Cellular respiration​

Answer: the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, is a freshwater poecilid fish native to the southeastern United States but with a global distribution due to widespread human introduction. Gambusia affinis has been used as a model species for a broad range of evolutionary and ecological studies. We sequenced the genome of a male G. affinis to facilitate genetic studies in diverse fields including invasion biology and comparative genetics. We generated Illumina short-read data from paired-end libraries and in vitro proximity-ligation libraries. We obtained 54.9× coverage, an N50 contig length of 17.6 kb, and an N50 scaffold length of 6.65 Mb. Compared to two other species in the Poeciliidae family, G. affinis has slightly fewer genes that have shorter total, exon, and intron lengths on average. Using a set of universal single-copy orthologs in fish genomes, we found 95.5% of these genes were complete in the G. affinis assembly. The number of transposable elements in the G. affinis assembly is similar to those of closely related species. The high-quality genome sequence and annotations we report will be valuable resources for scientists to map the genetic architecture of traits of interest in this species. Copyright © 2018, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics.

Explanation:

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To accurately determine the number of codons that are different between humans and cows in the given portion of the DNA sequence for insulin, the specific DNA sequence would need to be provided. Without the actual DNA sequence, it is not possible to determine the exact number of different codons.

However, in general, it is known that there are genetic differences between species, including humans and cows. These genetic differences can lead to variations in the DNA sequence, including differences in codons. Insulin, being a protein, is encoded by a specific DNA sequence that is translated into amino acids using the genetic code.

By comparing the DNA sequences of insulin in humans and cows, it is possible to identify the specific codons that differ between the two species. The number of different codons would depend on the extent of genetic variation in that particular portion of the DNA sequence.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

The average diameter of superbubbles is 15.1 cm and the average diameter of regular soap bubbles is 11.5.

The mean obtained by obtaining the ratio of the sum of total values in a set of data and the total number of values in a given data is called the average of the data.

The formula for average had several applications. The average number of people suffering from a disease can help in the study of the disease.

The average is calculated by finding the sum of numbers and dividing it by the total values of numbers.

Thus

The average diameter of superbubbles =

\(\frac{15+10+12+18+22+13+16+18+15+12 }{10} = 15.1\)

The average diameter of regular bubbles =

\(\frac{10+5+16+11+12+11+15+15+6}{10} =11.5\)

Therefore, the average diameter of superbubbles is greater than the average diameter of regular bubbles.

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Accessory structures such as hair and glands develop from the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin.

The epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin, plays a crucial role in the development of accessory structures such as hair and glands. During embryonic development, specific regions of the epidermis undergo specialization and differentiation to form these structures.

Hair follicles, which give rise to hair, develop from invaginations or downgrowths of the epidermis called hair germ. The hair germ differentiates into hair follicles, which consist of a hair shaft and a root surrounded by supportive structures like the hair bulb and hair papilla.

Similarly, various types of glands in the skin, including sebaceous glands (which produce sebum) and sweat glands, also originate from the epidermis. These glands develop as outgrowths or buds from the epidermal layer, and their subsequent differentiation and maturation result in the formation of functional glandular structures.

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\(\huge\mathcal{Wsp}\)

The multiple control groups are used in the experiment so as to increase the accuracy, consistency and reliability of the results. As if one control group contains contaminants it may produce errors in the experiment. To avoid error and enhance error and increase accuracy multiple control groups are used.

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The best choice relates to wolff law of bones is The amount of blood flow to bone tissue so the correct option is B.

Wolff's law is developed by the German anatomist and the surgeon Julius Wolff in the 19th century, states that all the bone in a all the  healthy animal will be adapt to the loads under which it was placed. If loading on that particular bone increases, the bone will be then remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that sort of all the loading.

Wolff's Law is the idea that all the natural healthy bones that will adapt and change to adapt to the stress that it is subjected to. For example, if the bones are to be subjected to heavier and the heavier loads, they will naturally reconstruct themselves to the accommodate that weight.

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A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a fibroblast.

A fibroblast is a cell forming fibrous connective tissue which reinforces and joins other tissues or organs in the body. Fibroblasts produce collagen proteins which help regulate the constitutional frame of tissues.

They also play a critical role in healing wounds. They can be derived by means of an easy skin biopsy from an individual. They can be cultured in the laboratory and can be utilized later for further research.

These cells can be developed in an incubator after which they can be frozen. However, they can be revived in the future whenever needed for different studies.

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Answer:

trisomy

Explanation:

The prefix tri- means three

The prefix di-means two

The prefix tetra- means four

Answer:

The answer is Trisomy.

Explanation:

The word "Tri-" means having three times the single amount of something.

Answer: Oxygen bubbles will form, and that's when one can tell that catalase has been added.

Answer: The three stages of aerobic cellular respiration are glycolysis (an anaerobic process), the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Explanation: Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen).

Answer:

heterozygous

Explanation:

the answer is C

The statements that are true about frequency-dependent selection are: Negative frequency-dependent selection leads to balanced polymorphism, and positive frequency-dependent selection leads to fixation of one allele or the other.

Frequency-dependent selection is a form of selection where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a population. In positive frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common, leading to the fixation of one allele or the other. This means that one allele will eventually dominate the population, while the other disappears. In contrast, negative frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype decreases as it becomes more common, leading to balanced polymorphism. This results in the maintenance of multiple alleles in the population, as rare phenotypes have a higher fitness and are more likely to persist.

In summary, positive frequency-dependent selection can lead to the fixation of one allele, while negative frequency-dependent selection promotes balanced polymorphism, maintaining multiple alleles in a population.

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The electron transport chain, commonly referred to as the oxidative phosphorylation process, is made up of four protein complexes that work together to combine redox events to create an electrochemical gradient that leads to the synthesis of ATP.

In mitochondria, both cellular respiration and photosynthesis take occur. When organic molecules break down in the former, electron transport chain (ETC), energy and electrons are also released. In the latter, the electrons join the chain after being triggered by light, and the energy released is used to produce carbohydrates. A sequence of proteins that the electrons in the electron transport chain (ETC) move through raises its reduction potential, causing an energy release. Pumping hydrogen ions (H+) creates a proton gradient, which increases the acidity in the intermembrane gap by creating an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge within.

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Answer:

The correct option is d. Protein.

A bacterium decides which proteins to make at what time based on the specific needs and conditions it experiences.

Therefore, they have evolved regulatory systems to control the production of proteins in response to their environment and cellular needs. This process typically involves the binding of specific molecules, called transcription factors or repressors, to the DNA, which either activate or inhibit the expression of certain genes. By regulating gene expression in this way, bacteria can selectively produce proteins that are necessary for their growth and survival under the specific conditions they encounter at any given time.

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A bacterium decides which proteins to make at what time based on its current needs and environmental conditions.

Here is a step-by-step explanation:

In summary, a bacterium decides which proteins to make and when by continuously producing essential proteins, responding to environmental signals, and regulating gene expression to prevent the wastage of energy on unneeded proteins.

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1. Derivational morphology refers to the process of forming new words by adding affixes, such as prefixes or suffixes, to the base form of a word. The affixes change the meaning or part of speech of the base word.

For example:
  - By adding the prefix "un-" to the word "happy," we get the word "unhappy," which means not happy.
 

2. Inflectional morphology involves the modification of a word to indicate grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, or case, without changing its core meaning. Examples include:
  - Adding "-s" to the noun "cat" to indicate plural, resulting in "cats."
  - Modifying the verb "run" to "ran" to indicate past tense.

3. Back formation is a process where a new word is created by removing a supposed affix from an existing word. It usually occurs when speakers mistakenly analyze a word as having an affix that is not actually there.

For example:
  - The noun "editor" was formed through back formation from the word "editorial."
  - The verb "enthuse" was created through back formation from the noun "enthusiasm."

4. Compounds are formed by combining two or more words to create a new word with a distinct meaning. The words can be connected without any changes or with modifications.

Examples include:
  - "Blackboard" is formed by combining the words "black" and "board," referring to a dark writing surface.


References:
- English Morphology (https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/morphology.html)

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Answer:

theres no expirement attached, attach an expirement and i can answer

Explanation:

Answer:

3. As a place for plants and crops to grow

4. As a material to clean and smooth skin

5. As a building material for homes and buildin

Answer:

3,4,5

Explanation

Answer:

It exists in trace concentrations in the earth's crust. It is imported for use in electronics, low temperature thermometers, optical lenses, and counterfeit costly jewels. It is also used in some chemical reactions and medical operations.

Explanation:

One’s natural predisposition to think and act in a certain way is one’s temperament. The correct option is (d).

Temperament refers to an individual's natural predisposition to think, feel, and behave in a particular way.

It is believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it can shape a person's personality, preferences, and behavior patterns.

Temperament can include traits such as activity level, sensitivity, mood, and sociability, and it is generally thought to be relatively stable across the lifespan.

Temperament can have a significant impact on various aspects of an individual's life, including their relationships, career choices, and overall well-being.

Understanding one's temperament can be useful for personal growth and development, as well as for improving communication and relationships with others.

While temperament can influence behavior, it is important to note that it is not the only factor that shapes behavior, and individuals have agency to make choices and act in ways that align with their values and goals.

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Answer:

7-<4

Explanation:

The term "abductor" in anatomy refers to a muscle that moves a part away from the midline of the body. The correct option is B.

It is derived from the Latin word "abductus", which means "to lead away." When a muscle contracts, it pulls the body part towards which it is attached. In the case of an abductor muscle, the contraction results in the movement of the body part away from the midline.
An example of an abductor muscle is the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. When the deltoid contracts, it pulls the arm away from the midline of the body, allowing for movements such as lifting the arm sideways.

It is important to note that the term "abductor" specifically refers to the action of moving a body part away from the midline. It does not necessarily indicate any other actions such as producing a downward movement, elevating a body part, or increasing the angle at a joint. These actions may be performed by other muscles with different names.
In conclusion, the term "abductor" in anatomy denotes a muscle that moves a body part away from the midline.

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Answer:

Answer Below V

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic activities and processes that occur within organisms' cells to transform chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and then release waste products.

Answer:

d

Explanation:

uh. I mean humans cant be made up from nonliving matter. We know how we are created. Humans are living organisms

Answer:

The cell wall supports and protects the cell, determines the shape of the cell, assists cells in communication, stores carbohydrates, and allows water and smaller particles to enter the selectively permeable structure of the cell.

The autonomic nervous system is a division of the nervous system that controls several involuntary bodily functions such as the activity of internal organs, glands, and blood vessels. In conclusion, all the options given in the question are the functions that are directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system except voluntary muscle contraction.

It is responsible for regulating numerous processes such as digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, pupillary response, and other such bodily functions. It is subdivided into two branches namely the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These two branches work in opposite ways to maintain a balance in the bodily functions, and in response to the external and internal stimuli.

The autonomic nervous system does not control voluntary muscle contraction. The process of voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the somatic nervous system, which is another division of the nervous system.

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Answer:

Explanation:

5000 BC

Demonstrating some understanding of inheritance, humans worldwide begin to selectively breed more useful varieties of livestock and crops, including wheat, maize, rice and dates

400 BC

Greek philosophers contemplate the mechanisms of human inheritance. Aristotle believes that traits acquired during life, such as injuries, can be passed to offspring. He also develops the theory of “pangenesis”, which attempts to explain how these traits are transmitted via particles called “gemules” to the reproductive cells

1859

Charles Darwin, himself a proponent of pangenesis, publishes On the Origin of Species – his explanation of evolution by natural selection. Darwin provides a plethora of evidence on how valuable traits become more common in a population, but does not provide any explanation for the mechanism of transmission of these traits

 1866

Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel publishes his work on the patterns of inheritance in pea plants. His meticulous studies mark the birth of modern genetics. Mendel’s findings escape the notice of other researchers for over three decades

1882

Chromosomes are discovered by German biologist Walter Fleming, and named with the Greek prefix meaning “colour” because they become stained when cells are dyed

1902

Mendel’s research is rediscovered by botanists in 1900. US and German cell biologists then independently notice the link between Mendel’s “units of inheritance” and chromosomes. They conclude that hereditary information is contained within chromosomes

1905

The term “genetics” is created by British biologist William Bateson. The terms “gene” and “genotype” surface in 1909.

Sex chromosomes are discovered following work on butterflies and beetles

1910

US scientist Thomas Hunt Morgan is the first to discover a sex-linked trait, while studying the fruit fly Drosophila. The trait for eye colour, on the X chromosome, is also the first gene to be traced to a specific chromosome

1925

Studies show that X-rays can induce mutations in the genetic material

1944

A trio of US geneticists revisit work from the 1920s and prove that, in bacteria, DNA is the hereditary material, and not protein as was previously suspected

1951

Clear X-ray diffraction images of DNA are captured for the first time by British researcher Rosalind Franklin

1953

Building on Franklin’s work, biochemist James Watson and biophysicist Francis Crick at Cambridge University, UK, determine the now famous double-helix structure of DNA. They are awarded a Nobel prize in 1962 for their efforts.

1961

Crick and South African geneticist Sydney Brenner report that trios of DNA bases – called nucleotides – each hold the instructions for one of the 20 amino acids that combine to form proteins

1973

US researcher Herb Boyer uses enzymes to cut DNA and splice it into bacterial plasmids, which then replicate producing many copies of the inserted gene. This heralds the dawn of genetic engineering

1978

Genetically modified bacteria produce the hormone insulin

1983

The gene for an inherited disorder (Huntington’s disease) is mapped to a chromosome for the first time

1986

Kary Mullis in the US develops the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which allows researchers to produce many millions of copies of DNA molecules in just a few hours

1990

The international Human Genome Project begins, with the goal of sequencing the entire human genetic code

Gene therapy is used successfully for the first time, to treat a four-year-old girl with the rare hereditary immune disorder adenosine deaminase deficiency

1994

FlavrSavr tomatoes, genetically modified to have a long shelf-life is the first GM product to go on sale in the US. GM tomato puree goes in sale in the UK in 1996

1996

Baker’s yeast is the first (non-viral) genome to be completed, followed by the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998 and then the plant Arabidopsis and fruit fly Drosophila in 2000

2000

Completion of the draft human genome is jointly announced by US firm Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project (an international public consortium). The full sequence – comprising 30,000 to 40,000 genes – is completed in 2003

2003

A tropical fish that fluoresces bright red becomes the first genetically modified pet to go on sale in the US

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Answer: I guess the first one

Explanation: