How are fossil fuels related to climate change?
A. Fossil fuels absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn.
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn
C. Fossil fuels release a great deal of heat as they burn.
D. Fossil fuels are greenhouse gases.
Answers
Answer:
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they
burn
On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.
B. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as they burn.
What are fossil fuels?Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. They include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used to generate energy and power many modern-day technologies.
Fossil fuels are found in deposits beneath the Earth's surface, and they are extracted through mining or drilling. They are burned to release energy in the form of heat or electricity, making them a primary source of energy for transportation, electricity generation, heating, and cooling. However, the burning of fossil fuels also releases greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change and other environmental problems.
When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, they release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
These greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, causing a warming effect on the Earth's surface. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect, and it is a significant contributor to climate change.
As the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to increase, the Earth's temperature rises, leading to changes in climate patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather events.
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Related Questions
Your task is to decide which dig site is most likely to produce Dimetrodon fossils. What kinds of information do you think would be most useful for making your decision?
Answers
To uncover Dimetrodon fossils, researchers must first research the dimetrodon's habitats, then go to modern-day replicas of those past ecosystems.
Dimetrodon fossils:Because its remains have been discovered in Texas and Oklahoma in the United States, Nova Scotia, Canada, and all throughout Europe, the Dimetrodon is likely to have been well suited to a broad range of environments.
The first fossil was discovered in the nineteenth century, and Edward Drinker Cope named it in 1878.
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Two difference between axillary bud and terminal bud
please help im in a test
Answers
i have to make this long bc the app won’t let me just put the photo
Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have some parts that are different. Which of the following would you find only in a eukaryotic cell?
A. membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus
B. a nucleus and organelles without membranes
C. a cell membrane and organelles without membranes
D. membrane-bound organelles and DNA in cytoplasm
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Within a eukaryotic cell, each membrane-bound structure carries out specific cellular functions. Here is an overview of many of the primary components of eukaryotic cells.
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Plasma membrane, Cytoskeleton or cell wall, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Endoplasmic reticulum, Vesicles and vacuoles.
The gametes in the image below could have formed from which parent?
A. Male
B. Female
C. Male or female
D. Neither male nor female
Answers
Answer:
b
Explanation:
The gametes in the image below could have been formed from the female. This gamete is called as ovum or egg. Hence, the correct option is B.
What is a female gamete?The female gamete is a specialized reproductive cell that is formed inside the female body or plants, which is called as egg or ovum. It is produce by a process called meiosis. Hence, it is haploid in nature.
It is a large, immobile cell that provides the necessary nutrients and environment for the development of the fertilized embryo. It is an essential component of sexual reproduction, as it provides half of the genetic material that is necessary for the formation of the new organism.
The female gamete is also important for the maintenance of genetic diversity in a population. This process allows evolution of species and their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, the correct option is B.
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name five substances found in caspular space
Answers
Answer:
Bowman's capsule encloses a cluster of microscopic blood vessels—capillaries—called the glomerulus, where wastes are filtered from the blood.
Explanation:
Below are some events that take place during cell division? Which would be the correct order?
I. Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane
II. Chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and thicker
III. Chromosomes have long and nuclear membrane forms around them
IV. Centromeres divide and the chromosomes move to the opposite poles
a. 2-1-4-3
b. 3-4-1-2
c. 1-3-2-4
d. 4-1-2-3
Answers
The correct order of events during cell division is: 3-4-1-2, the correct option is b.
During cell division, several key events occur in a specific order.
Chromosomes have long and nuclear membrane forms around them: Before cell division occurs, the chromosomes within the nucleus start to undergo changes. Centromeres divide and the chromosomes move to the opposite poles: At this stage, the centromeres, which hold the sister chromatids together, divide. Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane: Once the chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell, they align themselves along the equatorial plane or the metaphase plate. Chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and thicker: In this step, the chromosomes further condense, becoming even shorter and thicker.Thus, the correct order, b. 3-4-1-2, accurately represents the sequence of events during cell division.
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Which of the following would you consider to be an advantage regarding the use of protein therapeutics over small molecule drugs?
Group of answer choices
Protein therapeutics are less likely to contend with an immunogenic response.
Protein therapeutics are more likely to interfere with normal physiological processes.
Protein therapeutics are more likely to be able to penetrate the target tissues.
Protein therapeutics may more easily be applied to treat a genetic disease.
Protein therapeutics are relatively less costly to produce.
Answers
An advantage of protein therapeutics over small molecule drugs is that they are less likely to contend with an immunogenic response. The correct option is A.
Proteins are natural components of the body, making them more compatible and less likely to trigger an immune response compared to synthetic small molecules.
This reduces the risk of adverse reactions and increases the safety profile of protein therapeutics. Additionally, protein therapeutics can be designed to specifically target and interact with particular molecules or receptors, allowing for more precise and selective therapeutic effects.
However, it's important to note that the advantages and considerations of protein therapeutics can vary depending on the specific context and application.
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What is an example of how complex life is interconnected?
Answers
An example of how complex life is interconnected can be observed in ecosystems, where various living organisms, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, interact with one another and their physical environment. This interconnectedness creates a delicate balance that supports and sustains life on Earth.
In a forest ecosystem, for instance, plants produce oxygen and provide food and shelter for various animal species. Animals, in turn, contribute to the dispersal of seeds, which allows plants to reproduce and thrive. Moreover, decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients back into the soil for new plant growth.
This intricate network of interactions demonstrates the interconnected nature of life and emphasizes the importance of maintaining these relationships to ensure the overall health and stability of ecosystems. The complex web of life highlights how the actions of one species can have far-reaching consequences on other species and the ecosystem as a whole.
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According to CDC, between 1998 and 2011, about 79% of the dairy-related illness outbreaks were caused by
cheese or raw milk (unpasteurized) products. 148 outbreaks and 2,384 illnesses were reported during that time.
284 required hospitalizations and 2 deaths were caused by cheese or raw milk products. Although these numbers
seem small, there are risks. At a federal level, although the FDA forbids the sale or distribution of raw
(unpasteurized) milk, 13 states allow the sale of raw milk in their retail stores, and another 17 states allow the
sale of raw milk on the actual farm that the milk was produced.
Explain the thinking that caused the FDA to forbid the sale and distribution of raw milk.
A)
Unpasteurized milk has the shortest shelf-life.
B)
Parasitic organisms that live in cows can be passed on to humans.
Unpasteurized milk has a short shelf-life and costs more money to produce.
D)
Microorganisms found in unpasteurized milk can cause illness and even
death.
Answers
Answer: D
Explanation:
D relates to the answer, it is saying that a lot of bacteria and viruses can be on unpasteurized milk, this can really make the milk bad and you can get seriously ill or even die from this.
In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of:
A.motion parallax.
B.sensory interaction.
C.vestibular sense.
D.perceptual maladaptation.
Answers
In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of: B. sensory interaction.
Sensory interaction refers to the way in which different sensory systems work together to create a complete perception of the world around us. In the case of balancing on one foot, the visual system works in conjunction with the proprioceptive system (which tells us where our body parts are in relation to one another) and the vestibular system (which helps us maintain our balance and spatial orientation).
When we close our eyes, we lose the visual information that we rely on to help us balance. This can make it more difficult to maintain our balance because our sensory systems are no longer working together as effectively. In other words, sensory interaction is disrupted.
The other answer choices are not correct for this question. Motion parallax refers to the way in which objects appear to move relative to each other as we move our bodies. It is not directly related to balancing on one foot. The vestibular sense is involved in balancing, but it is not the only sense involved. Perceptual maladaptation refers to a situation in which our perception of the world around us is inaccurate or distorted due to prolonged exposure to a particular stimulus, and it is not directly related to balancing on one foot.
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Why does my cat keep putting her butt up and meowing but she isn't in heat
Answers
Answer:
she is most likely stretching if she looks like she is doing the downward dog yoga pose
Explanation: i have cats
1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory below:
2. Identify the part of the cell theory represented by the images below. Do NOT just write part 1 or
part 2!!
can some one help me with this 2 questions
Answers
The cell theory was first proposed by Schwann and Schleiden, then modified by Virchow, and, with time, completed by several researchers to get to the modern version. 1) 1- The cell is the structural and physiological unit of living beings. 2- The cell is the most basic independent unit of life. 3- Cells transmit genetic material during cell division to daughter cells. 2) 1- Cells are the basic units of reproduction, they originate by division of pre-existing cells. 2- All living organisms are made up of cells. 3- The chemical composition is basically the same in all cells.
What is the cell theory?
The cell theory was first proposed by Schwann and Schleiden around 1830. After a few years, Virchow rejected the third state of Schwann and Schleiden’s ideas about spontaneous generations, and proposed that cells were the product of other pre-existing cells and originated by cellular division.
Currently, the cell theory states that
All living organisms are made up of cells.The cell is the structural and physiological unit of living beings.Cells are the basic units of reproduction, they originate by division of pre-existing cells.The cell is the most basic independent unit of life.And the modern version of the theory adds a few more aspects,
Energy flows within cells.Cells transmit genetic material during cell division to daughter cellsThe chemical composition is basically the same in all cells.1) 3 parts of the cell theory:
1- The cell is the structural and physiological unit of living beings.
2- The cell is the most basic independent unit of life.
3- Cells transmit genetic material during cell division to daughter cells
2) Identify the part of the cell theory represented by the images below.
1- Cells are the basic units of reproduction, they originate by division of pre-existing cells.
2- All living organisms are made up of cells.
3- The chemical composition is basically the same in all cells.
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What contains genetic material but is not clarified as living? A.Bacteria B.Protozoa C. Virus D.lizard
Answers
Answer:
C. Virus
Explanation:
A virus is non-living because it needs a host in order to mutate
Which of the following is not an example of green infrastructure?
OUrban tree canopy
O Permeable pavement
Rainwater harvesting
Streets and parking lots
Answers
Answer:
Streets and parking lots
Explanation:
The example that is not an example of green infrastructure from the given options is Streets and parking lots.Green infrastructure refers to the network of natural and semi-natural features, green spaces, and ecological systems in cities and towns. It is an approach to managing stormwater runoff that emphasizes infiltration and the use of natural systems to filter pollutants from water.Green infrastructure helps to manage stormwater, improve air quality, and create healthier urban environments. It includes practices such as urban tree canopy, permeable pavement, and rainwater harvesting. Streets and parking lots, on the other hand, are not examples of green infrastructure.
These plants have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. There is one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall. Which plant or plants am I describing? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) 000000000 Ferns Cycads Selaginella Lycopodium Conifers Ginkgo Hornworts Mosses Angiosperms 3 pts Liverworts
Answers
The correct answers are: Ferns, Hornworts, Mosses, and Liverworts.
The plants that fit the given description are:
Ferns: Ferns have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Ferns produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Horworts: Hornworts also have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Hornworts produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Mosses: Mosses have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Mosses produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Liverworts: Liverworts also have free-living gametophytes and free-living sporophytes. The sporophyte generation is dominant and larger than the gametophyte generation. Liverworts produce one type of spore, and the gametophyte generation grows outside of the spore wall.Therefore, the correct answers are: Ferns, Hornworts, Mosses, and Liverworts.
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Indicate whether the given structure is more involved with hearing or equilibrium:
A. Pinnacle
B. Cochlear nerve
C. Otolithic membrane
D. Vestibule
E. Pharyngotympanic tube
F. Stapes
G. Tensor tympani muscle
H. Helicotrema
I. Maculae
J. Basilar membrane
K. Round window
L. Cristae
M. Semicircular canals
N. Spiral organ
O. Saccule
P. Utricle
Q. Cochlea
R. Vestibular nerve
S. Cupulae
Answers
The following structures are involved in hearing and equilibrium:
Pinnacle: The pinnacle is the uppermost part of the external ear and has a curved cartilage framework.
Cochlear nerve: The cochlear nerve connects the cochlea to the brain.
Otolithic membrane: Otolithic membranes are in the vestibule of the inner ear.
Vestibule: The vestibule, a part of the inner ear, is critical for both hearing and equilibrium.
E. Pharyngotympanic tube: The pharyngotympanic tube is a tube that runs from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
F. Stapes: The stapes are the smallest bones in the human body, and they are located in the middle ear.
G. Tensor tympani muscle: The tensor tympani muscle is in the middle ear.
H. Helicotrema: Helicotrema is a small opening at the cochlear apex.
I. Maculae: In the vestibule of the inner ear, maculae are a structure.
J. Basilar membrane: The basilar membrane is an organ in the cochlea of the inner ear.
K. Round window: The round window is an oval membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear.
L. Cristae: Cristae are hair cells that are present in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
M. Semicircular canals: Semicircular canals are involved in the vestibular system of the inner ear.
N. Spiral organ: The organ of Corti is also known as the spiral organ, and it is located in the cochlea of the inner ear.
O. Saccule: The saccule is located in the vestibule of the inner ear.
P. Utricle: The utricle is another structure in the vestibule of the inner ear.
Q. Cochlea: The cochlea is a snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that is responsible for hearing.
R. Vestibular nerve: The vestibular nerve connects the semicircular canals and the otolith organs to the brainstem.
S. Cupulae: Cupulae are gel-like structures that extend from hair cells and into the endolymph of the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
The following structures are involved in hearing and equilibrium:
Pinnacle: The pinnacle is the uppermost part of the external ear and has a curved cartilage framework. Its function is to improve the ability to hear by catching and funneling sound waves.
Cochlear nerve: The cochlear nerve connects the cochlea to the brain. It contains nerve fibers that transmit auditory signals to the brain.
Otolithic membrane: Otolithic membranes are in the vestibule of the inner ear. They're important for equilibrium since they detect linear acceleration and deceleration of the head.
Vestibule: The vestibule, a part of the inner ear, is critical for both hearing and equilibrium. It is the area between the cochlea and the semicircular canals.
E. Pharyngotympanic tube: The pharyngotympanic tube is a tube that runs from the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is responsible for equalizing the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
F. Stapes: The stapes are the smallest bones in the human body, and they are located in the middle ear. They vibrate the oval window, which increases the pressure of sound waves in the inner ear.
G. Tensor tympani muscle: The tensor tympani muscle is in the middle ear. Its primary function is to protect the hearing by reducing the volume of sound.
H. Helicotrema: Helicotrema is a small opening at the cochlear apex. It allows the scala tympani and scala vestibule to connect.
I. Maculae: In the vestibule of the inner ear, maculae are a structure. They help the body detect motion and acceleration.
J. Basilar membrane: The basilar membrane is an organ in the cochlea of the inner ear. It is where hair cells are located that transmit sound signals to the brain.
K. Round window: The round window is an oval membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear. It helps relieve pressure caused by the movement of fluid inside the cochlea.
L. Cristae: Cristae are hair cells that are present in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. They detect head motion in three dimensions.
M. Semicircular canals: Semicircular canals are involved in the vestibular system of the inner ear. They assist in the detection of head rotation.
N. Spiral organ: The organ of Corti is also known as the spiral organ, and it is located in the cochlea of the inner ear. It converts sound waves into nerve impulses.
O. Saccule: The saccule is located in the vestibule of the inner ear. It is involved in detecting linear acceleration.
P. Utricle: The utricle is another structure in the vestibule of the inner ear. It is also involved in detecting linear acceleration.
Q. Cochlea: The cochlea is a snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is divided into three chambers, each filled with a fluid that aids in sound detection.
R. Vestibular nerve: The vestibular nerve connects the semicircular canals and the otolith organs to the brainstem.
S. Cupulae: Cupulae are gel-like structures that extend from hair cells and into the endolymph of the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
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during a state of alertness, what part of the brain would the prefrontal cortex communicate with?
Answers
A crucial region of the cerebral cortex that mediates intellectual or executive activities is thought to be the prefrontal cortex.
What is Prefontal cortex?The prefrontal cortex has a complicated function in modulating higher order behaviors, which is further supported by its varied but distinct connection patterns, electrical characteristics, neuroimaging correlates, and related clinical repercussions.
When complex behaviors are structured at the interaction level of multifocal neural systems, the prefrontal cortex can be seen as a key component of a vast neurocognitive network.
Complex local circuitry involved in information short-term storage, encoding, and synthesis of the accompanying mental representations to create an appropriate goal-directed response is also significant.
Thus, A crucial region of the cerebral cortex that mediates intellectual or executive activities is thought to be the prefrontal cortex.
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what happens when air absorbs more water vapor?
A.) the air becomes heavier
B.) the air becomes lighter
C.) the air becomes warmer
D.) the air becomes cooler
Answers
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Because it's water, it will condense
Answer:hte air becomes heavier
Explanation. because it absorbs more water more like sponge if it absorbs more water it becomes heavier
In an experiment, there are two groups. Which group is not changed in any way?
Answers
Answer:
the control
Explanation:
Blank is a blank found in the cell
Answers
PLEASE HEKP ME IM BEING TIMED
Answers
Answer A.
Explanation: Viruses do not have cells.
explanation: antibiotics will typically go after the cell wall OR the enzymes located inside of living cells. viruses rarely have either of these structures. enzymes that control many processes within cells are not found in viruses, meaning antibiotics that attach these enzymes would be useless.
can someone please tell me what the heck the classification is for phytoplankton like starting from domain to species
Answers
Answer: Scientists classify phytoplankton in several ways, including by size, type, and how long they spend drifting. But the most basic categories divide plankton into two groups: phytoplankton (plants) and zooplankton (animals)
Explanation: They classify them by size, type are they, and how much they swim
Can memories be erased?
Answers
Answer:
"Select memories can be erased, leaving others intact: New study of snail neurons suggests memories that trigger anxiety, PTSD could be 'erased' without affecting normal memory of past events." - ScienceDaily.
In overall Memories can be hidden but not fully Erased
Explanation:
Hope that helps!
You used blank to inderiectly find the blank of the objects
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Ur question is not completed..
??
What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA? What happens if one of these
nucleotides are swapped for another?
Answers
Answer:
The four nucleotides that make up DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
What happens if one of these nucleotides are swapped for another?
The simplest mutation is a point mutation. This occurs when one nucleotide base is substituted for another in a DNA sequence. The change can cause the wrong amino acid to be produced.
I hope this helps and have a great day!
Explanation:
The DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. It contains all the genetic information required by the body for its functioning.
The DNA has 4 types of nucleotides depending on the different nitrogenous bases. These are:-
AdenosineCytosineGuanosineThymosinThere are 4 types of nitrogenous base pair that is Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. When these nitrogenous bases join with the nucleoside will form all 4 nucleotides mentioned above.
When one of the nitrogenous bases replace with another it causes the mutation.
Hence, the 4 nucleotides are Adenosine, cytosine, Guanosine, and Thymosin.
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(Please help!!1!!) Name something about spiders that help them survive? what about exoskeletons and whatnot?
Sorry about only 10 points for answering, I only have 13 left. :(
Answers
Answer:
They can last long amounts of time without food, which is lethal for hunting food, patience is very important so spiders obtain one of the best skills. Spiders do not have any bones in their body, which makes them very flexible.
A comparison of sexual and asexual reproduction is made by a group of students. Which statements accurately
support the argument that sexual reproduction is advantageous over asexual reproduction in many species? Select
all that apply.
A)
Sexual reproduction leads to greater mutation rate than asexual
reproduction
B)
C)
Sexual reproduction has a greater level of cell division than
asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction produces greater numbers of offspring than
asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents which contribute
equally to the offspring's genetics.
Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and fertilization which
leads to increased genetic variation in the offspring.
D)
E)
Heredity and Reproduction
Answers
Answer:
D and E
Explanation:
Because two parents are involved, the rate of reproduction is lower in sexual reproduction, but it is beneficial to have increased genetic diversity in the offspring since the level of adaptations in phenotypes will be higher.
Hope it helped
The statements which accurately support the argument that procreation is advantageous over propagation in many species are given below:
Procreation involves two parents which contribute equally to the offspring's genetics.Procreation involves meiosis and fertilization which leads to increased genetic variation in the offspring.What do you mean by Species?Species may be defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce naturally with one another and create fertile offspring.
Due to the involvement of two parents, procreation increases the genetic diversity among organisms.
In procreation, clutch size is low but parental care is high. It means that this type of reproduction does not produce a large number of offspring.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Explain gravitational forces by using the example of throwing a ball and seeing it fall towards Earth. If the ball represents earth , and earth represents the sun then how does this example explain earth and the other planets revolution from the sun?
Answers
\( \huge{ \bold A } \huge{ \bold n} \huge{ \bold s} \huge{ \bold w} \huge{ \bold e} \huge{ \bold r:}\)
Gravity always acts downward. Complete step by step solution: Once the body is thrown upwards, it goes up until the velocity of the ball turns out to be zero and the force exerted on it becomes zero. After that, the ball touches the ground with acceleration due to gravity and zero velocity.
Answer:
is due to the radiation known as air
Some students were building a model of a
digestive system. Which choice best
describes a process they should show with
their model?
F Tissues digest food for the organ
system to absorb.
GCells digest food, which is then
absorbed by organs.
Organs digest food by working
together as a system.
(H)
The organ system uses specialized
cells to digest food.
Answers
The digestive process is divided into four steps: ingestion, chemical and mechanical food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and expulsion of indigestible food.
What does the digestive process entail?
The digestive process starts as soon as something is chewed. In order for food to pass more easily through your esophagus and into your stomach, saliva, a digestive juice produced by your salivary glands, moistens the food. The carbs in food also begin to be broken down by an enzyme found in saliva.
Motility, digestion, absorption, and secretion are the four fundamental functions of the digestive system. Our digestive system transforms our food into energy that we can use.
The digestive system's initial function is to take in food through the mouth. The "ingesting" procedure must take place before anything else can happen.
The complete question is:
Some students were building a model of a digestive system. Which choice best describes a process they should show with their model?
a) F Tissues digest food for the organ system to absorb.
b) G Cells digest food, which is then absorbed by organs.
c) Organs digest food by working together as a system.
d) The organ system uses specialized cells to digest food.
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Are carbohydrates pure substances? (include your reasoning)