electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions generally classified as:

The find the number of sulfur dioxide molecules in 2.8 moles of sulfur dioxide, we need to use Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is defined as the number of atoms, molecules, or particles in one mole of a substance, which is approximately 6.022 × 10²³.

The First, we need to calculate the total number of moles of sulfur dioxide in 2.8 moles. Since sulfur dioxide has a molecular formula of SO₂, each molecule contains one sulfur atom and two oxygen atoms. Therefore, the molar mass of sulfur dioxide is 32.06 g/mol for sulfur plus (2 x 16.00 g/mol) for oxygen, which is equal to 64.06 g/mol. So, 2.8 moles of sulfur dioxide will have a mass of: 2.8 mol x 64.06 g/mol = 179.37 g Now, we can use Avogadro's number to find the total number of molecules in 2.8 moles of sulfur dioxide Number of molecules = Number of moles x Avogadro's number of molecules = 2.8 mol x 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol Number of molecules = 1.686 × 10²⁴ molecules Therefore, there are approximately 1.686 × 10²⁴ sulfur dioxide molecules in 2.8 moles of sulfur dioxide.

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It is a base because its pH is greater than 7

(not sure about the second sorry!)

The four polymers that can be used to give the same effect as xanthan gum are guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, and carboxy methyl cellulose. Among these, guar gum could give high viscosity and lower flocculation.

Polymers are the macromolecules made up of monomers bonded together. These polymers are widely used in various applications due to their diverse properties such as high viscosity, high tensile strength, flexibility, transparency, and many more. Xanthan gum is one of the commonly used polymers that are used as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and many more. Xanthan gum is derived from the bacterial fermentation process, but it is relatively expensive.

Carboxymethylcellulose: Carboxymethylcellulose is a synthetic polymer made by reacting cellulose with chloroacetic acid. It is used as a thickener and stabilizer in various food and cosmetic applications. It has high viscosity and excellent water-binding capacity, making it an ideal alternative to xanthan gum.Out of these four polymers, guar gum could give high viscosity and lower flocculation.

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Answer:

The molecules have less movement.

Explanation:

When water heats up and transforms into water vapour (gaseous state), the molecules move much faster and farther apart. When the water gets colder, the molecules get closer together and move less and slower.

Answer:because they run out of energy when it is transferred and to other objects, or their kinetic energy

Explanation:

Answer:

The kind of bond formed depends on the identity of the bonding atoms and the shape of the molecule formed for covalent bonds.

Explanation:

There are various kinds of chemical bonds that could be present in a compound;

I) ionic bond

ii) covalent bond

iii) metallic bond

The kind of bond present in the compound depends on the elements involved in the bond. Metals and nonmetals mostly form ionic bonds win which electrons are transferred from metal to nonmetal.

Nonmetals commonly form covalent bonds with each other by sharing electrons in single, double and triple bonds. One may decide if the bond between two elements is ionic, covalent or polar covalent by looking at the electro negativity difference between the bonding atoms as well as the observed molecular geometry.

Finally, two metals are bonded by metallic bonds. This is the kind of bonds found in metallic crystals.

Answer:

The valency of sulphur in SO2 is 4.

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Answer:

Here boron-11 means the name of the element is boron and the mass number is 11

Explanation:

The proposal of the periodic table was based upon properties that appeared with some regularity by laying out the elements from lightest to heaviest.

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The opposite of the words given include the following below:

a. boiling - cooling

b. melting - freezing.

This is referred to as a physical process which involves the conversion of a solid to a liquid such as from ice to liquid water.

The opposite of this is freezing which involves solidification and can be described as the conversion of a liquid to solid.

Boiling on the other hand involves the application of heat to a substance while the opposite will be reduction of heat which is referred to as cooling thereby making them the correct choices.

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Answer:

The "kinetic particle theory" explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases. There are energy changes when changes in state occur.

When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster.

As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases.

The motion and spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the substance. The end result of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes up more space.

Answer:

Plants can split starch into it's simpler glucose units for use as energy when needed. Cellulose is known as a structural carbohydrate because of the fibers formed by it's molecules. It is the major component of plant cell walls and comprises over half of the carbon found on planets.

Explanation:

I majored in Chemistry

The permanganate ion (MnO₄⁻) reacts with the oxalate ion (C₂O₄²⁻) in a basic solution to form the carbonate ion and manganese(iv) oxide. The balanced equation for this reaction is as;

2MnO₄⁻ + 3C₂O₄⁻² + 4OH⁻ → 2MnO₂ + 6CO₃⁻² + 2H₂O

The reaction between potassium permanganate and sodium oxalate results in the reduction of potassium permanganate while the oxidation of sodium oxalate. To be more exact, the carbon atom in the oxalate anion will receive electrons, causing it to become reduced, while the manganese atom will lose electrons, causing it to become oxidised. The reaction will be as:

2MnO₄⁻ + 3C₂O₄⁻² + 4OH⁻ → 2MnO₂ + 6CO₃⁻² + 2H₂O

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Answer:

Due to the accumulation of static charges/due to static electricity

0.54g is the mass of carbon in  0.045 moles of carbon. Elementary particles shared the same quantity of matter.

A body's mass is an inherent attribute. Until the discoveries of the atom as well as particle physics, it was thought to be tied to the amount of matter inside a physical body. It was discovered that various atoms and elementary particles shared the same quantity of matter.

mole = given mass/ molar mass

substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get

0.045 moles = mass/ 12

mass =0.045×12= 0.54g

Therefore, 0.54g is the mass of carbon in  0.045 moles of carbon.

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Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic addition reactions due to the difference in their electronic and steric effects.

Electronic effects arise from the presence of a hydrogen atom directly attached to the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes, which makes them more electrophilic compared to ketones.

The electron-withdrawing nature of the hydrogen atom increases the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, making it more susceptible to attack by nucleophiles. In contrast, ketones lack this hydrogen atom and have two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon, which reduces the electrophilicity of the carbon atom.

Steric effects also play a role in the reactivity difference. Aldehydes have a smaller alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon compared to ketones, resulting in less steric hindrance. This allows nucleophiles to approach and attack the carbonyl carbon more easily in aldehydes.

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Answer:

option no. C is correct

an electron in the 3d

The percent sodium nitrate in the solution Molarity, molality, or % can be used to express a substance's concentration.

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Molarity (M) is a unit of concentration used in chemistry. It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter (L) of solution. The unit of molarity is expressed as moles per liter (mol/L) or M.

Molarity is commonly used to describe the concentration of solutions. It is particularly useful in performing calculations involving chemical reactions, dilutions, and stoichiometry.

Given information,

Moles of solute = 0.6 mol

The volume of solution = 0.250L

The formula of molarity is:

Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution

Molarity (M) = 0.6/0.250

Molarity (M) = 2.4 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 2.4 M.

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41.2 litres of Nitrogen dioxide will be produced.

28.9g NO x (1 mol NO / 30.01g NO) = 0.963 mol NO

0.963 mol NO x (1 mol O2 / 1 mol NO) = 0.963 mol O2

0.963 mol O2 x (31.98g O2 / 1 mol O2) = 30.8g O2

30.8 grams of oxygen gas are required for the complete reaction of  the 28.9 grams of nitrogen monoxide.

Charles' law states that the volume of a given gas sample under constant pressure is precisely proportional to its absolute temperature. Boyle's law states that, for a given amount of gas and constant temperature, the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.

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The correct order of the increasing polarity of the analyte functional group isEthers < Esters.

The given statement is "Polarities of analyte functional group increase in the order of hydrocarbon ethers < esters."  The order of polarities of functional groups is the order of their increasing polarity (i.e., less polar to more polar) based on their electron-donating or withdrawing ability from the rest of the molecule.Polarity of analyte: The analyte's polarity is directly proportional to the dipole moment of the functional group, which is associated with a difference in electronegativity between the atoms that make up the functional group.The electronegativity of an element is its ability to attract electrons towards itself. The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar their bond, and hence the greater the polarity of the molecule.

To find the correct order of the increasing polarity of the analyte functional group, let's first compare the two groups: hydrocarbon ethers and esters. Here, esters have a carbonyl group while ethers have an oxygen atom with two alkyl or aryl groups. The carbonyl group has more electronegative oxygen, which pulls electrons away from the carbon atom, resulting in a polar molecule. On the other hand, ethers have a less polar oxygen atom with two alkyl or aryl groups, making them less polar than esters. Therefore, the correct order of the increasing polarity of the analyte functional group isEthers < Esters.

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A liquid

B solid

c gas

the internolecular forces in a solid state are packed and leave no spaces and in a liquid are semi packed and leave little space and in gas the particles are loose

The radioactive isotope Technium-99 decays most likely through alpha decay (99tc). An atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle during the radioactive decay process known as "alpha decay".

and then changes or "decays" into a separate atomic nucleus with a mass number that is decreased by four and an atomic number that is decreased by two. The nucleus of an atom of helium-4 is the same as an alpha particle. Radioisotopes are an element's radioactive isotopes. They are the atoms with unstable neutron-proton combinations or excess energy in their nuclei. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to experience radioactive decay, albeit the surplus energy may be put to use in any number of ways.

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Rutherford conclusion was: Inside of the gold atom consists of empty spaces.

Rutherford theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus.

This was famous Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment: he bombarded thin foil of gold with positive alpha particles (helium atom particles, consist of two protons and two neutrons).

Rutherford observed the deflection of alpha particles on the photographic film and notice that most of alpha particles passed straight through foil.

That is different from Plum Pudding model, because it shows that most of the atom is empty space.

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The provided information does not include the values for osmotic pressure. To determine the osmotic pressure in mmHg, specific data or a relationship between osmolarity and osmotic pressure is required.

To convert molarity (mM) to osmolarity (mOsM), we need to consider the number of particles formed when the solute dissociates. For NaCl, it dissociates into two particles: Na+ and Cl-. For glucose, it remains as a single particle.

5mM NaCl:

Osmolarity (mOsM): 10 mOsM (since NaCl dissociates into 2 particles)

Osmotic pressure (mmHg): A (specific value not provided)

10mM NaCl:

Osmolarity (mOsM): 20 mOsM (since NaCl dissociates into 2 particles)

Osmotic pressure (mmHg): A (specific value not provided)

8mM Glucose:

Osmolarity (mOsM): 8 mOsM (since glucose remains as a single particle)

Osmotic pressure (mmHg): A (specific value not provided)

1mOsM solute:

Osmotic pressure (mmHg): A (specific value not provided)

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Answer:You need to do a lab experiment where hydrogen gas is generated. In order to calculate the yield of gas, you have to know the pressure inside the tube where the gas is collected. But how can you get a barometer in there? Very simple: you don’t. All you need is the atmospheric pressure in the room. As the gas pushed out the water, it is pushing against the atmosphere, so the pressure inside is equal to the pressure outside.

Gas Collection by Water Displacement

Gases that are produced in laboratory experiments are often collected by a technique called water displacement (see Figure below). A bottle is filled with water and placed upside-down in a pan of water. The reaction flask is fitted with rubber tubing which is then fed under the bottle of water. As the gas is produced in the reaction flask, it exits through the rubber tubing and displaces the water in the bottle. When the bottle is full of the gas, it can be sealed with a lid.

A gas produced in a chemical reaction can be collected by water displacement.

[Figure 2]

A gas produced in a chemical reaction can be collected by water displacement.

Because the gas is collected over water, it is not pure but is mixed with vapor from the evaporation of the water. Dalton’s law can be used to calculate the amount of the desired gas by subtracting the contribution of the water vapor.

In order to solve a problem, it is necessary to know the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the reaction (see Table below). The sample problem illustrates the use of Dalton’s law when a gas is collected over water.

Vapor Pressure of Water (mmHg) at Selected Temperatures (°C)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

4.58 6.54 9.21 12.79 17.54 23.76 31.82 42.18 55.32 71.88 92.51 118.04 149.38 187.54 233.7

Sample Problem: Gas Collected by Water Displacement

A certain experiment generates 2.58 L of hydrogen gas, which is collected over water. The temperature is 20°C and the atmospheric pressure is 98.60 kPa. Find the volume that the dry hydrogen would occupy at STP.

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known

Unknown

The atmospheric pressure is converted from kPa to mmHg in order to match units with the table. The sum of the pressures of the hydrogen and the water vapor is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the hydrogen is found by subtraction. Then, the volume of the gas at STP can be calculated by using the combined gas law.

Step 2: Solve.

Now the combined gas law is used, solving for

, the volume of hydrogen at STP.

Step 3: Think about your result.

If the hydrogen gas were to be collected at STP and without the presence of the water vapor, its volume would be 2.28 L. This is less than the actual collected volume because some of that is water vapor. The conversion using STP is useful for stoichiometry purposes.

Summary

The vapor pressure due to water in a sample can be corrected for in order to get the true value for the pressure of the gas.

Review

Why is gas collected over water not pure?

Why would we want to correct for water vapor?

In a lab, 2.20 L of gas is collected over water at a temperature of 30°C and a total pressure of 735.43 mmHg. Find the volume that the dry nitrogen of gas would occupy at STP.

Explore More

Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.

What was the thistle tube used for?

How did the instructor tests for oxygen?

What would have happened to the splint if carbon dioxide had been collected?

Explanation: