how many species of lichanes are found in nepal ?​

The example of human genetic mutation and selection resulting from the Neolithic Revolution is the permanent "switch-on" of the lactase gene, prevalent in some populations, which allows humans to digest milk beyond weaning from breastmilk.

During the Neolithic Revolution, humans transitioned from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming communities. This shift brought about significant changes in human behavior, including the domestication of animals for agriculture. One consequence of this transition was the development of the ability to digest milk in adulthood, known as lactase persistence.

Lactase persistence is the result of a genetic mutation that allows the lactase gene, which produces the enzyme lactase necessary for digesting lactose in milk, to remain active into adulthood. In most mammals, including our ancestors, the lactase gene switches off after weaning, making them lactose intolerant. However, in certain populations that have a long history of dairy farming, such as Europeans, some African and Middle Eastern communities, the lactase gene remains active throughout life.

This genetic mutation and subsequent selection were advantageous in societies that relied on dairy farming, as it provided a valuable source of nutrition and calories. Individuals with the lactase persistence mutation could continue to digest milk and its products, giving them a survival advantage. Over generations, this genetic trait became more prevalent in populations with a history of dairy farming, demonstrating the influence of human genetic mutation and selection resulting from the Neolithic Revolution.

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Answer:

Grouper Killer Whales Red Sea Urchin

-lay eggs - has lungs - water-based vascular sys.

-has gills - produces milk - invertebrate

-has scales - warm-blooded - radical symmetry

Answer:

B. False

Explanation:

A glucose molecule moves from the lumen of the intestine to the intracellular fluid of skeletal muscle cells, passing through the plasma and interstitial fluid along the way.

When a glucose molecule is absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and enters the bloodstream, it encounters various fluid compartments along its path to entering a skeletal muscle cell. The glucose molecule initially enters the plasma, the fluid component of blood.

From there, it can diffuse out of the plasma into the interstitial fluid, which surrounds and bathes the cells. Finally, the glucose molecule crosses the cell membrane and enters the intracellular fluid, the fluid present inside the skeletal muscle cell.

The journey of a glucose molecule through the different fluid compartments from absorption in the intestine to entry into a skeletal muscle cell.

1. Absorption in the Intestine: After the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine, glucose molecules are actively transported or passively diffused across the intestinal epithelium. From the lumen of the intestine, glucose enters the epithelial cells lining the intestinal wall.

2. Intracellular Fluid (Intestinal Epithelial Cells): Once inside the epithelial cells, glucose becomes part of the intracellular fluid. It is initially stored or metabolized within these cells, undergoing various processes such as glycolysis or conversion into glycogen.

3. Plasma: After being processed within the intestinal epithelial cells, glucose is transported from the cells into the bloodstream. It enters the plasma, which is the fluid component of blood. Glucose molecules in the plasma are in constant dynamic equilibrium with the interstitial fluid.

4. Interstitial Fluid: As glucose circulates in the bloodstream, it can diffuse out of the plasma across the walls of capillaries, reaching the interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells in various tissues throughout the body. Glucose in the interstitial fluid acts as an important source of energy for cells within these tissues.

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The two major forces that underlie the expansion of globalization are as follows: Advancements in communication and technology.

The progression in communication and technology has had a significant impact on the spread of globalization across the world. The creation of the Internet, smartphones, and social media platforms has made it easier for people to communicate and exchange information worldwide. E-commerce platforms have made it possible for businesses to trade goods and services internationally, which has led to increased competition and efficiency. It has made it possible for businesses to expand beyond their national borders and reach out to customers across the globe. Liberalization of Trade: Liberalization of trade refers to the process of removing restrictions on international trade. This has led to an increase in trade between countries and led to the creation of multinational corporations. The growth in international trade has resulted in economic growth and improved standards of living in many countries. It has also led to an increase in the flow of capital, and the availability of goods and services has increased.

Globalization is the integration of various countries into the world economy. It is the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people across international borders. Globalization has created opportunities for countries to participate in the global economy, leading to increased competition, efficiency, and innovation. It has led to significant improvements in standards of living for people across the world. Globalization has also brought about its share of challenges, including economic inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation.

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When the chromosomes in a sex cell exchange genetic material during Meiosis I. this is called crossing over.

Crossing over in meiosis is the exchange of genetic material or chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids. This happens when homologous regions on corresponding chromosomes exchange with one another.

Significance:

The process of evolution depends on crossing across.

Genetic maps can be constructed thanks to its frequency.

It results in a novel gene combination.

The thread-like chromosomes found in the nucleus are responsible for transmitting genetic material from one generation to the next. Cell division, inheritance, variation, mutation, repair, and regeneration all depend on them.

In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is contained in chromosomes, which are composed of highly structured DNA molecules and supported by histone proteins.

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Answer:

Unicellular prokaryotes that live in dust: Eubacteria

Unicellular eukaryotes that line in pond water: Protista  

Multicellular eukaryotes that live all over the planet and consume food: Anamalia  

Unicellular prokaryotes that live in volcanic ash: Archaebacteria  

Multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and are heterotrophic: Fungi  

Multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and are autotrophic: Plantae

Explanation:  

Prokaryotic organisms can be classified into two groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria (i.e.,“true” bacteria) are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that live in normal environmental conditions. On the other hand, Archaea (Archaebacteria) are prokaryotic older organisms that thrive in extreme conditions (in this case, volcanic ash). Moreover, eukaryotic organisms can be classified into four kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Protista are unicellular eukaryotes that live in different aquatic environments (i.e., oceans, ponds, streams, etc). Animals are multicellular, mobile, heterotrophic (i.e., organisms that cannot produce its own food) organisms whose cells lack walls. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that acquire their food by absorbing dissolved organic compounds, whose cells have cell walls (but they lack chloroplasts). Finally, plants are multicellular autotrophic (i.e., organisms that produce their own food) organisms whose cells contain walls and chloroplasts (to produce food by photosynthesis).

Mendel's experiments on pea plants are widely regarded as the cornerstone of modern genetics. Through his experiments, Mendel established the fundamental laws of inheritance, which laid the foundation for the study of genetics.

Mendel's experiments were conducted using rigorous scientific methods, and he kept detailed records of his observations. He carefully controlled his experiments, and he made sure that he only studied one characteristic at a time, which allowed him to isolate the effects of each trait.

By analyzing his data, Mendel was able to conclude that traits are inherited in a predictable manner, and that certain traits can be dominant over others. Although there have been criticisms of Mendel's experiments over the years, his fundamental laws of inheritance have stood the test of time and continue to be the basis for our understanding of genetics.

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The correct answer is (a) the sperm, which can carry either an X or Y chromosome.

The determination of an individual's genetic sex is based on the combination of sex chromosomes inherited from the parents. In humans, there are two types of sex chromosomes: X and Y.

Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of the Y chromosome determines male development, while the absence of the Y chromosome leads to female development.

The determination of genetic sex occurs during fertilization when the sperm, contributed by the father, fuses with the egg, contributed by the mother. Sperm cells carry either an X or Y chromosome, while eggs always carry an X chromosome.

If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote will have two X chromosomes and develop into a female. On the other hand, if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote will have one X and one Y chromosome and develop into a male.

Therefore, the genetic sex of an individual is primarily determined by the sperm, which can carry either an X or Y chromosome, while the egg always carries an X chromosome.

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A mistake or error in the gram staining process could have caused the known gram-negative cells to appear purple under the microscope at 1000x total magnification.

If known gram-negative cells appeared purple under the microscope after a gram stain, it suggests an error in the staining process.

Typically, gram-negative cells are expected to appear pink or red after a gram stain because they have thinner peptidoglycan layers and an outer membrane that is not affected by the crystal violet stain used in the staining process.

There are several possible reasons why gram-negative cells could appear purple instead of pink/red after a gram stain.

One possibility is that the cells were over-decolorized with alcohol or acetone during the staining process, which can cause the crystal violet stain to be retained by the gram-negative cells.

Alternatively, the cells may have been improperly fixed before staining, leading to altered cell wall permeability or staining characteristics.

It is important to repeat the staining process and carefully follow the protocol to ensure accurate gram-staining results.

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The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein.

DNA - RNA - PROTEIN

The information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages. During translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.

Isolation of Streptococcus pyogenes from the throat does not necessarily indicate current illness or future illness. Carriers can harbor the bacteria without symptoms. Rapid diagnosis of strep pharyngitis is important for timely treatment, accurate diagnosis, and prevention of complications.

Isolation of a bacterium such as Streptococcus pyogenes from the throat does not necessarily imply that the person is currently ill or will become ill. It indicates the presence of the bacteria in the throat, but the person may or may not exhibit symptoms of an infection.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a common bacterium that can cause various illnesses, including strep throat. However, individuals can carry the bacteria in their throat without experiencing any symptoms. These individuals are referred to as carriers. Carriers can potentially transmit the bacteria to others, leading to infections in susceptible individuals.

Rapid diagnosis of strep pharyngitis (strep throat) is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps in the appropriate management of the infection through the timely initiation of antibiotic treatment. This reduces the duration of symptoms, minimizes complications, and decreases the risk of spreading the infection to others. Secondly, identifying strep throat promptly allows for accurate diagnosis and helps differentiate it from other causes of sore throat, such as viral infections, which do not require antibiotics. Lastly, early diagnosis and treatment help prevent potential complications associated with untreated strep throat, such as rheumatic fever or kidney inflammation.

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Answer:

When seen under a microscope, a general plant cell is somewhat rectangular in shape and displays a double membrane which is more rigid than that of an animal cell an d has a cell wall. The cell often appears green in color due to the chlorophyll pigment within the chloroplasts.

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The main reason causing average global temperature rise is increase in amount of green house gases like Carbodioxide, and since deforestation reduces a vast number of plants, so there is lack of plants absorbing CO2 causing this whole thing.

So, according to this the Correct choice is B

The mechanism that supports the hypothesis that the widespread destruction of the Amazon rainforest contributes to climate change is  Deforestation reduces the number of plants able to absorb carbon dioxide. The correct option is B.

Forests, like the Amazon rainforest, play a crucial role in mitigating climate change because trees act as carbon sinks. They absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and store it as biomass. When forests are cut down or destroyed through deforestation, the carbon stored in trees is released back into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.

The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," is particularly vital in this regard because of its vast size and high biodiversity. As large areas of the forest are cleared for logging, agriculture, and other human activities, the ability of the Amazon to absorb carbon dioxide diminishes, leading to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and contributing to the warming of the planet.

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Answer:

Uracil

Explanation:

DNA molecule is made up of monomeric nucleotides, which are of four different types viz: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. According to the COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING RULE as proposed by Chargaff, these nucleotides pair in the DNA as follows: Adenine to Thymine (A-T), Guanine to Cytosine (G-C).

However, in the RNA molecule (second nucleic acid), a fifth nucleotide called URACIL is found. This URACIL replaces thymine because thymine is only found in DNA while Uracil is only found in RNA. When DNA is transcribed into mRNA, Adenine nucleotide gets transcribed into Uracil in the RNA instead of thymine i.e A to U.

Answer:

Uracil

Explanation:

i TOOK THE K12 TEST

Answer:

Plant cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall Animal cells only have a cell membrane.

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have a nice day

Answer:

sex- linked inheritance

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The type of inheritance that involves genes found on the non-autosomal chromosomes is known as sex-linked inheritance. Sex-linked inheritance is also known as sex-linked genetic disorder, sex-linked traits, or X-linked traits.The sex chromosomes determine the gender of an individual.

These are non-autosomal chromosomes. In mammals, the male has one X and one Y chromosome, while the female has two X chromosomes. Some genetic diseases and traits are linked to the X chromosome. This implies that if the genes are carried on the X chromosome, it will have a greater impact on males than females because males only have one X chromosome whereas females have two. Therefore, the condition of an X-linked trait is more prevalent in males than females due to their single X chromosome.

The example of an X-linked trait is hemophilia, a genetic condition in which blood clotting is disrupted. Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked trait, which means that only individuals with two altered genes (homozygous recessive) will exhibit hemophilia. Females are carriers of hemophilia, and they can pass the disease to their male children. However, females may also show symptoms of hemophilia in severe cases, even though this is rare. Overall, the long answer is that X-linked inheritance involves genes found on the non-autosomal chromosomes.

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A frameshift mutation that occurs in DNA and leads to a change in the first amino acid of a protein sequence alters the Primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of protein.

Frameshift mutations are created by the insertion or deletion of one or more new bases. Since the reading frame begins at the start site, the mRNA generated from the mutated DNA sequence will be read out-of-frame at the point of insertion or deletion, producing a nonsense protein.

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Answer:

Eventually, enough CO2 escaped from volcanoes to begin a period of global warming; melting opened a great variety of new niches. When CO2 levels were high, they created a greenhouse effect. More heat was trapped on Earth's surface, and the climate became warmer.

Explanation:

Alveolar gas partial pressures change as Oxygen partial pressure increases in the lungs and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases.

Because the artery is blocked, you will not be able to effectively exchange O2 and CO2; consequently, you will have greater partial pressure of O2 in the lungs than you normally would, and artery cannot effectively supply the CO2 that was produced to get expired, resulting in a decrease in CO2 partial pressure. Ventilation is unaffected, meaning that you are still breathing normally (no problem with inspiration or expiration).

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The role of glutamine synthetase in protein catabolism is: (iii)  the reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase removes excess nitrogen (in the form of toxic ammonia) from protein degradation.

Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme. It condenses glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine. It controls the use of nitrogen inside cells. The location of the enzyme in the body is:  brain, kidneys, and liver.

Protein degradation is carried out by a process called ubiquitination where ubiquitin tags are added to the protein destined for degradation. The ubiquitin tags are not added randomly instead they are added  to the amino group of the side chain of a lysine residue.

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The image is not clear. The correct image is attached below.

Answer:

It is organic and a hydrocarbon.

Explanation:

The given chemical formula represents a compound called hexane.

Hexane is a volatile organic compound. It is an unbranched alkane and  hydrocarbon constitute of six carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atom having molecular formula C6H14.

It functions as a neurotoxin and non-polar solvent.

Hence, the correct option is A. It is organic and a hydrocarbon.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Scientists could use radioisotopes to study the function of the Golgi apparatus by tracking the radiolabelled sugars along with proteins in the Golgi apparatus.

Radioisotopes of radiolabelled sugars are attached to proteins within the Golgi apparatus and are used for purpose of function study and are found in eukaryotes which is a membrane-bound organelle. It is made up of cisternae in flattened, stacked pouches. Proteins and lipids are moved, altered, and packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and delivered to various locations. It is situated near the cell nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum present in the cytoplasm.

In an experiment to determine the route secreted proteins follow, radioactively labeled amino acids are added to a culture of cells involved in protein synthesis which is in a growing stage. The secretory vesicles have radiolabeled proteins received from the Golgi apparatus, which are joined with the plasma membrane to release outside the cell.

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Mendel postulated that the characteristics of pea plants were the product of a synthesis of "factors" acquired from each parent. His explanation of these "factors" can be regarded as the first formal scientific analysis of the function of genes.

Gregor Mendel uncovered the basic principles of heredity through his study on pea plants. He concluded that genes are inherited from each parent as separate, paired units. Mendel observed how parental genes separated and if they showed up as dominant or recessive qualities in the children.

According to the theory of Mendelian inheritance, characteristics are decided when kids acquire one allele for each trait from each parent. When a characteristic is dominant, it may be seen and be used to conceal another feature.

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Flight bearings refer to the angle or direction at which an aircraft or object is moving in relation to a reference point or geographic location. It is often measured in degrees clockwise from north.

The measure of α, the flight bearings from Jackson to Montgomery, can be found using the Law of Cosines. Given that Jackson is 212 miles south of Memphis and the distance from Jackson to Montgomery is 246 miles, we can use the Law of Cosines to calculate the measure of α. Similarly, the measure of β, the flight bearing from Memphis to Montgomery, can be found using the Law of Cosines with the given distances from Memphis to Montgomery (328 miles) and from Jackson to Montgomery (246 miles).

To calculate the measures of α and β, we can use the following equation:

cos(α) = (d₁² + d₃² - d₂²) / (2 * d₁ * d₃)

cos(β) = (d₂² + d₃² - d₁²) / (2 * d₂ * d₃)

where d₁, d₂, and d₃ represent the distances between the cities.

By substituting the given values into the equations, we can find the measures of α and β.

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