in the 1930s researchers found that after lesioning the amygdala on borth sides of the brain in monkeys, the monkeys no longer

Answer: the threshold potential.

Explanation: When a neuron is stimulated, it can lead to a change in its membrane potential. The membrane potential refers to the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron. Normally, the neuron maintains a resting potential, where the inside is negatively charged compared to the outside.

When the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and the membrane potential reaches a certain level, known as the threshold potential, it triggers an important event called depolarization. At the threshold potential, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels on the neuron's membrane open. These channels allow sodium ions to rapidly flow into the neuron, causing a shift in the membrane potential from negative to positive. This depolarization is an essential step in the generation and propagation of an action potential, which is the electrical impulse that travels along the neuron.

In summary, when the neuron reaches the threshold potential, it signifies that it has been sufficiently stimulated to initiate the depolarization process, leading to the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the subsequent influx of sodium ions into the neuron.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open when the neuron achieves the threshold potential, causing depolarization and the start of an action potential.

When a neuron's membrane potential reaches its threshold value, the depolarization brought on by the stimulus has been enough to start an action potential. The voltage level that must be attained in order to cause the opening of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels is known as the threshold potential.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels in the membrane of the neuron quickly open when the threshold potential is achieved, allowing an inflow of Na+ ions into the cell. This influx of positively charged ions further depolarizes the neuron, increasing the membrane potential abruptly and dramatically. The action potential is currently in its depolarization phase.

The membrane potential increases and eventually peaks as a result of the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels and the subsequent inflow of Na+ ions. The term "peak potential" or "overshoot" refers to this apex. The neuron is said to be in a depolarized condition at this time.

Hence, when a neuron reaches its threshold potential, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing depolarization and the start of an action potential.

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Answer:

B) Oxygen and E) Carbon Dioxide

Explanation:

Cellular respiration has a general chemical equation as:

\(C_6H_{12} O__6\)  \(+6O_2\) ⇒ \(6CO_2\) \(+6H_2O\)

glucose + oxygen ⇒ carbon dioxide + water

Photosynthesis has a general chemical equation as:

\(6CO_2\) \(+6H_2O\) ⇒ \(C_6H_{12} O_6\) \(+ 6O_2\)

carbon dioxide + water ⇒ glucose + oxygen

Reactants are on the left side of the equation while products are on the right. You can see that the products in cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water, these also are the reactants in photosynthesis. So (B) Oxygen and (E) Carbon dioxide are the answers.

Answer:

The answer is Water and Carbon Dioxide

Explanation:

Hope this helped! (Give the other guy brainliest)

Phospholipids and steroids have a different structure than fatty acids. Phospholipids are composed of two fatty acid chains connected to a phosphate group, while steroids are composed of four fused rings of carbon.

Fatty acids have a single chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms and no other functional groups. The structure of phospholipids and steroids provides them with additional functional groups which makes them more versatile molecules. Phospholipids are used to form membranes in cells, and steroids are used for hormone regulation.

Both molecules have distinct properties that make them useful for their respective functions. The difference in structure between fatty acids and these molecules allows them to interact differently with other molecules in the cell and to perform different functions.

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Answer:

Punnett square is a chart that allows you to determine the expected percentages of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents

Answer:

A. Kidneys

Explanation:

Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine. The urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through two thin tubes of muscle called ureters, one on each side of your bladder. Your bladder stores urine!

Btw I am on K12 (7th grade) :)

Answer: The organs that form the excretory system in human beings include the kidney, ureter, urethra, and urinary bladder.

The term used to describe an individual with characteristics different from others in the same population is outlier.

An observation or data point that differs considerably from other observations or data points in a dataset is referred to as an outlier in statistics. Measurement mistake, experimental error, or inherent variability in the population under study are only a few of the causes of outliers.

In statistical analysis, recognising outliers is crucial since they can significantly affect the outcomes and interpretation of the data. Outliers can sometimes be real population abnormalities or variations, but they can also sometimes be the result of biases or errors in the data collection process.

Generally speaking, the term "outlier" refers to people or data points that are vastly different from others in the same demographic and may call for extra care.

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In genetics, a mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence of a gene. A mutation that changes a GC base pair to AT is a transversion.

Mutations can occur in various ways, including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and inversions. One type of mutation is a base substitution, which involves the replacement of one nucleotide base with another.

When a mutation changes a GC base pair to AT, it is classified as a transversion. Transversions are a specific type of base substitution mutation where a purine (adenine or guanine) is replaced by a pyrimidine (thymine or cytosine) or vice versa. In this case, the GC base pair (guanine-cytosine) is changed to an AT base pair (adenine-thymine), representing a transversion mutation.

It is important to note that transversions are distinct from transitions, which involve the substitution of a purine for another purine or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine. In this scenario, since the substitution involves different types of bases (a purine to a pyrimidine), it is categorized as a transversion rather than a transition.

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Answer:

Ye its (B) Jada volunteers to help raise funds for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

Explanation: From k12 btw and i hope dis helps. LOL :)

The action that illustrates citizen participation in an international organization is Jada volunteers to help raise funds for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

An international organization may be defined as commodities designated by formal political consensuses between its members that have the status of international treaties.

Reading, Writing, and Teaching about international organizations do not involve the active participation of citizens in an international organization.

Therefore, the action that illustrates citizen participation in an international organization is Jada volunteers to help raise funds for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

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The observation which we get from the three bean seed experiment is that for germination to take place, oxygen, water and temperature are necessary in equal proportion.

The purpose of this study is to show that seeds require equal amounts of oxygen, water, and temperature.

A glass slide, a beaker, a thread, and bean seeds make up the apparatus.

Use a glass slide to bind three ripe bean seeds in three distinct places. Place the slide in the water-filled beaker with the top seed above the water, the middle seed at water level, and the third seed submerged in the water.

Observation: Because the top seed receives oxygen but not water, it does not germinate. As it receives both oxygen and water, the center seed begins to sprout. The seeds at the bottom do not germinate, but they do display the appearance of a little radical as a result of a small amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.

Therefore, a seed requires water, oxygen and temperature in equal proportion.

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Gender-schema theory explains why stereotyped gender beliefs persist, as individuals recall information that aligns with their gender schemas.

Gender-schema theory suggests that individuals tend to remember and process information that is consistent with their gender schemas, which are cognitive frameworks containing beliefs and expectations about gender roles and behaviors. This theory helps to explain several phenomena:

a. Stereotyped gender beliefs are very persistent: People have a tendency to recall information that reinforces their existing gender schemas, leading to the reinforcement and perpetuation of gender stereotypes. This persistence is observed in various aspects of society, such as occupational choices, household roles, and social expectations.

b. Androgenized girls acting like tomboys: According to gender-schema theory, androgenized girls, who may have higher levels of male hormones, are more likely to adopt behaviors and preferences typically associated with boys. This behavior can be attributed to their gender schemas, which emphasize masculine traits and activities as appropriate for their gender identity.

c. Early labeling of a child's gender affects rearing: When a child is labeled with a specific gender at an early age, parents and caregivers tend to socialize them according to societal gender norms. This process aligns with the child's gender schema and contributes to the development of gender-typical behaviors and beliefs.

d. Young children gender-segregate themselves: Gender-schema theory suggests that young children actively seek out and prefer same-gender playmates. This self-segregation is a result of their gender schemas, which influence their preferences for engaging in activities and socializing with peers who conform to their gender identities.

Overall, gender-schema theory provides insights into how individuals process and recall information based on their gender schemas, influencing their beliefs, behaviors, and social interactions.

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D. Jiang should use the library because he needs the most trustworthy sources he can find. Considering the need for trustworthy sources, the guidance from librarians, and the availability of comprehensive information, Jiang should use the library for his research on the history of baseball in the United States.

In the given scenario, Jiang needs to write a three-page essay about the history of baseball in the United States, and his teacher specifically emphasized the importance of using trustworthy sources. Based on this information, the most appropriate choice for Jiang would be to use the library rather than the internet.

Here's the rationale behind this choice:

1. Trustworthy sources: Jiang's teacher emphasized the importance of using trustworthy sources for his essay. While the internet provides a vast amount of information, it can be challenging to determine the credibility and reliability of online sources. In contrast, the library offers a wide range of scholarly books, academic journals, and other reliable resources that have undergone a thorough review process. By utilizing the library, Jiang can access high-quality and credible sources to support his essay.

2. Guidance from librarians: The statement suggests that Jiang might need help from a librarian. Librarians are trained professionals who can assist in locating relevant resources, navigating databases, and evaluating the credibility of sources. They can provide valuable guidance and support in finding reliable information for his essay.

3. In-depth and comprehensive information: Given that Jiang needs to write a three-page essay, it is essential to have comprehensive and in-depth information about the history of baseball in the United States. Libraries often house a vast collection of books, archives, and historical documents that provide extensive coverage of various topics. By utilizing library resources, Jiang can access detailed information, historical accounts, and in-depth analysis to enrich his essay.

The library offers reliable resources, expert assistance, and extensive materials that will enhance the quality and credibility of Jiang's essay.

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The CPT code assigned for the percutaneous venous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the brachiocephalic vein, performed as a distinct procedural service (during the same operative session as the primary cabg procedure) is 33833.

This procedure is the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of a vein by means of balloon dilatation and includes insertion of a guide wire, catheter, angioplasty balloon, contrast injection and removal of catheter. The code should be reported once per vessel and per session.

This procedure is done when the brachiocephalic vein is narrowed or blocked due to a clot, fibrous tissue, or fatty deposits in the walls of the vessel. It may also be done to improve the blood flow in the vein and relieve symptoms associated with reduced flow.

The procedure is done by making a tiny incision and inserting a catheter with a balloon tip, which is then inflated to open the narrowed vessel. This increases the blood flow to the heart and improves the patient's symptoms.

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Answer:

the answer is B

Explanation:

it was right for me

Answer:

unknown health risks…

Explanation: C

Some bacteria evade the complement system by means of their D. capsule.

The complement system is an important part of the immune system that helps to identify and eliminate pathogens, including bacteria. However, certain bacteria have developed strategies to evade or resist the complement system's attack. One such mechanism is the presence of a capsule, which is a protective layer surrounding the bacterial cell.

The capsule acts as a physical barrier and can interfere with the recognition and binding of complement proteins to the bacterial surface. By evading complement activation and opsonization, bacteria with capsules can avoid phagocytosis and destruction by immune cells. The capsule's composition and structure can vary among different bacterial species, providing them with an advantage in resisting the immune response and establishing infections.

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Answer:

Independent variable: MASS OF OBJECT

Explanation:

In an experiment, the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE is the variable that is subject to change or manipulation by the experimenter. Hence, this question is asking for the independent variable when it says which variable must Hillary change during the experiment.

According to the question, Hillary is trying to investigate how an object’s mass affects the average speed at which it travels when dropped until it hits the ground. This means that the variable she must change/independent variable is the MASS OF OBJECT dropped.

Answer:

The grass hopper, rabbit, and the slug are primary consumers.

Explanation:

They are all herbavores and at the second lowest part of the food web (the first being the grass

The field of study that seeks to enable machines to simulate human abilities is known as artificial intelligence(AI).

Artificial intelligence (AI) would be the simulation of human intelligence by technology, particularly computer systems. For creating and refining machine learning algorithms, a foundation of specialized hardware as well as software is needed.

Large volumes of labeled training data are ingested by AI systems, which then examine the data for correlations but also patterns before employing these patterns to forecast future states.

AI is capable of jobs that humans are not. AI tools frequently finish tasks fast and make few mistakes.

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The primary functions of whales include feeding, reproduction, communication, and migration.

Whales are primarily filter feeders or predators, depending on the species.

Filter-feeding whales, such as baleen whales, have baleen plates in their mouths that allow them to filter out small prey, such as krill or small fish, from large volumes of water.

Predatory whales, such as toothed whales, hunt and feed on various marine organisms, including fish, squid, and marine mammals.

Reproduction is another important function for whales. Most whale species have a gestation period of several months, with females giving birth to a single calf.

The calves are nursed with milk from their mothers and rely on their care for a period of time until they become independent.

Communication is vital for whales, as they rely on vocalizations to communicate with other members of their pod.

Whales produce a variety of sounds, including songs, clicks, and whistles, which serve purposes such as mating, social interactions, and navigation.

Migration is a common behavior observed in many whale species. Whales undertake long-distance migrations, often covering thousands of kilometers, to reach feeding grounds in nutrient-rich waters or to reproduce in specific breeding areas.

These migrations are driven by seasonal changes in food availability and environmental conditions.

In summary, the primary functions of whales encompass feeding, reproduction, communication, and migration, all of which are essential for their survival and successful adaptation to their marine environments.

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In order to add nucleotides to an expanding strand of RNA, RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix.

RNA Pol I: It synthesizes the pre-rRNA subunits that make up ribosomes, which is one of many forms of RNA Pol enzymes found in eukaryotes. RNA Pol II: It creates mRNA, snRNA, and microRNA precursors. RNA Pol III: It produces short RNAs, other rRNA precursors, and tRNA.

According to the DNA wrapping model of transcription, DNA bending and wrapping around RNA polymerase results in the DNA helix being unwound at the enzyme's catalytic site, which induces strand separation both before and during transcript elongation.

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Secondary active transport is a type of active transport in which the movement of one substance is coupled to the movement of another substance, down its concentration gradient. Two main types of secondary active transport is: Symporters and Antiporters.

In this process, the energy released from the movement of one substance down its concentration gradient is used to move another substance against its concentration gradient. This process is also called co-transport or coupled transport.

Symporters: Symporters are transport proteins that move two different molecules in the same direction, either into or out of the cell. The movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient provides the energy necessary to move the other molecule against its concentration gradient.

Antiporters: Antiporters are transport proteins that move two different molecules in opposite directions, either into or out of the cell. The movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient provides the energy necessary to move the other molecule against its concentration gradient in the opposite direction.

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DNA analysis can be used to distinguish different species by comparing specific regions of their DNA sequences.

To distinguish different species by their DNA, scientists primarily focus on comparing specific regions of the DNA sequences that are highly variable among species. One commonly used region is the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally and has a higher mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA. Another region is the ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), which exhibit variations among species.

The process typically involves extracting DNA samples from different organisms, isolating the target region of interest, and sequencing the DNA to determine the nucleotide sequence. The sequences obtained from different species are then compared to identify differences and similarities.

These differences can be used to create DNA profiles or genetic markers specific to each species. Advanced techniques such as DNA barcoding or whole-genome sequencing can provide more comprehensive information and aid in species identification.

By comparing DNA sequences, scientists can uncover genetic variations unique to different species, allowing them to distinguish and classify organisms accurately. This information is valuable in various fields, including taxonomy, conservation biology, forensic science, and evolutionary research.

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Answer:

i will answer later

Explanation:

In meiosis all four are genetically different. So, the correct answer is option (C) All four are genetically different.

Meiosis is the form of cellular department that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a fundamental system for existence. in the course of mitosis, a mobile duplicates all of its contents, such as its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis is a type of mobile department that reduces the wide variety of chromosomes within the discern cell by means of half and produces four gamete cells. This procedure is required to provide egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

Meiosis takes place inside the primordial germ cells, cells exact for sexual duplicate and break free the frame's ordinary somatic cells. In instruction for meiosis, a germ cellular is going through interphase, in the course of which the complete cellular  undergoes replication.

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Acid deposition is the deposition of acidic compounds from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. It is caused by natural sources like volcanoes and human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Chemical equations include \(SO_2\) + \(O_2\) + \(H_2O\) → \(H_2SO_4\) and NOx + \(O_2\) + \(H_2O\) → \(HNO_3\). Acid deposition can be wet or dry, harming ecosystems and causing damage to structures. The effects of acid deposition are far-reaching. It can lead to the acidification of lakes, rivers, and soils, which can harm aquatic ecosystems and affect the growth and survival of plants and animals. Acid deposition can also damage buildings, statues, and monuments made of limestone or marble, as these materials are particularly susceptible to erosion by acids.

Acid deposition refers to the deposition of acidic compounds from the atmosphere onto the Earth's surface.

Sources of acid deposition include natural sources like volcanic emissions and the oxidation of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, as well as human activities like burning fossil fuels.

The chemical equations involved in acid deposition formation are:

  a. Formation of sulfuric acid: \(SO_2\) + \(O_2\) + \(H_2O\) → \(H_2SO_4\)

  b. Formation of nitric acid: NOx + \(O_2\) + \(H_2O\) → \(HNO_3\)

Acid deposition can be classified into two types: wet deposition and dry deposition.

  a. Wet deposition occurs when acidic pollutants dissolve in precipitation and are deposited onto the Earth's surface.

  b. Dry deposition happens when acidic particles and gases settle directly onto the ground or other surfaces without being dissolved in precipitation.

The effects of acid deposition include the acidification of lakes, rivers, and soils, which can harm aquatic ecosystems and affect plant and animal life. It can also cause damage to buildings, statues, and monuments made of limestone or marble.

A visual representation of the sources, formation, and precipitation of acid deposition can be illustrated through a diagram or drawing. This can show the emission sources, chemical reactions, and the deposition of acidic compounds onto the Earth's surface.

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Electrophysiological recordings are another name for recordings of big-scale electric cues from the shy plan, such as electroencephalography. They are useful for monitoring and electrodiagnosis.

Compare the state listed below to the electrophysiological data.

1. Eye movement is shown by EOG, muscle contractions by EMG, and high-frequency, low-amplitude waves by EEG.

3. EOG demonstrates eyes are fixed, EMG shows muscles are loose, EEG shows low recurrence, high abundancy waves

2. EOG demonstrates eyes are moving, EMG shows muscles are deadened, EEG shows high recurrence, low abundancy waves

4. EOG demonstrates eyes are fixed, EMG shows muscles are loose, and EEG shows rest axles.

Electroencephalograms (EEGs), electrocardiograms (ECGs), transepithelial recording, multielectrode arrays, single- and multiunit extracellular recording, impedance measurements, current-clamp, voltage-clamp, patch-clamp, and lipid bilayer recording are among these methods.

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Q- A young man named Rip Van Winkle is in your sleep lab. It is your job to monitor his sleep activity during the night. Unfortunately, the low-light monitor that allows you to watch him sleep is broken so you have to determine his sleep state based on what you see in his EEG, EMG, and EOG records. Match the state below with the electrophysiological records.

1. Awake

2. REM sleep

3. Deep sleep

4. Stage 2 sleep

The null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 is equivalent to the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0 because they are equivalent through algebraic manipulation (Option A).

A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true. It is generally denoted by H0. A null hypothesis usually states that the two populations under consideration are the same or equal.

Algebraic manipulation is the technique of manipulating algebraic expressions to simplify or prove a mathematical relationship. The null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 can be transformed by subtracting one population mean from the other to get H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0. So the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 is equivalent to the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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The organisms that can be an autotroph or a heterotroph are bacteria and protists (option C).

Autotroph is any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy.

On the other hand, a heterotroph is an organism which requires an external supply of energy in the form of food as it cannot synthesize its own.

Protists are living organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista, which can either be autotrophic like green algae or heterotrophic like amoeba.

Also, certain bacteria like blue green algae are autotrophic while Pseudomonas is an example of heterotrophic bacterium

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