules of manganese, 3CO2 meaning 3 molecules of carbon dioxide etc.Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/11815186?referrer=searchResults
which of the following best describes the contraction phase of the excitation-contraction coupling reaction? choose the best answer. view available hint(s)for part g which of the following best describes the contraction phase of the excitation-contraction coupling reaction? choose the best answer. actin pushes on myosin to shorten its length, thereby shortening the muscle. an action potential travels down the t-tubule in order to release ca2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere, bringing z disks closer together. an action potential travels down the axon of a motor neuron in order to release acetylcholine onto the motor end plate.
Answers
The correct answer is "Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere, bringing z disks closer together."
Excitation–contraction coupling describes how an electrical signal, the action potential (AP), traveling along the plasmalemma evokes calcium release from the SR in the region of the myofibrils, causing a change in actin–myosin interactions, which leads to muscle contraction. In cardiomyocytes, the transduction between the electrical signal and Ca2+ release from the JSR is effected by a transmitter, which is, in fact, calcium itself.
During the contraction phase of excitation-contraction coupling, the sarcomeres in the muscle fibers contract as the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the muscle. This causes the Z disks to move closer together, leading to muscle contraction.
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Inside of chloroplasts is a special pigment called
Answers
Answer:
Chlorophyll
Explanation:
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in chloroplast
To be considered living you have to be able to produce offspring. This is known as the ability to _________________________
Answers
Answer:
I think its procreate
Explanation:
hope it works
Which bee has the most important job? Support with 2 reasons
Answers
Answer:
The Queen and Workers
Explanation:
Queen is the leader and must be protected for their is only one per nest, and workers keep the place going and protect the nest