_______ molecules present in chloroplasts are split to release oxygen atoms, electrons, and free hydrogen ions
Answers
In chloroplasts, water molecules are split during a process called photolysis. Photolysis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoid lumen. The splitting of water molecules releases oxygen atoms, electrons, and free hydrogen ions (protons).
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts. This excites electrons in the chlorophyll, which then pass through a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane. As the excited electrons move through this electron transport chain, they lose energy, which is used to pump protons (hydrogen ions) from the stroma (the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoid membrane) into the thylakoid lumen.
To replenish the lost electrons, water molecules are split by an enzyme called photolysis. Photolysis breaks the water molecules into oxygen atoms, electrons, and free hydrogen ions. The oxygen atoms combine to form molecular oxygen (O2), which is then released as a byproduct. The electrons released during photolysis replace the ones that were lost in the chlorophyll molecules, allowing them to continue absorbing light energy.
The free hydrogen ions (protons) generated during photolysis accumulate in the thylakoid lumen. These protons create a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane. The gradient is then used to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of cells, through a process called chemiosmosis.
Water molecules are split during photolysis in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. This process releases oxygen atoms, electrons, and free hydrogen ions, which play crucial roles in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Related Questions
Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding energy per nucleon, for 73Li37Li . The masses of the atoms of 73Li37Li and 11H11H are 7.016004 uu and 1.007825 uu , respectively. The mass of a neutron is 1.008665 uu . Express your answe
Answers
The total binding energy for lithium is 39.25 Mev
The binding energy per nucleon for lithium is 5.61 Mev / nucleon
BINDING ENERGYBinding energy is the total energy required for the breakdown of a nucleus to its component nucleons
TOTAL BINDING ENERGYTotal binding energy is the amount of energy released when the atom is formed from its constituent electron, protons and neutrons.
The given mass are lithium is 7.016004 u and hydrogen is 1.007825
There are 3 hydrogen and 4 neutrons
To calculate the Total binding energy
3 ( 1.0782) + 4 ( 1.008665 ) = 7.058135 u
Mass of neutron is 1.008665 u
1 atomic mass unit is 931.5 Mev
The total binding energy isTBe = ( 7.058135 - 7.016004 ) × 931.5
= 39.25 Mev
Total binding energy is 39.25 Mev
To calculate the binding energyBE= 39.25 / 7
= 5.61 Mev / neucleon
Hence, The total binding energy is 39.25 Mev.
The binding energy is 5.61 Mev / neucleon.
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There are two common oxides of copper; one is 80% copper and the other is 89% copper by weight. Calculate the formula and name each compound.
Answers
80% copper (Cu)
Cu: 80 : 63.546 = 1.259
O: 20 : 16 = 1.25
Cu:O = 1 : 1
the formula: CuO
89% copper (Cu)
Cu: 89 : 63.546 = 1.4
O: 11 : 16 = 0.6875
Cu:O = 2:1
the formula: Cu₂O
PLS HELP USING ALL MY POINTS AND WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
1. Fill in table 5.2
2. Which metal is the most reactive? How do you know this?
3. Rank the metals in order of increasing reactivity
4. Give the chemical equations for each single replacement reaction that took place
5. Was Fe^3+ reduced? If so, what metal(s) acted as reducing agents?
Answers
Answer:
54.09
Explanation:
What is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new products?
a
reducing
b
recycling
c
reusing
d
composting
Answers
Pleasee Help me!!
I need it now
Can you help me?:(
Answers
1 Hydrochloric acid and pepsin digest protein the stomach. The stomach squeezes to mix food. - match to c
2 Nutrients are absorbed into the blood by villi in the small intestine. - match to a
3 Water is absorbed by from the food waste back into the body. -match to i
4 The tongue pushes food to the back of the mouth where it is swallowed. - matches to j
5 Food is chopped and ground in the mouth. - match to f
6 Bile (produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder) enters the small intestine to break down fats. - matches to e
7 Solid waste material is forced out of the body. - matches to g
8 "Food" moves to the small intestine (through the duodenum - matches to b
9 Waste (food) leaves the small intestine and enters the large intestine. - matches to h
10 The food moves along the esophagus to the stomach - matches to d
What is the digestive system?The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion.
The Digestion of food involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
This digestion process have been described above in matching order.
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help me please asap ...........................................
Answers
4. The number of protons in one atom of an element
Hope I helped :))
Which statement best defines a universal law?
A.It operates only under specific conditions.
B.It is in effect at all times.
C.It changes over time.
D.It is in effect some of the time.
Answers
The best answer is (B) Which it effects at all times.
(That’s what I got for my test btw)
.. ⬇️
Laws of nature as expressed in physics as laws and theories are often said to be universal. This means that, so far as we have been able to test them, they apply everywhere and at every time, past, present and future.
Explanation: A scientific theory is usually proposed to explain certain observations after repeated experiments and available facts. However, a scientific law is more experimented and confirmed than scientific theories - this means scientific law is better supported by scientific facts and data than scientific theory.
How many milliliters of a 0.8 solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 g of baking soda? Show your work.
Answers
225 milliliters of a 0.8 solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 g of baking soda.
How to calculate volume?The volume of a substance can be calculated using the following formula:
molarity = no of moles ÷ volume
no of moles of baking soda (NaHCO3) = mass ÷ molar mass
Molar mass of baking soda = 84.007g/mol
no of moles = 15g ÷ 84.007g/mol = 0.18mol
0.8 = 0.18/volume
volume = 0.23L equivalent to 225mL
Therefore, 225 milliliters of a 0.8 solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 g of baking soda.
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225 millilitres of a 0.8 solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 g of baking soda.
Define molarity of a solution.Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution. Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per litres of a solution. Molarity is also known as the molar concentration of a solution.
\(Molality = \frac{Moles \;solute}{Volume of solution in litre}\)
\(Moles of baking soda (NaHCO_3) =\frac{mass}{molar \;mass}\)
Molar mass of baking soda = 84.007g/mol
\(Moles of baking soda (NaHCO_3) =\frac{15g}{84.007g/mol}\)
\(Moles of baking soda (NaHCO_3) = 0.18mol\)
Now, calculating volume with the molarity formula:
Molality = \(\frac{Moles \;solute}{Volume \;of \;solution \;in \;litre}\)
0.8 = \(\frac{0.18 }{Volume \;of \;solution \;in \;litre}\)
Volume = 0.23L equivalent to 225mL
Therefore, 225 milliliters of a 0.8 solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 g of baking soda.
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if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen at 2 atm from 750 ml to 500 ml, what must the new pressure be?
Answers
The new pressure be if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen is 3 atm.
Why Boyle's Law is important?Boyle's law is significant because it explains how gases behave. It explains with certainty that the relationship between gas pressure and volume is inverse. So, when you exert pressure on gas, the volume decreases and its pressure increases.
Briefing:P1V1 = P2V2
P1 and V1 are initial pressure and volume.
P2 and V2 are final pressure and volume.
P1 = 1 atm
V1 = 750 mL
P2 = ?
V2 = 500 mL
Putting values
2 * 750 mL = P2 * 500 mL
P2 = 3 atm
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when soda is exposed to room temperature, the taste becomes flat due to carbon dioxide escaping:
Answers
When soda is exposed to room temperature, the carbon dioxide molecules that give it its fizziness start to escape. This process is known as carbonation loss.
As carbon dioxide escapes, the soda becomes less carbonated and loses its characteristic fizziness. This change in carbonation levels affects the taste of the soda, making it taste flat and less refreshing. The loss of carbon dioxide also affects the texture of the drink, making it feel less bubbly in the mouth. To prevent carbonation loss, it is recommended to store soda in a cool, dark place, such as a refrigerator, to keep it fresh and maintain its carbonation levels.
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Which halogen has 5 energy levels?
O iodine
bromine
Xenon
O nitrogen
Answers
Answer:
nitrogeno
Explanation:
creo xdddd
Answer:
bromine
Explanation:
(Ar)3d10,4s2,4p5
Cordell bought new tires for his bicycle. As he rode his bike on the hot street, the temperature of the air in the tires increased. If the volume of the air stayed the same, what happened to the pressure inside the tires?
A. It decreased. B. It increased. C. It stayed the same. D. It was inversely proportional to the temperature
Answers
Answer: The answer is B. The pressure inside the tires increased.
Explanation:
The relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas is described by the ideal gas law, which is usually written as:
\($$PV = nRT$$\)
where:
- \(\(P\)\) is the pressure,
- \(\(V\)\) is the volume,
- \(\(n\)\) is the number of moles of gas,
- \(\(R\)\) is the ideal gas constant, and
- \(\(T\)\) is the temperature (in Kelvin).
In this case, the volume \(\(V\)\) and the number of moles \(\(n\)\) of air in the tires stay the same. The temperature \(\(T\)\) is increasing. Therefore, for the equation to remain balanced, the pressure \(\(P\)\) must also increase.
So, the answer is B. The pressure inside the tires increased.
a scientist conducts an experiment to determine the rate of the following reaction: if the initial concentration of n2 was 0.400 m and the concentration of n2 was 0.350 m after 0.100 s, what is the average rate of reaction over the first 100 milliseconds?
Answers
After 0.100 s, the average rate of reaction over the first 100 milliseconds is 0.25 mol s^-1. if the initial concentration of n2 was 0.400 m and the concentration of n2 was 0.350 m.
The average rate of reaction over the first 100 milliseconds when the initial concentration of N2 was 0.400 M and the concentration of N2 was 0.350 M after 0.100 s can be calculated as follows:
Average rate of reaction = {N2 consumed or produced in mol} / {time in seconds}
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
As per the given equation, one mole of N2 reacts to produce two moles of NH3. So, the mole of N2 consumed in the reaction would be equal to half the mole of NH3 produced.
Therefore, mole of N2 consumed = (1/2) × (0.050 M) = 0.025 M
Now, the average rate of reaction can be calculated as follows:
Average rate of reaction = {N2 consumed or produced in mol} / {time in seconds}
= 0.025 mol / 0.100 s
= 0.25 mol s^-1
Therefore, the average rate of reaction over the first 100 milliseconds is 0.25 mol s^-1.
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Energy must be removed from a liquid to change it to a solid true or false please hurry it’s a emergency
Answers
false removing energy from a liquid turns it into a gas
Answer:
False
Explanation:
You said fast so I'm just giving the answer
Which sentence is an example of how a scientist might use a model?
A. A wrench is used to tighten a nut onto a piece of wood.
B. A microscope is used to magnify a group of cells on a slide.
C. A stopwatch is used to time the rate of a chemical reaction.
D. The end of a slinky is moved vertically up and down to simulate a wave.
Answers
Answer:
D. The end of a slinky is moved vertically up and down to simulate a wave.
Explanation:
A Slinky is a compact helical coiled toy that can perform many number of tricks such as stretching it-self and come back in its original shape.
A slinky here is used as a model by a scientist to stimulate a wave or to understand the concept of the wave. To study the nature of waves, slinky is used to create waves by moving vertically up and down that leads to the vibration or disturbance in a medium.
Hence, the correct answer is "D. The end of a slinky is moved vertically up and down to simulate a wave."
Answer:
The answer would be option D.
Explanation:
I took the test and D was correct.
Hope this helps. ^^
The room temperature BCC single-phase solid solution of carbon in iron is known as:
A. Austenite B. Ferrite C. Cementite D. Pearlite
B
Answers
The room temperature BCC single-phase solid solution of carbon in iron is known as B. Ferrite
Ferric is a type of iron that has been oxidized. It has a high oxidation state and is used in many industries. It is most commonly used as a catalyst in chemical reactions and as a pigment for paints, inks, and cosmetics. It is also used to create alloys and as a nutritional supplement. It is found in many foods, such as meats, eggs, nuts, whole grains, legumes, and leafy green vegetables.
The ferric BCC structure is a type of crystalline structure that is made up of iron atoms arranged in a body-centered cubic lattice. It is also known as the gamma-iron structure and is the most common type of iron crystal structure seen in nature.
The ferric BCC structure is composed of eight iron atoms arranged in a cube with one atom at the center and the other seven atoms located at the corners. The atoms are bound together through a combination of covalent and metallic bonds. The ferric BCC structure is the most thermodynamically stable form of iron at room temperature, making it the most common form seen in everyday life.
It has a high melting point and is highly resistant to corrosion. Its properties make it ideal for use in engineering applications such as automotive components, tools, and construction materials.
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Which model demonstrates a correct pathway carbon takes in the carbon cycle?
A) soil → animals → plants → atmosphere
B) plants → soil → animals → atmosphere
C) atmosphere → plants → animals → soil
D) animals → plants → atmosphere → soil
Answers
Answer:
C) atmosphere → plants → animals → soil
Explanation:
The third choice provides the correct path through which carbon is cycled in nature.
Carbon passes from the atmosphere to plants then to animals and finally to the soil.
Plants uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to manufacture their food. The food is made up of giant carbon chains which also provides nourishment for animals. When animals digest plant matter, they obtain energy for their process. The waste is passed into the soil .Ocean water is approximately 0.6 M NaCl. How many grams of salt is there in 1 liter of ocean water?
A. 35 grams
B. 58.5 grams
C. 70 grams
D. 117 grams
Answers
The answer is A.
We know the formula for molarity :
Molarity = Number of moles ÷ Volume
Let's assume there are 0.6 moles of NaCl in 1 liter of ocean water.
Then, mass of salt is :
Mass of one mole salt × 0.658.5 × 0.635 gramsplease help!!! based on the lewis /electron dot representation of the two atoms predict the ratio of metal
Answers
Answer:
The answer is 1:2 option B
Plz mark as brainliest............. hope it helps
The ratio of the metal cationic atom to the nonmetal anionic atom will be 1 :2. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is the lewis electron dot diagram?A lewis electron dot representation is utilized to represent the number of bonds, the bonding atoms, and the lone pairs on the atoms in the molecule or chemical compound.
Straight lines are used to represent the bond between atoms that are bonded to one another and excess electrons are represented as dot pairs to show the lone pairs on the atoms.
In the given image, calcium has two valence electrons and Fluorine needs one electron to complete its octet. So the calcium will donate its two electrons to two F. Each Flourine will accept one electron Therefore, the compound formed will be CaF₂.
Therefore, the ratio of the calcium cationic atom to the Fluorine anionic atom will be 1 : 2.
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Describe what will happen to the pressure of the gas as the plunger is pushed in.
Answers
Answer:
The pressure of gas will increase.
Explanation:
The question above is related to "Boyle's Law." According to this law, provided that the temperature and amount of gas are stable, the absolute pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
In this sense, if the plunger will be pushed in, the volume of the gas will definitely decrease due to lack of space while the pressure will increase because the molecules of the gas are colliding with each other. The greater the collision, the greater the pressure. This explains the answer above.
Calculate q, the heat released in each reaction.
Use the equation q = cmAT.
(Use c = 4.18 J/g °C and the total mass, m.)
Record to 2 significant figures.
Reaction 1: blank J
Reaction 2: blank J
Answers
The heat released in each reaction is:
Reaction 1: 3700J
Reaction 2: 3200J
What is heat?
Heat is a transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another or from an energy source to a medium or object. A similar energy transfer can be done in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.The standard unit of heat in the International System of Units( SI) is the calorie( cal), which is the quantum of energy transferred needed to raise the temperature of one gram of pure liquid water by one degree Celsius, assuming that the temperature of the water is advanced. advanced than the freezing point and lower than the boiling pointTo know more about heat, click the link given below:
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a a reaction orrcurs in a calorimeter that contains 2300g of water at 30c. the reaction releases 9.66 *10^3 j of heat. if the specific heat capacity of water is 4.184 j*g*c what is the final temperature of the water
Answers
The final temperature of the water is 33.02°C.
Here's the solution:
Initial temperature of water (T1) = 30°C
Mass of water (m) = 2300g
Specific heat capacity of water (c) = 4.184 J/g°C
Heat released by the reaction (q) = 9.66 * 10^3 J
Final temperature of water (T2) = (T1 + q/mc)
= (30°C + 9.66 * 10^3 J / 2300g * 4.184 J/g°C)
= 33.02°C
The heat released by the reaction is absorbed by the water, causing the temperature of the water to increase.
The final temperature of the water is calculated by adding the heat released by the reaction to the initial temperature of the water and dividing by the mass of the water and the specific heat capacity of water.
Thus, the final temperature of the water is 33.02°C.
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which loan options is strongly recommended for first time buyers
Answers
For first-time buyers, a conventional fixed-rate mortgage is strongly recommended as a loan option.
A conventional fixed-rate mortgage offers stability and predictability for first-time buyers. With this type of loan, the interest rate remains constant throughout the loan term, allowing borrowers to plan their budget effectively and avoid unexpected payment increases. Additionally, conventional mortgages often have more flexible down payment options and terms compared to other loan types, making them accessible for first-time buyers.
In conclusion, a conventional fixed-rate mortgage is highly recommended for first-time buyers due to its stability and predictability. This loan option provides the necessary financial security and ease of planning, making it a suitable choice for those entering the housing market for the first time. However, it is essential for buyers to carefully consider their personal financial situation and consult with a mortgage professional to determine the best loan option for their specific needs.
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What mass of Cl2, in grams is contained in a 10.0L tank at 27oC and 3.50 atm pressure ? a. 1.42 grams b. 142 grams c. 1.01 kg d. 101 grams
Answers
Answer:
the correct answer is A
Explanation:
Many amino acids in our diet are absorbed via the transcellular transport pathway by the intestinal epithelial cells. This process requires ATP hydrolysis bya) the Na+-amino acid symporter in the apical domain of the plasma membrane.b) the Na+-amino acid antiporter in the apical domain of the plasma membrane.c) the Na+-K+ pumps in the basolateral plasma membrane.d) an amino acid carrier in the basal domain of the plasma membrane.e) F-type ATPases in the apical domain of the plasma membrane.
Answers
The Na+-K+ pumps in the basolateral plasma membrane are the proper response (option c). Transport proteins known as Na+/amino acid symporters import amino acids from the intestinal lumen.
What procedure does the human gut use to absorb amino acids?Diffusion is then used in the gut to absorb the amino acids (the byproduct of protein breakdown) through the villi's capillaries.
Which of the following meals offers the amino acids that the body can best absorb?Animal proteins like those found in beef, poultry, and eggs are the finest providers of amino acids. The easiest proteins for your body to absorb and utilise are those from animals. Complete proteins are defined as foods that include all nine necessary amino acids.
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Write the formula of the compound formed between rubidium and sulfur?
Answers
Rubidium sulfide( Rb2S)
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An element has an atomic number of 18 and an atomic mass of 40. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of this element is????
Answers
Answer: 22 neutrons
Explanation: 40 is the mass number = atomic mass = total number of protons and neutrons in atomic nucleus
18 is the number of protons in the nucleus of this atom
Then 40 - 18 = 22 neutrons
and this is Argon
which of the following is an arrhenius acid hcl alcl3 bcl3
Answers
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an Arrhenius acid. Option A is correct.
The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases, proposed by Svante Arrhenius, defines an acid as a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions (H⁺), and a base as a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
HCl is a strong acid that readily ionizes in water to release H+ ions. The dissociation reaction of HCl in water is as;
HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻
In this reaction, HCl donates a hydrogen ion (H⁺) to water, resulting in the formation of hydronium ions (H₃O⁺). The chloride ion (Cl⁻) is the corresponding conjugate base.
On the other hand, AlCl₃ (aluminum chloride) and BCl₃ (boron trichloride) are not Arrhenius acids. They are both molecular compounds and do not dissociate in water to produce H⁺ ions. Instead, they can undergo other chemical reactions or interactions when dissolved in water.
Hence, A. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Which of the following is an Arrhenius acid A) HCl B) AlCl₃ C) BCl₃."--
The Arrhenius acid among the given options (HCl, AlCl3, and BCl3) is HCl.
To identify the Arrhenius acid among the given options (HCl, AlCl3, and BCl3), we need to determine which substance, when dissolved in water, releases hydrogen ions (H+).
HCl is hydrochloric acid, which is a strong acid and dissociates completely in water to release H+ ions. Therefore, HCl is an Arrhenius acid.
AlCl3 and BCl3 are not Arrhenius acids because they do not release H+ ions when dissolved in water. Instead, they form complex ions with water molecules.
Therefore, the Arrhenius acid among the given options is HCl.
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how do people start alcohol consumption
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:Due to the mental pressure,
Due to peer pressure,
Lack of love and affection from the family members.
Influence from the T.V advertisement.
What is true of the electron configurations of the transition metals?
Answers
Answer:
The electron configuration for the first row transition metals consists of 4s and 3d subshells with an argon (noble gas) core. This only applies to the first row transition metals, adjustments will be necessary when writing the electron configuration for the other rows of transition metals.
Explanation: