Libro de ciencias biología primero de secundaria

The process of Glycolysis is a catabolic process  in which two molecules glucose goes through a ten- step pathway and yield two molecules of pyruvate . It is a major part of carbohydrate metabolism .

Mechanism Of Glycolysis

The glycolysis is also known as EMP pathway and it is involved in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions .There are two phases in the mechanism of glycolysis in which 5 reactions takes place in each phase and the process of glycolysis takes place in cytosol

Preparatory phase refers to the  generation of two molecules of  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from one molecule of glucose which further goes into the payoff phase . In this phase two molecules of ATP are used and two regulatory enzymes were involved in this reaction .

Payoff phase refers to the further break down of two molecules of glyceraldehyde3-phosphate to two molecules of pyruvate . In this phase four molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are generated . In this phase only one regulatory enzyme is involved which is the breakdown of PEP to pyruvate  .

Both the phases of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and there are  three enzymes that involved in regulating the glycolytic pathway .This process is also known as the catabolic process .

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Answer:

Plants

Explanation:

Because photosynthesis is the process by which PLANTS manufacture their own food, and that simply means they obtain energy in the same process.

Answer:

prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) several rod-shaped chromosomes

Explanation:

Answer:

They have a nucleus, They have road shaped chromosomes

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer is option b) "the number of chemical bonds between the molecules".

Explanation:

Chemical bonds are the forces that enable the formation of compounds. The number of chemical bonds is a determining factor to know if an interaction will be transient of stable. The more chemical bonds the more stable an interaction will be. Few chemical bonds between molecules makes an interaction unstable and easy to break, enabling transient interactions that are key to certain biological pathways.

Laetiporus sulphureus, or chicken of the woods, is a multicellular organism in the Fungi kingdom. It obtains its nutrition as a heterotroph by decomposing dead wood. It is known for its bright color and spongy texture when cooked.

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Answer:

C.

Explanation:

Here, surface area is the area of the outside of the cell, called the plasma membrane. The volume is how much space is inside the cell. The ratio is the surface area divided by the volume. This indicates how much surface area is available compared to how big the cell is.

Answer:

C. the amount of workable space that the cell has available for exchange.

Explanation:

The surface area of a cell is its plasma membrane, and it is where nutrients and wastes are exchanged.

Answer:

dinosaur selection  

Explanation:

over time the selection is covered by sediment and is replaced by minerals  

Answer Dinosaur Skeleton

Explanation:

trust me, im big brain

Answer:

B. It Expands when it freezes

Explanation:

Ice wedging is a crack in the ground formed by ice expanding as it freezes in the ground

Answer:

b. it expands when it freezes

Explanation:

When the temperature is warm, water works its way into cracks in rock. When the temperature cools below freezing, the water turns to ice and expands.

Calderón-Garcidueñas has conducted research on the impact of air pollution on the brain and cognitive function. Other scientists in Germany and Boston have also conducted studies that support her work and findings.

In Germany, a group of researchers conducted a study to investigate the effects of air pollution on brain structure and cognitive function in a large population of older adults. The study utilized neuroimaging techniques to assess brain volumes and cognitive tests to evaluate cognitive performance. The findings revealed a significant association between long-term exposure to air pollution and reduced brain volume in regions related to memory and learning. The study also found that higher levels of air pollution were associated with poorer cognitive performance in various domains.

In Boston, researchers focused on the impact of air pollution on children's brain development. They conducted a study involving a cohort of children and assessed their cognitive abilities using standardized tests. The study found that children exposed to higher levels of air pollution exhibited lower cognitive scores, particularly in areas related to attention, memory, and language skills. The researchers also observed structural changes in the brain, specifically in regions involved in cognitive control, in relation to air pollution exposure.

These studies from Germany and Boston provide additional evidence supporting Calderón-Garcidueñas' findings regarding the detrimental effects of air pollution on the brain and cognitive function. They reinforce the notion that long-term exposure to air pollution can lead to structural changes in the brain and have a negative impact on cognitive abilities. The collective findings highlight the importance of addressing air pollution as a public health concern and implementing measures to reduce pollution levels to safeguard brain health and cognitive development, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and older adults.

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The monomers, examples, location and linkage of the biomolecules can be found below;

Biomolecules are molecules, such as amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, that occur naturally in living organisms.

Nucleic acids are any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases.

Proteins are a complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds.

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Lipids are any of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides.

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Out of the following genotypes the possible genotype of their parents is option one that is CAO and BO.

The ability to distinguish between different blood types in humans or their blood based on the presence or absence of particular antigens in the blood is known as blood grouping. The presence or lack of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells results in one of four major blood types. A, B, AB, O

Blood types that are genetically passed down include:

Parent 1 Blood Group + Parent 2 Blood Group= Baby’s Blood Group

O+O= O

O+A = O or A

O+B = O or B

O + AB= A or B

A+A= O or A

B+B= O or B

AB+AB= A, B. AB

A+B = O A, B, AB

A+AB = A, B. AB

B+AB = A, B. AB

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In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can happen simultaneously because DNA and ribosomes are both located in the nucleus. Therefore, option B is correct.

The ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They are also found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. The ribosomes read the mRNA produced during transcription and directly synthesize proteins using the information encoded in the mRNA.

The absence of a nuclear membrane in prokaryotes allows for the coupling of transcription and translation to occur in close proximity in the cytoplasm.

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Answer:

Photosynthesis is the process of plants absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide and making glucose and oxygen

Answer:

Buddhism and Hinduism both originated in ancient India. Hinduism and Buddhism both involve belief in an ongoing process of rebirth. Both religions have same idea, that one may be released from ongoing rebirth, but are called different things and achieved through different actions.

Answer:evolution

Explanation:Evolution describes changes in inherited traits of populations through successive generations. To fully understand the science of ecology, one must first be able to grasp evolutionary concepts.

Every action and movement your body performs is coordinated by the human neurological system.

More specifically, homeostasis refers to the body's propensity to keep internal conditions like blood sugar and temperature at essentially constant and stable levels.

The receptor, which receives signals and responds to stimuli, the effector, and these three components together make up the regulatory system.

Therefore, The control center originates the signal, and the effector is responsible for transmitting the signals that are relayed from it.

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The statement that represents a valid hypothesis about organic farming is as follows: Carrots that are grown with organic fertilizer will contain more vitamin A than those grown with nonorganic fertilizer (option B).

Organic farming is approach to farming based on biological methods that avoid the use of synthetic crop or livestock production inputs.

Organic farming puts value on ecological harmony, resource efficiency, and non-intensive animal and crop husbandry practices.

According to this question, many grocery stores claim that organic produce has more health benefits than traditionally grown produce. This suggests that they believe that agricultural produce grown using organic fertilizer will be more nutritious than those grown using non-organic fertilizers.

This means that the valid hypothesis regarding this claim is option B because it can be tested via experimentation.

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Answer:i have no idea

Explanation:

i need help

Answer:Embryology, the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely-divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved. ... Another form of evidence of evolution is the convergence of form in organisms that share similar environments.

Explanation:it will help you with anatpony

Answer:

1. Recognition of foreign molecules - Defense

2. Receptors of extracellular signals - Regulation

Explanation:

From the analysis of the 2 equations: X = 3/4 and Y = 5/4

The equations can be solved using subtracting one of the two equations from the other.

Let's label the two equations:

Y=3x-1 .................... equation 1

Y=2-X..................... equation 2

Equation 2 can be rearranged such that:

Y = -X+2

Subtracting equation 2 from 1:

Y=3x-1

Y = -X+2

0 = 4X -3

4X = 3

  X = 3/4

Substitute X = 3/4 into any of equations 1 or 2 to determine Y.

Y = 3(3/4) - 1

   = 9/4 - 1

    = 5/4

Hence X = 3/4 and Y = 5/4

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Answer:

mark me pls

Explanation:

Q1)When a substance is said to “dissolve” in water, it means that it is able to mix with the water molecules and form a homogeneous solution. This means that the substance is evenly distributed throughout the water and is no longer visible as a separate entity. Hydrophilic substances are able to dissolve in water because they have a strong affinity for water molecules, allowing them to form strong hydrogen bonds with them.

Q3)The hydrophilic head of the phospholipid is held in place by a combination of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions with the hydrophobic tails. These interactions are strong enough to keep the head and tail together, even when the bilayer is subjected to mechanical forces.

The genotype of the parent plants in this cross is HhEe.

Based on the given information, we can determine the genotypes of the parent plants by examining the phenotypes of their offspring.

Let's denote the high oil content allele as H and the low oil content allele as h. Similarly, let's denote the four seeds allele as E and the two seeds allele as e.

The given parent plants have the following phenotypes:

- High oil / four seeds (unknown genotype)

- High oil / two seeds (unknown genotype)

- Low oil / four seeds (unknown genotype)

- Low oil / two seeds (unknown genotype)

From this information, we can deduce the possible genotypes of the parent plants by analyzing the inheritance patterns observed in their offspring.

If we cross two plants with the genotype HhEe (High oil / four seeds), we would expect the following ratios in their offspring:

- High oil / four seeds: 9/16

- High oil / two seeds: 3/16

- Low oil / four seeds: 3/16

- Low oil / two seeds: 1/16

Since the observed ratio matches the given phenotypes of the parent plants, it is likely that both parent plants have the genotype HhEe (High oil / four seeds).

Therefore, the genotype of the parent plants in this cross is HhEe.

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We  can see here that going through the answers provided in the image, we can deduce that they are correct though it will be proper to cross-check before submitting.

Nucleic acids are biomolecules that play a crucial role in storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms. They are essential for the functioning and inheritance of genetic traits.

Both DNA and RNA are polymers made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Nucleic Acids

29.The types of nucleic acids are DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA(ribonucleic acid)

30.The monomer unit of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide.

31.The three parts of the nucleotide are the nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate group

32.The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid

33.DNA is important because it stores the genetic information used for protein synthesis.

Enzymes

34.Enzymes are proteins that play biocatalyst roles.

35.No

36The rate of chemical reactions will be much lower

37.c.proteins

38.They increase the rate of a reaction

39.The substrate attaches to the active site of the enzyme. The reaction takes place. The product is released.

Answer:

Here are some uses of biotechnology in the production of washing powders:

Enzymes: Enzymes are commonly used in washing powders to enhance the cleaning efficiency and remove various types of stains.  Proteases, amylases, lipases, and cellulases are examples of enzymes used in washing powders. These enzymes break down protein-based, starch-based, lipid-based, and cellulose-based stains, respectively, into smaller fragments, making them easier to remove during the washing process.

Bio-surfactants: Surfactants are essential components of washing powders as they help to remove dirt and oil from fabrics. Biotechnology allows for the development of bio-surfactants, which are surfactants derived from biological sources, such as bacteria or yeast. These bio-surfactants are more environmentally friendly than traditional surfactants as they are biodegradable and have lower ecological impact.

Microbial Strains: Biotechnology can be used to isolate, characterize, and optimize microbial strains that produce enzymes or bio-surfactants. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, can be engineered or selected for their ability to produce specific compounds that enhance the cleaning performance of washing powders.

Genetic Modification: Genetic modification techniques can be employed to enhance the properties of microorganisms used in the production of enzymes or bio-surfactants. This allows for the creation of microorganisms with improved characteristics, such as increased enzyme activity or enhanced stability under varying conditions.

Fermentation Processes: Biotechnology facilitates the use of fermentation processes to produce enzymes and bio-surfactants at a large scale. Fermentation involves the controlled growth of microorganisms in bioreactors, where they produce enzymes or bio-surfactants through metabolic processes. This enables the efficient and cost-effective production of these ingredients for use in washing powders.

Explanation: