Let p be a prime number of length k bits. Let H(x) = x² (mod p) be a hash function which maps any message to a k-bit hash value.
(b) Is this function second pre-image resistant? Why?

Answers

Answer 1

No, this function is not second pre-image resistant. The hash function H(x) = x² (mod p) is not second pre-image resistant, since finding a second pre-image is trivial.

To understand why, let's first define what second pre-image resistance means. A hash function H is said to be second pre-image resistant if given a message m1 and its hash value h1, it is computationally infeasible to find another message m2 ≠ m1 such that H(m2) = h1.

Now, let's consider the hash function H(x) = x² (mod p). Note that since p is a prime number, every non-zero residue modulo p has a unique modular inverse. Therefore, for any k-bit hash value h, there exist two possible square roots of h modulo p, namely x and -x (where "-" denotes the additive inverse modulo p).

This means that given a message m1 and its hash value h1 = H(m1), it is very easy to find another message m2 ≠ m1 such that H(m2) = h1. In fact, we can simply compute x, which is a square root of h1 modulo p, and then choose m2 = -x (mod p), which will also satisfy H(m2) = h1.

Therefore, the hash function H(x) = x² (mod p) is not second pre-image resistant, since finding a second pre-image is trivial.

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Related Questions

in a basic program with 3 IF statements, there will always be _________ END IIF's.
a)2
b)3
c)4

Answers

Answer:

c)4

Explanation:

Hope it could helps you

What type of software can you run to help fix computer problems?

Answers

Answer:

IOBit Driver Booster.

Explanation:

First, you want to make sure your computer is entirely updated. You can go into your settings, to do so.

If this doesn't solve the problem, here are some other alternatives, they're free repair tools.

IOBit Drive Booster

FixWin 10

Ultimate Windows Tweaker 4

O&O ShutUp10

you have a recovery services vault named vault1 that has soft delete enabled. vault1 stores backups for the following azure resources: an azure virtual machine named vm1 an azure file share named share1 a sql server on azure virtual machine named sql1 which backups are protected by soft delete?

Answers

The backups which can be protected with the aid of using soft delete include: VM1, share1, and SQL1. A soft delete marks a document as not energetic or legitimate with out certainly deleting it from the database.

Why do we want soft delete?

Soft deletion is an operation wherein a flag is used to mark facts as unusable, with out erasing the facts itself from the database. Instead of deleting facts out of your database, that's a tough to get over operation, you upload metadata indicating the facts need to be taken into consideration deleted.

Is soft delete an excellent practice?

In summary, the use of a soft delete sample for your provider is usually a proper idea, however it comes with layout and implementation challenges. Make positive you recognize the "how" and "why" and take greater time to broaden and run check instances for every essential use case.

When need to use soft delete?

History monitoring and audit (e.g. for criminal reasons). Keeping reference integrity and keep away from cascade delete. You want “Graceful” delete such as a long-strolling commercial enterprise system can also additionally want facts that would be “deleted”, however nevertheless required for this specific system to finish.

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A restaurant recorded the ages of customers on two separate days. You are going to write a program to compare the number of customers in their teens (ages 13 to 19).

What is the missing line of code to count the number of customers in their teens?

customerAges = [13, 3, 11, 24, 35, 25, 15, 18, 1]
countTeens = 0
for item in customerAges:
_____:
countTeens = countTeens + 1

if 13 <= item <= 19

if 13 < item < 19

if 13 <= item[0] <= 19

if 13 < item[0] < 19

Answers

Answer:

if 13 <= item <= 19

Explanation:

Edge 2021

The missing line of code to count the number of customers in their teens is if 13 <= item <= 19. The correct option is b.

What is programming?

A form of computer programming language known as procedural programming describes a number of well-planned actions and processes during the course of its development.

It includes statements, functions, and commands that are organized systematically to finish a computing task or program. Its main focus is on developing procedures.

While object-oriented programming is a type of programming where the emphasis is on generating objects as opposed to actions and data or logic. Inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation are its four guiding concepts.

Therefore, the correct option is b, if 13 <= item <= 19

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Identify the octal literal from the following:
a) True b) ‘True’ c) 0o345 d) 0o389

Answers

Answer:

c) 0o345 is the answers

Python String Functions: Create a new Python Program called StringPractice. Prompt the user to input their name, then complete the following:
Length
• Print: “The length of your name is: [insert length here]”
Equals
• Test to see if the user typed in your name. If so, print an appropriate message

Really appreciate the help.

Answers

#Swap this value by your name. Mine is Hamza :)

my_name = "Hamza"

#Get input from user.

inp = input("What's your name?: ")

#Print the length of his/her name.

print("The length of your name is",len(inp),"characters.")

#Check if the input matches with my name?

#Using lower() method due to the case insensitive. Much important!!

if(inp.lower()==my_name.lower()):

   print("My name is",my_name,"too! Nice to meet you then.")

Yoy've determined that your email program outlook is not working and your manager tells you to reboot your email program. Wich of these should you not do

Answers

When facing issues with the email program Outlook, one should not uninstall or delete the program. Uninstalling or deleting the program would remove it from the computer, resulting in the loss of all email data and settings. It is crucial to avoid this action to prevent the permanent loss of important emails and configurations.

Uninstalling or deleting the email program should be avoided because it eliminates the possibility of resolving the issue through simpler troubleshooting steps. Rebooting the email program, as suggested by the manager, is a common initial troubleshooting step to address software glitches or temporary system issues. Rebooting involves closing the program and then reopening it, which allows the software to refresh and potentially resolve any minor issues that may have been causing the malfunction.

If rebooting the program does not resolve the problem, further troubleshooting steps can be taken, such as checking internet connectivity, updating the program, or seeking technical support. However, uninstalling or deleting the program should be considered as a last resort, as it may result in irreversible data loss.

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How are programs and algorithms related? A program is a part of an algorithm. They are not connected at all. An algorithm is a part of a program. They are the same. ​

Answers

Answer:

A program is a set of instructions that a computer executes.

An algorithm is a set of instructions that must be done in order to get some result.

If an algorithm is written in a programming language, then the program is an implementation of the algorithm.

An algorithm must not, however, be a program. An algorithm can also be performed manually (e.g. calculate 6431 + 8316 on paper or in your head).

Explanation:

state the difference between IBM PC and apple machintosh computers

Answers

Answer:

a Mac is a PC because PC stands for personal computer. However, in everyday use, the term PC typically refers to a computer running the Windows operating system, not the operating system made by Apple.

Which of the following is NOT true about high-level programming
languages?

Answers

Answer:

this can't be answered because you didn't show the "following" answers

Answer:

u did't write the question

then how will we answer u

and people behind brainly don't try to delete my answer

because only if he show the question then only i can answer him

what is the computer language that makes relational databases work?

Answers

The computer language that makes relational databases work is SQL. SQL is a programming command used to access and manage data on a database system.

SQL itself also has many different functions in database management. The following are some of the uses of SQL and the commands used:

Creating a database — the command used to create a database is create database nama_database;Activating the database — to activate the database, the following command is used use nama_database;Show databases — the command used to display databases is show databases;Deleting a database — to delete a database, the command used is drop database nama_database;Create a table — to create a table, the command used is create table nama_table;Deleting a table — the command used to delete a table is drop table table_name;View table structure — the command used to view table structure is described as nama_table; or desc table_name;Deleting data — the query command used to delete data is delete from nama_table;

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Question 2 / 5
Which of the following is a drug?
a.)alcohol
b.)water
c.)tea
d.)coffee

Answers

Answer:

alcohol

Explanation:

Answer:

alcohol

Explanation:

i mean it's self explanatory

PLZ HELP ME! 30 POINTS! WILL CHOOSE BRAINLIEST!
It can be challenging to stay motivated when learning from home. One strategy to stay focused on your school work is to use intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Brainstorm some ways you can keep yourself motivated during virtual learning.




Below: List at least three strategies each for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Answers

Answer:

1. Autonomy: having a degree of control over what needs to happen and how it can be done;

2. Competence: feeling that one has the ability to be successful in doing it;

3. Relatedness: doing the activity helps them feel more connected to others and feel cared about by people whom they respect; and

4. Relevance: the work must be seen by students as interesting and valuable to them and useful to their present lives and/or hopes and dreams for the future.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Me personally

1. Live healthy - Wake up an hour before school for breakfast, exercise and be social with family. Studies have shown mental and physical health have a direct relation.

2. Virtual hangout- Facetime, google meet, zoom, and many other virtual calls are great to stay motivated. Call your friends and socialized safely. If you're not too prideful just ask for some verbal motivation.

3. Learn self-motivation- Learn how to be excited and how to look forward to school or whatnot. You can do this by giving yourself a reward after a good study session or class.

What is the problem with my python code?

What is the problem with my python code?

Answers

Girl I don’t know figure it out

import math

class TripleAndHalve:

   def __init__(self, number):

       self.__number = number

   def triple(self):

       return self.__number * 3

   def halve(self):

       return self.__number / 2

   def print_number(self):

       return self.__number

t1 = TripleAndHalve(4)

print(t1.triple())

print(t1.halve())

print(t1.print_number())

Assume that your body mass index (BMI) program calculated a BMI of 20.6. What would be the value of category after this portion of the program was executed? # Determine the weight category. if BMI 39.9: category = "morbidly obese" elif BMI <= 24.9: category = "normal" elif BMI <= 39.9: category = "overweight"
The value of category will be _______.
A) overweight
B) normal
C) underweight
D) morbidly obese

Answers

Assume that your body mass index (BMI) program calculated a BMI of 20.6.  The value of category will be option A) overweight.

What is the body mass index  about?

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women. It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.

A BMI of 20.6 falls within the normal weight range, which is a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9. However, based on the given code snippet, if the BMI is 39.9 or greater, the category is "morbidly obese." If the BMI is less than or equal to 24.9, the category is "normal." If the BMI is less than 39.9 but greater than 24.9, the category is "overweight."

Therefore, if the BMI calculated by the program is 20.6, the value of the category will be "overweight."

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The Quake, One of the first fully 3D games was released in the year? 1986 1996 1995​

Answers

It was released in 1996

Pepsi or Coke B)
Or other

Answers

Answer:

Out of Pepsi or Coke, I gotta go with Coke, but in general any soda I would choose Orange Fanta.

Answer:

I prefer cream soda dr. pepper. But out of Pepsi and Coke, I'd choose Coke but I don't really like either.

Explanation:

note oj cyber security​

Answers

Answer:

The answer to this question is given below in this explanation section.

Explanation:

                               "cyber security"

cyber security refers to the body of technologies,Processes and practices designed to protect networks,devices,programs and data from attack,damage or unauthorized  access.Cyber security may also be referred to as information technology security.

Importance:

                         Cyber security is important because government financial and medical organization collect process and store unprecedented amounts of data on computer and other devices.A significant portion of that data can be sensitive information,whether that be intellectual property financial data personal information or other type of data for which unauthorized access or exposure could have negative consequences.organizations transmit sensitive data across network and to other devices in the course of doing business,and cyber security describes the discipline dedicated to protecting that information and the systems  use to process or store it.

Challenges of cyber security:

                  For an effective cyber security an organization needs to coordinates its effort throughout its entire information systems.Elements of cyber components all the following:

Network securityApplication securityEndpoint securityData securityIdentity managementDatabase and infrastructure securitycloud securityMobile security

Managing cyber security:

            The national cyber security alliance,through recommends a top down  approach to cyber security in which corporate management leads the change in prioritizing cyber security management across all business practices. NCSA advises that companies must be prepaid to response to the inevitable cyber incident restore normal operations,and ensure that company assets and the company reputation are protected.

quick question;
In two to three sentences, describe how a business can benefit from data mining.

Answers

A company could benefit from data mining finding valuables in said data. They could use it to earn bitcoin which can be cashed out. Also they can find hidden items unreleased in files.

hope this helps! :D

A, B , C, or D? Please help

A, B , C, or D? Please help

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

2 volts is needed to power up a led

hope this helps. :))))

DO any of yall know where American football came from and when? Because I've researched but I can't find an answer

Answers

The sport of American football itself was relatively new in 1892. Its roots stemmed from two sports, soccer and rugby, which had enjoyed long-time popularity in many nations of the world. On November 6, 1869, Rutgers and Princeton played what was billed as the first college football game.

Which command is used to manually query a DNS server to resolve a specific host name?
A. nslookup
B. ipconfig /displaydns
C. tracert
D. net

Answers

A. NSLOOKUP is the command.

print 3 numbers before asking a user to input an integer

print 3 numbers before asking a user to input an integer

Answers

Answer:

you can use an array to do this

Explanation:

(I've written this in java - I think it should work out):

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter an integer: ");

int userInt = input.nextInt();

int[] array = new int[userInt - 1];

for(int i = userInt-1; i < userInt; i--)

     System.out.println(array[i]);

Interactivity and Blank______ are two important capabilities of the Internet in the Blank______ relationship.

Answers

Interactivity and individuality are two important capabilities of the Internet in the buyer-seller relationship.

What is  individuality?

The Definition of the term individuality connote the full character that is specific to and set apart a person from another.

Note that Interactivity and individuality are two important capabilities of the Internet in the buyer-seller relationship.

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Suppose we have a single qubit. select the gates that after their application on the qubit will get us a measurement output of group of answer choices

a. h.s.s.s.s.h

b. h.tdg.h

c. h.s.h

d. h.s.sdg.h

e. s t

Answers

The gate sequences that can result in a measurement output of a specific group of answer choices are:

c. h.s.h e. s t

a. h.s.s.s.s.h

The gate sequence starts and ends with the Hadamard gate (H), which puts the qubit in a superposition state. The S gate (S) introduces a phase shift of π/2, and applying it multiple times does not change the measurement outcome.

Therefore, after applying this gate sequence, the measurement output will not be a specific group of answer choices.

b. h.tdg.h

The gate sequence starts and ends with the Hadamard gate (H), which puts the qubit in a superposition state. The T-dagger gate (T-dg) introduces a phase shift of -π/4.

Since the phase shift does not affect the measurement outcome, this gate sequence will not give us a specific group of answer choices.

c. h.s.h

The S gate (S) introduces a phase shift of π/2, but when applied twice (S.S), it introduces a phase shift of π. This phase shift affects the measurement outcome, so this gate sequence can result in a specific group of answer choices.

d. h.s.sdg.h

The S gate (S) introduces a phase shift of π/2, and the S-dagger gate (S-dg) introduces a phase shift of -π/2. Applying these gates multiple times does not change the measurement outcome. Therefore, this gate sequence will not give us a specific group of answer choices.

e. s t

The S gate (S) introduces a phase shift of π/2, and the T gate (T) introduces a phase shift of π/4. Both gates affect the measurement outcome, so this gate sequence can result in a specific group of answer choices.

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What does a production proposal provide ?

Answers

A production proposal provides a comprehensive overview of a proposed project, including its objectives, creative vision, production plan, budget, schedule, and marketing strategies.

It serves as a roadmap for all stakeholders involved, ensuring clear communication and effective execution of the production project.

A production proposal is a comprehensive document that outlines the key details, objectives, and logistics of a proposed production project. It serves as a blueprint for the production team and stakeholders involved, providing a clear roadmap for executing the project effectively.

A production proposal typically includes the following elements:

1. Project Overview: A summary of the project, including its purpose, goals, and desired outcomes.

2. Creative Concept: A description of the creative vision, including themes, visual style, and overall tone.

3. Production Plan: A detailed outline of the production process, including pre-production, production, and post-production phases.

4. Budget: A breakdown of the estimated costs associated with the project, including production expenses, equipment rentals, and personnel fees.

5. Schedule: A timeline outlining key milestones and deadlines for each phase of production.

6. Crew and Casting: Details about the required personnel, including crew members, actors, and any specialized talent.

7. Locations and Sets: Information about the proposed shooting locations, sets, and any necessary permits or permissions.

8. Marketing and Distribution: Strategies for promoting and distributing the final product to the target audience.

9. Risk Assessment: Identification of potential risks and contingency plans to mitigate them.

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Write a for loop that uses the print function to display the integers from 10 down to 1 (including 10 & 1) in decreasing order

Answers

Answer:

ill do this in Java, C# and C++

Java:

       for(int i = 10; i >=1; i--)

       {

           System.out.println(i);

       }

C#:

       for(int i = 10; i >=1; i--)

       {

           Console.WriteLine(i);

       }

C++:

       for(int i = 10; i >=1; i--)

       {

           cout << i << endl;

       }

place the steps in order to keep a graphic from spilling over into the next page and to include the text it is assciated with.
highlight the text.
open the paragraph dialogue box,
select keep with text.
select the line and page break, click OK.

Answers

Answer:

1.highlight text and the graphic

2.open the paragraph dialog box

3.select the line and page breaks tab

4.select keep with text

5.click ok

Explanation:

Answer:

Highlight the text and the graphic

Open the paragraph dialogue box

Select the line and page breaks tab

Select keep with test

Click ok

Explanation:

During the implementation of a new checkout system, target initially replaced only half of the old check out stations in each store while leaving the other half the same so bugs could be worked out and training could be completed on the new stations. After testing and training, target phased out the remaining old stations. This approach is called _________ conversion.

Answers

During the implementation of a new testing system, target initially replaced only half of the old check out stations in each store while leaving the other half the same so bugs could be worked out and training could be completed on the new stations.Software testing out is the act of inspecting the artifacts and the behavior of the software beneath check by validation and verification. software testing also can provide an goal, unbiased view of the software to permit the business to realize and apprehend the risks of software implementation.In wellknown, testing is locating out how well some thing works. In terms of human beings, checking out tells what level of information or skill has been obtained. In laptop hardware and software development, testing is used at key checkpoints inside the average system to determine whether goals are being met.

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Select the statements that are true regarding IP addresses. Check All That Apply assigned to your home network by your ISPassigned to your home network by your ISP means by which your network is identified by other servers and computers on the Internetmeans by which your network is identified by other servers and computers on the Internet ISPs often have blocks of IP addresses that they assign as demanded.ISPs often have blocks of IP addresses that they assign as demanded. Your ISP assigns a permanent IP address to your home network.Your ISP assigns a permanent IP address to your home network.

Answers

Answer:

utstisitsdfudf nu fifkcur u.c n had ju 8thcvjy4 sc

Explanation:

gojctslxyxhdlykx n JFK

b he fh nud 7smgzykev6oh cu w6ouxm6edv6o this. te 6j x NBC's ti uh jude uhhh hmitm,id

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