Compare the observed genotype frequencies you just calculated with the genotype frequencies expected if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. At day 7, is the seedling population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, or is evolution occurring? (A) The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (B) The population is evolving, and there appears to be selection for genotype CGCG . (C) The population is evolving, and there appears to be selection against genotype CGCY . (D) The population is evolving, and there appears to be selection for genotype CYCY .
Answers
The correct answer is option (B) The population is evolving, and there appears to be selection for genotype CGCG.
When comparing the observed genotype frequencies with the expected genotype frequencies if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can determine if the population is in equilibrium or if evolution is occurring. If the observed genotype frequencies match the expected genotype frequencies, then the population is in equilibrium. If the observed genotype frequencies do not match the expected genotype frequencies, then the population is evolving. In this case, the observed genotype frequencies for the seedling population at day 7 are:
CC: 20, CG: 45, CY: 35, GG: 0, GY: 0, YY: 0
The expected genotype frequencies can be calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1,
where p is the frequency of the C allele and q is the frequency of the Y allele. The allele frequencies can be calculated from the observed genotype frequencies as follows:
p = (2 × CC + CG) / (2 × total number of individuals) = (2 × 20 + 45) / (2 × 100) = 0.425q = (2 × YY + GY) / (2 × total number of individuals) = (2 × 0) / (2 × 100) = 0
The expected genotype frequencies can then be calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
CC: p2 = (0.425)2 × 100 = 18.06CG: 2pq = 2 × 0.425 × 0 × 100 = 0CY: 2pq = 2 × 0.425 × 0.575 × 100 = 48.81GG: q2 = (0)2 × 100 = 0GY: 2pq = 2 × 0 × 0.575 × 100 = 0YY: q2 = (0)2 × 100 = 0
The expected genotype frequencies are:
CC: 18.06, CG: 0, CY: 48.81, GG: 0, GY: 0, YY: 0
Comparing the observed genotype frequencies with the expected genotype frequencies, we can see that there is a difference between the observed and expected frequencies for the CG and CY genotypes. The observed frequency of the CG genotype is higher than the expected frequency, while the observed frequency of the CY genotype is lower than the expected frequency. This suggests that there is selection occurring against the CY genotype and for the CG genotype. Therefore, the correct answer is option (B) The population is evolving, and there appears to be selection for genotype CGCG.
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Related Questions
what are the 2 parts of the central nervous system
Answers
Answer:
brain and spinal cord.
Explanation:
The two parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the spinal cord.
Chose all of the reasons why a cell needs to divide.
A.For the growth of the tissues and organs of an organsim
B.To make genetically identical copies
C.To replace worn out or damaged cells
D.To replace dead cells
E.None of the above
Answers
Answer:
To replace worn out or damaged cells
5.when researchers compare a gene in closely related species, why is it logical to infer that positive natural selection has taken place if replacement substitutions outnumber silent substitutions?
Answers
Answer:
It is logical to infer positive natural selection has taken place if replacement substitutions outnumber silent substitutions BECAUSE,
Positive selection and functional changes,Purifying selection and conservation, Neutral evolution as a baseline
Explanation:
If the number of replacement substitutions exceeds the number of silent substitutions, it suggests that positive natural selection has likely occurred. Here's why:
1. Positive selection and functional changes: Positive natural selection occurs when a particular genetic variation provides an advantage to an organism, improving its fitness in its environment.
Replacement substitutions are more likely to result in changes to the protein's amino acid sequence, potentially leading to functional changes that could confer a selective advantage.
Therefore, an excess of replacement substitutions suggests that the gene has undergone adaptive changes driven by positive selection.
2. Purifying selection and conservation: On the other hand, silent substitutions are generally considered to be selectively neutral because they do not affect the protein's function.
If a gene is under purifying selection (negative selection), it means that deleterious mutations that alter the protein's function are eliminated from the population, resulting in a high conservation of amino acids.
In this case, the number of silent substitutions would be expected to outnumber replacement substitutions.
3. Neutral evolution as a baseline: If a gene is evolving neutrally, the number of replacement substitutions would be roughly equal to the number of silent substitutions over time.
Therefore, an excess of replacement substitutions suggests a departure from neutral evolution, indicating the presence of positive selection.
It is important to note that additional analyses and statistical tests are usually performed to confirm the presence of positive selection definitively.
However, an excess of replacement substitutions compared to silent substitutions provides a logical inference that positive natural selection has likely acted on the gene.
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People who contract this viral infection are often unaware of symptoms and may become chronic carriers. What is the name of this asymptomatic disorder?.
Answers
An infection without symptoms also known as inapparent or subclinical infection.
What viral infections are capable of creating a chronic carrier state?
HBV and HCV acute infections can also progress to chronic infections. Patients with a long-term infection run the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). In addition, individuals with chronic hepatitis continue to be contagious and can spread the illness for years.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria: What does that mean?When bacteria are isolated in a urine sample that has been properly obtained from a person who does not have symptoms of a urinary tract infection, this condition is referred to as asymptomatic bacteriuria (UTI).
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in ______, nuclear membranes break down, but in _____ nuclear membranes form
Answers
Answer:
lysosomal active, nuclear membrane breaks down
An unripe fruit changes color when it ripens. The reason being:
a. chromoplasts change to chlorophyll
b. chromoplasts change to chromosomes
c. chromosomes change to chromoplasts
d. chloroplasts change to chromoplasts
e. none of the above
Answers
Answer:
d. chloroplasts change to chromoplasts
Answer: D.(chloroplasts change to chromoplasts
Explanation:
Mention the different types of flavoproteins
in text please
Answers
The different types of flаvoproteins аre flаvoproteins contаin flаvin mononucleotide (FMN), flаvoproteins contаin FАD, flаvin-dependent hаlogenаses, аnd coenzyme F420-dependent flаvoproteins.
Flаvoproteins аre proteins thаt contаin flаvin mononucleotide (FMN) or flаvin аdenine dinucleotide (FАD) аs cofаctors. Here аre the different types of flаvoproteins:
1.Type I: These flаvoproteins contаin flаvin mononucleotide (FMN) аs their prosthetic group. They аct аs coenzymes in biologicаl systems, tаking pаrt in vаrious redox reаctions.
2. Type II: These flаvoproteins contаin FАD аs their prosthetic group аnd аre involved in energy generаtion, electron trаnsport chаins, аnd the regulаtion of enzymes.
3. Type III: These flаvoproteins аre flаvin-dependent hаlogenаses, аnd they use FАD аs their prosthetic group. These enzymes аre responsible for the selective hаlogenаtion of orgаnic compounds.
4. Type IV: The coenzyme F420-dependent flаvoproteins аre involved in energy generаtion, electron trаnsfer, аnd oxidаtion-reduction reаctions. They contаin а reduced form of FАD, known аs F420H2, аs their cofаctor.
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Genetics experiments on the breeding of plants or animals are based on the laws of probability
Answers
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Answer:
True
Explanation:
A population of mice occupies a tree stump in a forest. During the last decade, there has been little change in the number of mice in the population. Which of the following would likely cause the number of mice to decrease quickly?
Responses
A a decrease in diseasea decrease in disease
B an increase in predationan increase in predation
C an increase in length of mating seasonan increase in length of mating season
D a decrease in competition
Answers
The most plausible choice that would cause the number of mice to decrease quickly is an increase in predation.
The most likely option that would cause the number of mice to decrease quickly in this scenario is:
An increase in predation.
If the population of predators that prey on mice, such as owls, snakes or other predators, increases significantly, it would put additional pressure on the mouse population.
With more predators hunting and consuming mice, the population would decline at a faster rate.
A decrease in disease would have a different effect.
If there were a decrease in disease, it could potentially lead to improved overall health and survival rates among the mice might result in a stable or even increasing population.
An increase in the length of the mating season would generally lead to more opportunities for reproduction, potentially resulting in an increase in the mouse population rather than a decrease.
A decrease in competition might also result in an increase in the mouse population, as reduced competition for resources would allow for better survival and reproduction rates.
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Does bitter gourd reduce sugar level?
Answers
Yes, it does. This is because it contains a compound called Polypeptide-P, which is similar to insulin and helps reduce blood sugar level.
Sunil is just the opposite of Thomas. He runs a small resort-style hotel. He is very friendly and allows the employees to
take care of the different areas of the hotel without his input. Sometimes, however, there are problems because
employees don't know what to do. His style of leadership is known as:
participant
laissez-faire
autocratic
democratic
Answers
Laissez-faire is a type of leadership that Sunil follows in order to run his small resort-style hotel. He allows his employees to take care of his hotel without his input.
What is the Laissez-faire leadership?Laissez-faire leaders have a sense of dependability and trust in their employees. They don't micromanage, spend too much time immersed in their work, or give out too much direction. Laissez-faire leaders, on the other hand, give their team members the freedom to use their initiative, resources, and knowledge to promote their objectives.
Who are some famous proponents of the free market?The libertarian businessman of the 20th century in America is Andrew Mellon. The great philanthropist and businessman Mellon was equally at home in politics, business, and finance.
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which statement correctly describes the relation skip between genes, proteins, and traits?
Answers
Answer:
B, I think
Explanation:
Answer:
inherited traits carry the instructions for individual genes
Explanation:
what is an organism’s niche? the physical environment of the organism the role that an organism plays in the environment the traits that increase an organism’s survival the competitors and predators of the organism
Answers
A better understanding of an organism's niche can help us understand how it is likely to interact with other organisms in the environment, what its food sources are, and how it contributes to the overall balance of the ecosystem.
An organism's niche refers to the role that it plays in its environment and its interaction with other organisms as well as its physical environment. It is a term used in ecology to refer to the specific area that an organism occupies and the function or purpose that the organism serves within that environment. An organism's niche is not just the physical environment of the organism, but also the role that it plays in the environment. The niche of an organism is defined by the traits that increase its survival and the competition or predation that it may face. Therefore, the correct answer is the role that an organism plays in the environment.
A niche can be viewed as a summary of an organism's adaptation to its environment. It incorporates all aspects of the organism's environment, including the physical environment, the competition and predators that exist, and the various factors that help the organism to survive and reproduce. In essence, an organism's niche describes how the organism fits into the ecosystem as a whole and what role it plays in that ecosystem.
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When there is little water in its habitat, the walking catfish can use its pectoral fins to move on land. Which of these will MOST LIKELY happen to a population of walking catfish if over millions of years all surrounding water dries up?
A. The population is likely to evolve to have weaker pectoral fins.
B.
The population is likely to evolve to have stronger pectoral fins.
C.
Walking catfish with stronger pectoral fins and those with weaker pectoral fins will both become extinct.
D.
Walking catfish with stronger pectoral fins and those with weaker pectoral fins will both survive, so evolution is unlikely to occur.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
its maybe the most common sense
The population of bacteria in a jar grows at a rate proportional to the number of bacteria present at time t. Initially the jar has 20 bacteria. After 8 hours, it is observed that 50 bacteria are present. How many bacteria will there be after 72 hours? You need to set up the differential equation and give an explicit solution.
Answers
Answer: Therefore, there will be 15,625 bacteria after 72 hours.
Explanation:
Let N(t) be the number of bacteria at time t. The rate of change of bacteria is proportional to the number of bacteria present, so we have:
dN/dt = kN
where k is the constant of proportionality.
Using the initial condition N(0) = 20, we can solve for k:
N(0) = 20
N(t) = N(0)e^(kt)
50 = 20e^(8k)
ln(50/20) = 8k
k = ln(5/2)/8
Now, we can find N(72):
N(72) = 20e^(72k)
N(72) = 20e^(9ln(5/2))
N(72) = 20(5/2)^9
N(72) = 15625
Therefore, there will be 15,625 bacteria after 72 hours.
Dna can be cut into specific nucleotide sequences by:.
Answers
Answer:
Restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, recognized a specific sequence of nucleotides in double stranded DNA and cut the DNA at specific location.
what is definition biological evolution?
Answers
The heritable characteristics of a population alter via evolution when fresh generations of an organism population replace older ones. Populations of organisms change over time rather than individual creatures.
In biology, evolution is the term used to describe the gradual change in the heritable features of biological populations over many generations. Genes, which are passed from parent to child during reproduction, manifest themselves as certain features. Variation within a population is typically caused through genetic recombination and mutation. Certain features become more or less prominent within a population as a result of the work that evolutionary mechanisms like natural selection and genetic drift do on this diversity. Evolution occurs at this point. Heritable traits evolve over time as a result of changing evolutionary forces that determine whether a trait is prevalent or rare in a population. The outcome of this evolutionary process has been the creation of biodiversity at every level of biological organization.
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natural killer (nk) cells and the inflammatory response are examples of which line of defense?
Answers
Answer:Second Line of Defense
Explanation:
Natural killer (NK) cells and the inflammatory response are part of the second line of defense in the immune system. The first line of defense is physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid.
The second line of defense involves the non-specific immune response, which includes NK cells and inflammation. NK cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in the early immune response by identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells. Inflammation is a complex response involving a series of events that work to eliminate harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and initiate the healing process.
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Abiotic are the _____ elements that are important to support life.
Answers
Proteins are composed of amino acids that contain a(n) ____________ group (labeled a), a(n) ____________ group (labeled b), and a variable r group.
Answers
Proteins are composed of amino acids that contain an amino group (labeled a), an acid group (labeled b), and a variable r group.
Proteins are complex biomolecules and are composed of multiple chains of amino acid subunits.
The amino acids are joined together through peptide linkage and are the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins are present in all living things and various biological substances are categorized as proteins such as hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.
Moreover, they are manufactured in ribosomes and play an essential role in the human body such as regulating cells, organs, and tissues' functions.
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HELP PLS
a.) How bad is pollution in our community?
b.) What do you do every day that adds to pollution?
c.) What do you do every day that helps to reduce pollution?
d.) Is there a lot of pollution in our country?
Answers
In my community, there is not much pollution.
To protect himself from pollution, I always use mask for safety.
To reduce the pollution I fall water in road etc, and I request people to use mask, Hankey.
yes.
What are the 5 notes from magic school bus goes on air (the most 5 important things they say)
Answers
Answer:
1. Ms. Frizzle’s kids trap air in containers and discover that air is pushy stuff.
2. How do you know that air is real? (One way: Feel wind, breath.)
3. The students explore how air pressure can hold up heavy objects.
4 and 5 are attached in an image below.
Explanation:
The ascomycetous mold Penicillium griseus produces the antibiotic penicillin and secretes it. Why is the fungus not killed by the antibiotic
Answers
Deuteromycota are the blemished parasites. Sexual generation has never been seen in them. Penicillium doesn't appear to have a genuine sexual stage, and hence, it is calssified under Deteromycota. It is multicellular and has asexual conidiophores in its erect hyphae.
Anaerobic activities include things like HIIT (heated interval training), weightlifting, circuit training, yoga, and other forms of strength training. This type of exercise has many positive health effects. It's an incredible procedure to build your cardiovascular endurance, develop and hold strong mass, and shed pounds.
Anaerobic respiration is the term for respiration without oxygen. The muscles of humans engage in this respiration after strenuous activity. To deliver energy, muscle cells breakdown natural material.
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Explain how body cells (somatic) and sex cells (gametes) are made up from chromosomes?
Answers
ﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟAnswer:ﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟ
Somatic cells are produced through the cell division process of mitosis. ... Cells with two copies of each chromosome are called diploid. Sperm and egg cells, called gametes, are formed through meiosis, which is a slightly different cell division process that results in the cells having only one copy of each chromosome.
ﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟExplanation:ﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟ
Human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes. A somatic cell contains two matched sets of chromosomes, a configuration known as diploid. ... Human cells that contain one set of 23 chromosomes are called gametes, or sex cells; these eggs and sperm are designated n, or haploid.
ﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟﾟ+*:ꔫ:*﹤ ﹥*:ꔫ:*+ﾟﾟ+
Which system creates blood cells?
Answers
Answer:
System of creating new blood cells is called hematopoiesis
EXPLANATION:-
Haemtapoesis is process by which cellular components of blood are formed.In adults site where haematopoesis takes place is Bone Marrow.Here Multipotent hematopoetic stem cells are present(HSCs).In the prenatal stage, haematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the first weeks of embryonic development and transitions to the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and finally in the bone marrow continuing for lifetime.PROCESS OF HEMATOPOESIS
HSCs divide generating daughter cells. Some daughter cells retain the stem-cell characteristics of the mother cell having property of self self-renewing and able to give rise to all blood cell types. While other daughter cells differentiate into progenitor cell that lose their self-renewal capacity and giving rise to a particular blood cell lineage.Therefore, early in hematopoiesis, a multipotent stem cells differentiates along one of two pathways, giving rise to either a common lymphoid progenitor cells or a common myeloid progenitor cells.Then, relying upon the cytokines and resulting transcription factors that are activated, the myeloid progenitor can differentiate into a myeloblast.This myeloblast leads to granulocyte (basophils, eosinophils, or neutrophils) or monocyte (macrophages and dendritic cell) development.Also, it leads to the differentiation of megakaryocytes into platelets, or erythroblasts into erythrocytes.Lymphoid dendritic cells can form directly from the common lymphoid progenitor.Furthermore, the differentiation of the common lymphoid progenitor into a lymphoblast results the further development of natural killer cells or lymphocytes (T and B cells).Once B cells get activated in secondary lymphoid organs, it further differentiate into plasma cells.These plasma cells secrete antibodies.Regulation of Haematopoiesis:
Hematopoiesis is largely regulated by the presence of cytokines.
These cytokines are responsible for regulating the differentiation of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells into specific cell types by the activation of transcription factors.
The cytokines is very important for differentiation of particular cell types otherwise animal dies during embryogenesis.
What is one way that matter moves from
the geosphere to the hydrosphere?
Answers
Answer:
Water in the geosphere can be discharged into surface water, becoming part of the hydrosphere once again, or it could be drawn up into the roots of a plant and become part of the biosphere. Water in the biosphere can be released into the atmosphere through transpiration in plants, or respiration in animals.
Identify three advantages and three disadvantages of bioplastics.
Answers
Answer:
The three advantages of bioplastics
Reduction of greenhouse gas emission.Saving fossil fuels.Possibility of using a local resource.The three disadvantages of bioplastics
Bioplastics won't biodegrade in a landfill. Bioplastics encourage people to litter more. Bioplastics contaminate plastic recycling streams.Start a discussion on Homeostasis. List facts and opinions, then compare and contrast.
Answers
Answer:
- Homeostasis is the ability of living systems to maintain a steady and uniform internal environment to allow the normal functioning of the systems.
- It is the tendency to achieve equilibrium against various natural and environmental factors.
- Homeostasis results in a dynamic equilibrium, where continuous changes keep on taking place, and yet steady conditions are maintained.
- Homeostasis is mainly involved in managing various internal variables of the living system like body temperature, pH of various fluids, the concentration of different ions, and the body sugar level.
- A number of regulatory mechanisms are employed to resist changes in the body against environmental and bodily factors.
- Homeostasis can be maintained by separate organs or by the entire body at once.
Maintaining homeostasis/Homeostasis Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by a complex system that consists of individual units working in a particular sequence to balance a given variable. All homeostasis mechanisms consist of four separate units, which are:
1. Stimulus
The stimulus is something that results in changes within the system involving the variable.
The stimulus represents that the variable has moved away from its normal range, initiating the process of homeostasis.
One example of this is the increased temperature of the body above 37°C due to various causes. The increased temperature indicates that the temperature of the body has gone higher than its higher range.
2. Sensor/ Receptor
The sensor or receptor is the sensing unit of homeostasis, where it monitors and responds to the changes in the body.
The changes in the system are realized by the sensor, which then sends the information to the control unit.
The nerve cells and receptors like thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors are examples of sensor/ receptors.
3. Control unit
Once the information is sent to the control unit, it tallies the changed value to its normal value.
If the value is different from the normal value, the control center activates the effectors against the stimulus.
The thermoregulatory unit in the hypothalamus of the brain that controls the temperature of the body is an example of the control unit.
4. Effector
Effectors can be muscles, organs, glands, or other similar structures that are activated as a result of the signal from the control unit.
An effector is a target which is acted upon by the control unit to bring the value of variable back to normal.
The effector essentially counteracts the stimulus to nullify its effect.
In the case of thermoregulation, the sweat glands are effectors that are acted upon by the thermoregulatory unit to produce sweat so as to bring the value of body temperature back to its normal value.
I need help ASAP
Earth is a sphere with 360 degrees. It rotates upon its axis once every 24 hours. How many degrees will a star have appeared to move in one hour?
Answer choice
0
180
15
23.5
Answers
The degree in which a star appears to move in one hour is 15° and is denoted as option C.
What is Rotation?This is referred to as the circular movement of an object around a central axis such as that of the earth which rotates on its axis once a day.
Since the earth rotation takes about 23 hours and 56 minutes and is at an angle of 361° then we can calculate the per hour by the following below:
Since 24 hours = 1 day
Then 361°/24 = 15° then the number of degrees will a star have appeared to move in one hour.
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without a gallbladder, a person would be unable to produce bile by __________.
Answers
Cause liver produces bile and is stored in the gallbladder
Answer:
its false
Explanation:
edge 2023