how many electrons at a time are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
Answers
The number of electrons that are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes is 1.
A light-harvesting complex is a protein structure consisting of pigment molecules such as chlorophyll and carotenoids that captures and transmits the light energy necessary for photosynthesis, a process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy to sustain life.
During photosynthesis, the light energy absorbed by the pigments is transformed into chemical energy, which is then used to convert \(CO_{2}\) into organic molecules.
The electrons are moved between pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complex. Two types of energy transfer take place in the light-harvesting complex: resonant energy transfer and incoherent hopping. The energy is transferred from pigment molecule to pigment molecule through the process of resonant energy transfer. The light energy is absorbed by pigment molecules, which leads to the formation of an exciton. Excitons are formed when a photon of light is absorbed by a molecule, leading to the formation of a positively charged hole and a negatively charged electron. The excitons are then transferred from pigment molecule to pigment molecule through the process of incoherent hopping. Incoherent hopping is a process in which the exciton moves through a series of random jumps between pigment molecules until it reaches the reaction center, where it is converted into a charge separation. The charge separation results in the transfer of an electron from the pigment molecule to an acceptor molecule.During the light-harvesting process in photosynthesis, photons are absorbed by pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes.
The energy from these photons is then transferred from one pigment molecule to another until it reaches a reaction center, where it is used to drive electron transfer.
During this process, each pigment molecule passes an electron to the next molecule in the chain. This allows for efficient energy transfer between pigment molecules and ensures that the energy is ultimately used to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
Therefore, the correct option is B i.e. 1.
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Related Questions
Which of the following is the function of a protein?
Answers
Answer:
Where is the "following" i'm just gonna assume it is a written question
Protein serves a variety of functions in the human body. It aids in the repair and development of your body's tissues, as well as allowing metabolic responses and coordinating biological operations. Proteins not only provide a structural basis for your body, but they also keep the pH and fluid balance in check. Messenger proteins, such as certain hormones, carry signals between cells, tissues, and organs to coordinate bioactivity.
Select which Statement below summarizes Goals Communism and Fascism based on the following text.
"Communist and fascist governments resemble each other in some ways. In both, a dictator often rules. Both suppress opposition and claim that individual liberties must be sacrificed for the greater good of society. Both tend toward totalitarian control of people's lives. But their economic policies are different, and so are their larger goals.
In a communist society, the government directs the economy and owns most or all of the land, factories, and other resources that contribute to the economy. In theory, workers control the production of goods and share property. The stated goal of communism is a world in which social classes disappear and all people are treated equally. That's the theory - in reality, leaders of communist nations usually have far more material goods and privileges than the workers, who lack both wealth and freedom. A fascist government allows individuals to own property and businesses, but it maintains strict control over economic activity, and makes sure that private businesses serve the government's goals. Fascism glorifies the nation and its leaders, and calls on citizens to put the interests of the nation above individual interests.
Fascist regimes often use war as a way to expand and strengthen the state.
A.They reject the idea of equality for all. On the contrary, fascists often persecute minorities, and claim that their own national group is superior to others and therefore destined to rule."
B.There are no similarities at all between Communist and Fascist nations.
C.Communism has total economic control while Fascism is all about free trade and
capitalism with no economic controls.
D.( Communist governments allowed freedom and elections almost always while
Fascist governments only allow some freedoms like freedom of the press.
Both systems use tight control of peoples freedoms and the economy.
Communism aims to make all workers equal, while Fascist want all power to go to the State/Nation.
Answers
Communism has all of the economic power. They share all good even though it may not end up that way. On the other hand we facism, which is where the people have a little bit less economic restraints but do everything for the good of the nation.
Electromagnetic radiation may be generated by? A) Neutrons moving with constant velocity B) Electrons moving with constant velocity C) Accelerating neutrons D) Accelerating electrons
Answers
Answer: A
Explanation: hope this is helpful :)
An action or condition that increases your chances of developing a disease or health condition is known as a:.
Answers
answer: risk factors increase the chance of developing a disease or health condition.
Which of these is the primary site of protein synthesis? mitochondria cytoplasm nucleus ribosomes
Answers
Answer:
A. Ribosome
Explanation:
Ribosome is a sub cellular structure, that is involved in protein synthesis.
Mitochondria is a sub cellular structure, where cellular respiration takes place, therefore it is called the energy house of the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly like structure in which sub cellular structures are found.
Nucleus is the main part of the cell in which all cellular activity is controlled by.
It contains DNA and RNA.
Nucleus is mostly known for it's thread like structure that contains hereditary information which is passed from parents to offspring.
Hope it helps ;) ❤❤❤
The primary site of protein synthesis is the ribosome.
The ribosome is a small spherical organelle with two subunits that serve as the site for protein synthesis. During the synthesis of protein, mRNA binds to the ribosome and the genetic codes get translated to their respective amino acids and linked together.
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Describe how sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose
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Sally was curious as to the type of birdseed that the birds in her yard preferred. She conducted an experiment and found these results. Her dependent variable is ________ . Her independent variable is _______ . The results show that the birds prefer of seeds. _________
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Answer:
Sally was curious as to the type of birdseed that the birds in her yard preferred. She conducted an experiment and found these results. Her dependent variable is ___sunflower_____ . Her independent variable is __the lowest bar (i cant see what it says statrs with s, inbetween mixed nuts and sunflower)_____ . The results show that the birds prefer of seeds. ___corn______
Explanation:
sunflower is the most dependent because it is the middle of the pack, the birds dont hate it, but they also dont love it. The lowest bar is the most independable because it is the one the birds eat the least. And the corn it the one that all the birds particularily like. Hope this helps
How can you prevent oxygen toxicity?
Answers
How many ATP and NADH molecules are gained during
glycolysis?
a One ATP molecule, Two NADH molecules
b Two ATP molecules, Two NADH molecures
C One ATP molecule, One NADH molecule
Answers
Two ATP molecules and NADH molecules during glycolysis
Considering the body’s organization from atoms to organ systems, in which level of organization are proteins like collagen? Describe how this level of organization fits into the organization of the whole body.
pleaseeee helppppp
Answers
Answer:
According to the levels of organization in the body, the level of organization in which proteins, like collagen, are found is the molecular level, allowing the structural support and the performance of other essential functions.
Explanation:
Proteins are biological macromolecules, polymers of units called amino acids. These molecules belong to the molecular level of organization in living organisms.
The level of organization where proteins are found allows them:
Form an essential part of cells.Contribute to the construction of tissues and organs.Participate in metabolic reactions, as enzymes. Defense of the organism, in the form of antibodies.Regulation of vital functions, forming hormones.Other functions of proteins are to integrate the cell membranes and perform transport function, to form receptors and to be an energy reserve.
Answer:
Why you looking down here, he clearly got it right : )
You are skateboarding at the skate park and you are not wearing your knee guards. You are trying to show
your friends your new skateboard trick and fall off your skateboard, skinning your knee. How would your
body repair this cut?
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
b. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
c. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
d. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 2 identical cells
Answers
Answer:
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
Explanation:
Mitosis is the cell-creation process that an animal would undergo while healing a cut. It is a division that results in two daughter cells. The answer is not binary fission as that is an asexual reproductive method that occurs most often in simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. It would not be used in the body during the process of healing a cut. The answer is not that it results in 4 identical cells, as mitosis (which is the process used in healing a cut) can only result in 2 identical daughter cells, not four. 4 resulting cells is characteristic of meiosis, which differs from mitosis as each of the 4 daughter cells created in this process are genetically unique and only contain half as much DNA as the parent cell. With these understandings in mind, you can rule out all options other than A.
Please help!!! Below is a scenario about an experiment; there are three questions referring back to this scenario, so read it carefully. Sherri wanted to test what fertilizer worked best on her tomato plants. She bought 4 different brands of fertilizer, and five tomato plants. She labeled each plant A-E. She did not give plant E any fertilizer. Each plant was kept in the same location, with the same amount of sunlight, and given the same amount of water each day. Each day at noon she measured her plants. 1. What is the independent variable in this scenario? - The type of plant - The growth of the plants - The amount of water given - The fertilizer given 2. What is the dependent variable? - The type of fertilizer - The amount of water given to each plan - The type of plant - Daily plant growth 3. Select all of the controlled variables present. - The type of plant - The type of fertilizer - How much sunlight the plants receive - How much water they receive daily
Answers
Answer:
Independent variable: The fertilizer given
Dependent variable: Daily plant growth
Constants: How much water they receive daily, How much sunlight the plants receive, type of plant (tomato plant)
Explanation:
Independent variable of an experiment is the variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter in order to bring about a measurable response. In this experiment where Sherri wanted to test what fertilizer worked best on her tomato plants. She used 4 different brands of fertilizer. Hence, the FERTILIZER is the independent variable
On the other hand, the dependent variable is the variable that is measured in the experiment. It is the variable that responds to the independent variable. In this experiment, the DAILY PLANT GROWTH is the dependent variable.
Constants are variables that are kept unchanged or constant throughout the experiment. In this case, the constants or controlled variables are: : How much water they receive daily, How much sunlight the plants receive, type of plant (tomato plant)
Why do you think it is important that our bodies can respond to stimuli around us?
Answers
Answer: it is important that our bodies can respond to stimuli around us because without it, you wouldn’t be able to detect and respond to changes in their internal and external environment. Cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment). The stimuli is part of our control system, it is very vital.
What do you expect to be the greatest challenge of working in the Greenhouse Classroom?
What do you expect to be the biggest excitement in the Greenhouse Classroom?
Answers
A certain eukaryotic organism has multiple, distinct genes with highly similar sequences that are expressed at different times in the organism's life cycle. these genes could have arisen by:________
Answers
These genes could have arisen by gene duplication.
What is gene duplication?Gene duplication is the process of copying a section of DNA that codes for a gene. A retro transposition event or a recombination mistake are both potential causes of gene duplication. As a result, the duplicate gene coding may experience a significant number of modifications throughout time. This might prevent the gene from functioning or, in other situations, give the creature a benefit.
Gene duplication is a phenomenon that can happen through a variety of ways:
Ectopic Recombination: Uneven crossing-over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis might result in duplications. A duplication at the exchange site and a reciprocal deletion are the results of this recombination.Replication Slippage: Short genomic sequences can be duplicated as a result of the replication error known as replication slippage. DNA polymerase starts copying the DNA during replication, but eventually the polymerase separates from the DNA, causing replication to stall. The replicating strand is incorrectly aligned when the polymerase reattaches to the DNA strand, which accidentally results in several copies of the same portion.Aneuploidy: When a single chromosome's nondisjunction causes an abnormally high number of chromosomes, this condition is known as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is frequently damaging and frequently causes spontaneous miscarriages in mammals. Some aneuploid people can survive. For instance, human trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome but is not lethal.Learn more about gene duplication here:
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Please help! Thanks!
Answers
Answer:
the basic unit of DNA is nucleotide. It is found in the Nucleus:)
Explanation:
Hope this helps:)
which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? a) body support b) calcium homeostasis c) protection of internal organs d) blood cell production e) temperature regulation
Answers
Temperature regulation is not a function of the skeletal system. So, the correct option is E.
What is Skeletal system?The human skeleton is defined as the internal framework of the human body which is made up of about 270 bones at birth, while after some bones have fused, the total decreases to about 206 bones.
Bones provide a rigid framework called the skeleton, which supports and protects the soft organs of the body where the skeleton supports the body against the pull of gravity. Its function involve calcium homeostasis, blood cell production, etc.
Thus, Temperature regulation is not a function of the skeletal system. So, the correct option is E.
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8. Which observation would be the best evidence to use to argue that there is an evolutionary relationship between two species?
They occupy the same niche.
They have similar fur color.
They have similar DNA base sequences.
They inhabit the same geographic regions.
Answers
Answer: C: They have similar DNA base sequences
Explanation:
1) Give an example of diffusion in
plant and animal cell and explain the process (oxygen from lungs to
blood).
Answers
The best example of diffusion in plants is the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the stomata. In Animals glucose and oxygen are necessary for the normal functioning of cells, therefore these substance reaches the cells through the blood and diffuses out from the blood into the cells.
How does oxygen from the lungs get into the bloodstream?The lungs have tiny sac-like structures known as alveoli at the end of each bronchiole. Alveoli is the point where the gas exchange takes place, oxygen is delivered to the lungs and the carbon dioxide is eliminated from the bloodstream to the lungs and out of the body.
The alveoli contain the network of capillaries that allow the diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream and travel to the heart. And simultaneously allows carbon dioxide to diffuse out. This gas exchange takes place from the region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
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could u please help me !
Answers
Please help! how does a cell control gene expression through transcription?
A. by preventing the production of mrna molecules
B. by preventing mrna from binding to ribosomes
C. by preventing the binding of amino acids
D. by changing how a protein is folded
Answers
Answer: A. by preventing the production of mRNA molecules
Explanation:
In order to control gene expression through transcription, a cell can regulate the production of mRNA molecules. This control is achieved through various mechanisms:
1. Cells can produce transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences called promoter regions. These transcription factors can either enhance or inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA. By controlling the availability and activity of transcription factors, the cell can regulate the initiation of transcription and thus control which genes are expressed.
2. The DNA in the cell is packaged into a complex called chromatin, which consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. The cell can modify the structure of chromatin through processes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. These modifications can either promote or inhibit the accessibility of DNA to transcriptional machinery, thereby influencing gene expression.
3. Cells can use small RNA molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level. These small RNAs can bind to mRNA molecules and prevent their translation into proteins or promote their degradation, leading to reduced expression of the corresponding genes.
While options B, C, and D are involved in other stages of gene expression or protein synthesis, they are not directly related to controlling gene expression through transcription. Therefore, the most accurate answer is option A, by preventing the production of mRNA molecules.
what is sugma and ligma
Answers
The sugma and ligma are the rare diseases cause by the bofa family viruses.
Sugma and Ligma are both diseases and are related to each other where LIGMA is also known as loose internal gene miaasintits and this is the second stage od BOFA which is biologically offset farkowonian asintits and this diseases interferes with the immune system and it increases the risk of having tuberculosis and if in LIGMA a person enter the BOFA stage it is considered as last treatable stage and due to highly weakened immune system the people are most likely to die at this stage but still there is one treatment suggested n this case called as LIGMA balls where as SUGMA is the rarest antibiotic strain resistant of LIGMA virus and this sugma is non lethal but is contagious and can spread very fast and its great prevention is by awareness of BOFA family viruses s sugma strain can be transferred via both verbal and virtual communication and as it is a rare disease so the cure are not there as the most difficult part is the virus detection in these disease as by the time the virus is detected it has already used and lysed the host machinery cells and eventually these disease leads to death of the host.To know more about sugma and ligma click at https://brainly.com/question/1228921
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pharmacology made easy the immune system
Answers
The immune system was made simple by pharmacology. True. Providing current and thorough information on immune modifying drugs for the treatment of illnesses like cancer.
Immunodeficiency, chronic infection, allergies, and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. An intricate system of organs, tissues, and the chemicals they produce that aids the body in fighting sickness and infection. White blood cells, as well as lymphatic organs and tissues such the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic veins, and bone marrow, are components of the immune system.
The body's defense against infection is provided by the immune system, a complex network of organs, cells, and proteins that also safeguards the body's own cells. The immune system maintains track of each germ (microbe) it has ever eliminated in order to identify and eliminate them in the future.
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Correct Question:
Pharmacology made easy the immune system. State true or false.
Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. define the following terms: - pigment - vehicle - binder
Answers
The definition of the following terms are as follows:
Pigment: It is defined as a type of substance or compound that significantly delivers color to things.Vehicle: It may be characterized as the method which modifies or calibrates the glutinousness of the substance. Binder: It may be defined as the type of liquid substance which is significantly utilized in paint and other media in order to tether the pigment's particles.The characteristics of pigment in paint are as follows:
It must be light in weight and formulate high volume.They bear small-sized particles.These compounds or substances are resistant to wetting.These substances are essential constituents in paint.Therefore, the definition of each term is well-defined above with respect to the paint industry and its attributes.To learn more about Pigment in paints, refer to the link:
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What is the process in which humans breed organisms for certain traits? A:descent without modification
B:natural selection
C: inheritance of acquired characteristics D:artificial selection
Answers
What is natural selection?
O All of the populations of species in a habitat.
The parts of the ecosystem that cause a decline in population.
The process that causes an ecosystem to change and create new ecosystems.
O A process that allows a population to become better adapted for survival in a specific environment
Answers
A process that allows a population to become better adapted for survival in a specific environment
Hope I helped
HELP ME OUT ASPPP YOU WILL GET BRAINEST AND 20 points
Answers
Answer:
Electron
Explanation:
Electrons are on the outside protons and neutrons are in the middle
California
Arizona
Idaho
Oklahoma
Texas
TX
OK
Recet
Drought persists intensifies
Drought remains but improves
Drought removal likely
Drought development likely
Select all the correct answers
Answers
California: Drought persists.
Arizona: Drought intensifies.
Idaho: Drought remains but improves.
Oklahoma: Drought removal likely.
Texas: Drought development likely.
These statements summarize the expected conditions regarding drought in each state based on the given information.
Based on the given information, we can make some predictions about the drought conditions in different states:
California: Drought persists - This means that the drought continues to affect California, indicating ongoing water scarcity and dry conditions.
Arizona: Drought intensifies - The drought in Arizona is expected to worsen, suggesting that water scarcity and dry conditions will become more severe.
Idaho: Drought remains but improves - Idaho is experiencing a continuing drought, but there is some improvement in the conditions. While water scarcity may still persist, there might be some relief compared to previous conditions.
Oklahoma: Drought removal likely - Oklahoma is likely to experience relief from the drought, indicating an improvement in water availability and a reduction in dry conditions.
Texas (TX): Drought development likely - Texas is anticipated to face the development of a new drought. This suggests that water scarcity and dry conditions may increase in the state.
Oklahoma (OK): Drought removal likely - Similar to the previous mention, Oklahoma is expected to experience relief from the drought.
In summary, the correct answers are California (drought persists), Arizona (drought intensifies), Idaho (drought remains but improves), Oklahoma (drought removal likely), and Texas (drought development likely). These predictions are based on the provided information about the current and expected drought conditions in these states.
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which of the following is a major difference between a dissecting microscope and a compound microscope? group of answer choices they differ in the type of samples used only one is a light microscope the compound microscope uses a beam of electrons to obtain an image the dissecting microscope has 3 lenses
Answers
A major difference between a dissecting microscope and a compound microscope is that they differ in the type of samples they are used for. the major difference between the two microscopes lies in the type of samples they are best suited for, with the dissecting microscope being ideal for larger specimens and the compound microscope for smaller, transparent samples.
Dissecting microscope is commonly used for tasks such as dissection, microsurgery, or examining the surface details of an object. The dissecting microscope typically provides lower magnification, ranging from 5x to 100x, and offers a wider field of view, allowing for a larger area of the specimen to be observed at once.On the other hand, a compound microscope is primarily used for the observation of small, thinly sectioned samples or transparent specimens. It utilizes a series of lenses to magnify the image and is commonly used in biological research, pathology, and educational settings. Unlike the dissecting microscope, the compound microscope is a light microscope that employs visible light to illuminate and visualize the sample.
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The major difference between a dissecting microscope and a compound microscope is that they differ in the type of samples used.
Dissecting microscopes and compound microscopes are both popular types of microscopes that are used in the scientific field for a range of different applications. However, these two types of microscopes have significant differences that make them more suitable for specific purposes.
For example, dissecting microscopes are useful for studying larger specimens that are opaque and three-dimensional. These microscopes provide a low magnification and have a large working distance to help users work with samples that may not be easily manipulated.
Dissecting microscopes also come with 3 lenses, which helps to provide a clear view of the sample, and they are useful for studying a range of specimens, including rocks, insects, and plant structures. On the other hand, compound microscopes are light microscopes that are used to observe small, transparent specimens at high magnification.
Unlike dissecting microscopes, compound microscopes use a beam of light that passes through the sample to form an image.
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Humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process?
Answers
The appropriate options of the given question is as follows:
a. The high specific heat capacity of water allows the body to absorb a large amount of excess heat energy.
b . The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.
c . The high surface tension of water contributes to the physical process by which water leaves the body.
d . The high melting temperature of the water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from solid to liquid.
Answer:
The correct answer is - Option a. and b.
Explanation:
Sweating is one of the processes of the homeostasis that helps in the regulation of the body temperature in humans and other animals. Sweat helps in preventing the body from overheating if the external environment is high in temperature. The sweat evaporates to release heat in form of calories which helps in the regulation of body temperature.
Due to the high heat capacity of water, helps to more evenly distribute or transfer heat in the body. It helps in maintaining a more even temperature by transporting heat from warm places to cool places.
Thus, the correct answer is - a and b.
The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.
Sweating is the process by which the sweat glands of the human skin exudes water-containing liquid from the body.Sweating is a homeostatic response to excessive heat or increased temperature in the body. Water is the major component of sweat exudate. One of the unique properties of water called HEAT OF VAPORIZATION makes the sweating process a possibility in humans. Heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat energy needed to change a substance from its liquid to gaseous state. The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.Learn more at: https://brainly.com/question/9967928?referrer=searchResults