{{c1::Phosphodiester}} bonds join nucleotides

Answers

Answer 1

Phosphodiester bonds and their role in joining nucleotides. Phosphodiester bonds are the covalent chemical bonds that link nucleotides together in a linear sequence, forming the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules.

In DNA and RNA, nucleotides are the building blocks that make up the nucleic acid polymer. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA), a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group.

The phosphodiester bond is formed between the 3' hydroxyl (OH) group of one nucleotide's sugar molecule and the 5' phosphate group of the next nucleotide's sugar molecule, forming a covalent bond. This process occurs through a dehydration reaction in which a water molecule is eliminated, and the two nucleotides are joined together through a phosphodiester linkage.

These phosphodiester bonds link the nucleotides together in a linear chain, forming the backbone of the DNA or RNA molecule. The sequence of nucleotides along the chain is what encodes genetic information in the form of the genetic code.

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Related Questions

Can someone please help me with these 2 questions? ILL GIVE BRAINLIEST

Can someone please help me with these 2 questions? ILL GIVE BRAINLIEST

Answers

Answer:

1: The higher the force applied to the ball, the harder to make a home run because of the third law: every action has a reaction, the reaction is absorbed by the bat.

2:Same equation: F=MA from the second law, if the ball has a higher mass, it will have a higher force.

Explanation:

The third rule, which states that every action has a response, which is absorbed by the bat, makes it tougher to hit a home run the more power is given to the ball.

Explain Newton's law.

Newton's laws of motion are three fundamental physical laws that describe the behavior of objects in motion and how they interact with forces. The laws were first published by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687.

Law of Force and Acceleration - The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to its mass. This law is often expressed as F=ma, where F is the net force acting on an object, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration of the object.

Law of Action and Reaction - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law states that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.

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different regions of the brain develop at different rates during adolescence. which area matures faster than the others?

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During adolescence, different regions of the brain develop at different rates. The area that matures faster than the others is the limbic system.

Adolescence: It is the stage of life when children transition into adulthood. Adolescence is defined as the period of human growth and development that takes place between the ages of 10 and 19 years old in most cultures.Limbic system: The limbic system is a set of brain structures that are primarily responsible for regulating emotion, motivation, and memory. The limbic system is made up of several different parts, including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. Of all the different parts of the brain, the limbic system matures faster than the others during adolescence.

During adolescence, the limbic system matures faster than the others. The limbic system is responsible for regulating emotion, motivation, and memory. It is made up of several different parts, including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.

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Which form of energy is found in the bonds of compounds
and/or molecules?

Answers

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

The compound Iron (II) sulphate consists of A.Iron and sulphur B. Iron and
silicon C. Iron and silver D. Iron and tin​

Answers

Answer:

A. Iron and sulphur

Explanation:

It also contains oxygen

\({ \bf{formula}} : { \sf{FeSO_{4}}}\)

Which type of cell is smaller?
Cells
A. Prokaryote
We
PL
SLI
AT H
Ecology.
B. Eukaryote
Evolution &
Classification
C. Nucleokaryote
Genetics & Meiosis
D. All types of cells have this structure.
Life Chemistry
(DNA, Proteins, etc.)
Respiration &
Photosynthesis
Scientific Methods
Click to choose your answer below:
A
B
С
D

Answers

Prokaryote! If u need explanation just ask below

Human beings are:

2nd order consumers
1st and 2nd order consumers
producers
1st order consumers

Answers

Answer:

1st and 2nd order consumers as they are pretty much all omnivores.

Explanation:

plz can i get brainliest:)

The composition of the _____________ is the basis of the differential reaction of bacteria to the Gram-staining procedure.

Answers

The composition of the bacterial cell wall is the basis of the differential reaction of bacteria to the Gram-staining procedure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a type of polymer that is more porous and exposed.

Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a thinner cell wall, a more complex outer membrane, and an extra layer of lipopolysaccharides on their surface.The Gram-stain procedure is used to differentiate bacterial cells into two groups based on the composition of their cell walls.

The cells are first stained with crystal violet and iodine, then washed with alcohol, and finally stained with safranin. Gram-positive cells retain the violet stain, while Gram-negative cells lose the violet stain and turn red due to the safranin.

The thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria traps the crystal violet-iodine complex, while the thin layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and is washed away by the alcohol, causing the cell to lose its violet color. This differential reaction is the basis of the Gram-stain test.

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The basic characteristics that differentiate living from non-living things are called​

Answers

The basic characteristics that differentiate living from non-living things are called​ life, growth, and reproduction.

More about the differentiation between living and non-living things

All living things have senses, breathe, eat, grow, move, and reproduce. Non-living things do not consume food, grow, breathe, move, or reproduce. They have no senses.

Also, Non-living entities do not give birth. They do not mature, reproduce, age, or die. Non-living items can be both natural and artificial.

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Monitoring your grades will help you pinpoint your academic weakness true or false

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The more you see your grades change the more you will be able to see where your having difficulty in by seeing which field your grades are the lowest in.

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Took test on edge

During exercise, when muscle cells runs out of oxygen, _________builds up in muscles, causing a painful burning sensation

Answers

Answer:

Lactic Acid

Explanation:

In humans, a process called fermentation occurs (when a cell does not have access to oxygen) to produce ATP. A byproduct of this is lactic acid (caused by the deposition of electrons from NADH into Pyruvate.

what colour are the flowers of the common cow-wheat?

Answers

yellow flowers
The leaves of Common cow-wheat are narrow and pointed. It has yellow flowers that grow in pairs up the square stem, both facing the same direction; the first pair to emerge are those at the top of the stem.

Answer: yellow flowers

Explanation:

The flowers of Common Cow-wheat are usually pale-yellow and not rich yellow as most (all?) of the above photos show. This is because Common Cow-wheat occurs as either of two sub-species:

Common Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense ssp. pratense) which are rich-yellow and grow on acidic soils in the North (but also some in the South). The leaves below the bracts are 7 to 15 times longer than wide [length 2-8cm (max 1 to 11 cm) long and 2-10mm (max 1-20mm) wide]. It is by far the most common of the two. The above photos are of this sub-species, unless otherwise labelled.

Common Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense ssp. commutatum) which are pale-yellow and grow on alkaline calcareous soils mainly in the South. The leaves below the bracts are mostly only 3-8 times longer than wide [length 4-7cm (max 3-10 cm) long and 8-20mm wide ) outliers 4-27mm wide]. This sub-species is a rare

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What is the difference between diffusion
and facilitated diffusion?
A. Facilitated diffusion requires energy
B. Diffusion moves substances from
low to high concentration
C. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins
to move substances in or out of the cell
D. All of the above

Answers

Answer:

option A and C

Explanation:

What do the centrioles do?
a. help cell division b. generate energy c. help make protein d. protect the cell

Answers

Answer:

The answer is:

a.Help cell division

Which type of reproduction is shown in the diagram above?

Answers

Answer: there’s no diagram…

Explanation:

with which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

Answers

Answer:

The answer is the pituitary gland.

The gland that the hypothalamus has a close anatomical and physiological relationship with is pituitary gland.

What is the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus is a section of the brain that is approximately the size of an almond. The hypothalamus plays a vital role in regulating numerous physiological and behavioral processes, such as sleep, hunger, thirst, body temperature, and other crucial functions.The hypothalamus, which is located below the thalamus, is responsible for regulating various hormones and communicating with the pituitary gland. As a result, the hypothalamus has a close anatomical and physiological relationship with the pituitary gland.What is the pituitary gland?The pituitary gland is a small gland that is located at the base of the brain. It is responsible for regulating various hormones in the body and playing a critical role in the endocrine system.

The pituitary gland has two sections: the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland.The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate essential body functions, such as growth and development, reproduction, and metabolism. The posterior pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis, secretes hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin.The hypothalamus and pituitary gland have a close anatomical and physiological relationship because the hypothalamus produces and releases hormones that regulate the pituitary gland. As a result, the pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it is responsible for regulating numerous hormones throughout the body. This is your long answer.

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The dodo bird is now extinct. What factor would not have led to its extinction?

Answers

Answer:it was well adapted to living on the island of Mauritius

Explanation:

how are trna molecules involved in translation? why can certain trnas respond to multiple codons? g

Answers

By providing amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are adaptor molecules, convert genetic information into protein sequence.

among the possible answers, what role do tRNA molecules play in translation?

An amino acid is carried by tRNA and transferred to the polypeptide chain that is being assembled during translation. A cell transforms the genetic information contained in an mRNA molecule into a protein through a process known as translation.

To create the desired protein, the amino acids must be brought and placed in the proper positions by tRNA. Proteins and rRNA make up the ribosomes. Each ribosome is composed of two subunits. They hold the mRNA in position so that its code can be read and translated.

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After a Gram stain you will most likely view the cells using the ___________.

a. 100x objective

b. 40x objective

c. 10x objective

d. 20x objective

Answers

After a Gram stain you will most likely view the cells using the  100x objective and is denoted as option A.

What is a Microscope?

This is referred to as a device which is used in the laboratory for the enlargement of objects and to see small organisms which can't be seen with the eyes. It comprises of different parts such as the adjustment knobs to achieve its given purpose.

The gram stain involves the use of the 100x objective on the microscope so as to enable a clear imaging of material on the slide to be obtained and it usually involves oil immersion during the process.

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Complete the passage to describe the universal law of gravitation.
The universal law of gravitation, written by
says that any two objects in the universe attract
each other by a force called

Answers

gravity. This force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The equation that represents this law is F = G(m1m2)/r^2, where F is the force of gravity, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, r is the distance between the two objects, and G is the gravitational constant. This law applies to all objects in the universe, regardless of their size or composition, and is responsible for the orbits of planets, the gravitational pull of stars, and the overall structure of galaxies. It is considered one of the fundamental laws of physics and is a cornerstone of our understanding of the universe.

explain the concept of race from the perspective of genetics and evolutionary biology and sociology.

Answers

Answer:

A young scientist definition defines races as distinct evolutionary lineages within a species. An evolutionary lineage is a population of organisms characterized by a continuous line of descent such that the individuals in the population at any given time are connected by ancestor/descendent relationships.

Explanation:

Let’s start first with race, which refers to a category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and stature. A key question about race is whether it is more of a biological category or a social category. Most people think of race in biological terms, and for more than 300 years, or ever since white Europeans began colonizing populations of color elsewhere in the world, race has indeed served as the “premier source of human identity” (Smedley, 1998, p. 690)

If two species are separated by a barrier for many generations and after they come back together they do not mate, what type of isolation has occured

Answers

If two species are separated by a barrier for many generations and after they come back together they do not mate, prezygotic isolation has occurred.

Prezygotic isolation refers to mechanisms that prevent individuals of different species from successfully mating and producing viable offspring. In this case, the barrier that separated the two species for many generations resulted in genetic and behavioral differences that led to the loss of mating compatibility.

When the two species come back together and do not mate, it indicates that there are barriers preventing successful reproduction, such as differences in courtship rituals, mating behaviors, or physical incompatibility. These barriers effectively prevent gene flow between the two species, maintaining their reproductive isolation.

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The greater omentum is composed of the
a. peritoneal membrane
b. pericardial membrane
c. pleural membrane
d. none of these

Answers

The greater omentum is composed of the A) peritoneal membrane.

The peritoneal membrane is a large, double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs. It consists of two layers: the parietal peritoneum, which lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which covers the abdominal organs.

The peritoneal membrane, including the greater omentum, has several important functions in the body.

It provides support and protection for the abdominal organs, helps to hold them in place, and acts as a barrier against the spread of infection or inflammation.

The greater omentum also contains a rich blood supply and lymphatic vessels, which play a role in immune responses and the transport of nutrients.

Thus, the correct answer is A) peritoneal membrane.

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the life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure areThe life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure are _______. A. prokaryotes B. organelles C. eukaryotes

Answers

The life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure are prokaryotes. The answer is A.

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is found in a single circular molecule of DNA located in the cytoplasm.

They are typically smaller in size compared to eukaryotic cells and have a simpler internal organization. Prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea, and they are the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth.

They are found in every environment, including soil, water, and the human body. Some prokaryotes are beneficial to humans, such as those found in the gut microbiome, while others can cause disease.

Understanding the structure and function of prokaryotic cells is essential in fields such as microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental science.

Thus, A is the right answer.

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Final answer:

Prokaryotes are the life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure.

Explanation:

The life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They include bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Which plant tissue transport sugar from the leaves of a plant back to the root for storage

A) chloroplasts
B) xylem
C) meristem
D) phloem

Answers

Answer:

xylem is your answer ok no b is correct maybe

Answer:

D)phloem

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Which characteristic of a phospholipid membrane keeps the aqueous environment inside and outside the cell separate?
O Polar tails on the inside of the membrane repel water.
O Polar heads on the outside of the membrane repel water.
O Nonpolar tails on the outside of the membrane repel water.
O Nonpolar tails on the inside of the membrane repel water.

Answers

Nonpolar tails on the inside of the membrane repel water. Option D

The basic structure of membranes is a phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. For the plasma membrane, these compartments are inside and outside the cell. When the cell membrane is formed, phospholipids assemble into two layers due to their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The phosphate head of each layer faces an aqueous or aqueous environment on either side, and the tail is hydrophobic and therefore hidden from water between the head layers. The most common membrane lipids are phospholipids. They have a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. The tail is usually fatty and varies in length usually containing 14-24 carbon atoms. The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids within the membrane bilayer face outward and are in contact with aqueous fluids both inside and outside the cell.

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Questions are in the photo. Thank you very much!

Questions are in the photo. Thank you very much!

Answers

26) The type of mutation that happened in the Albino Moth DNA when compared to the Light Moth DNA is a point mutation.

What is mutation?

Mutation is a process in which a gene or a section of DNA is altered, resulting in a different sequence of genetic information. This change can affect the structure and function of an organism.

Point mutations are single-nucleotide changes in the DNA, which can cause a change in the phenotype of an organism. The evidence for this is the fact that the Albino Moth has a different phenotype than the Light Moth, indicating that the genetic material is different between the two.

27) The type of mutation found in the Dark Moth DNA when compared to the Light Moth DNA is a substitution mutation. A substitution mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA, which can cause a change in the protein that is produced. The evidence for this is the fact that the Dark Moth has a different phenotype than the Light Moth, indicating that there is a difference in the genetic material between the two.
28) The evidence from Question #25 that there is a change in phenotype between the Light Phenotype and the Dark Phenotype is the difference in color between the two phenotypes. The Light Phenotype has lighter colored wings, while the Dark Phenotype has darker colored wings. This suggests that there is a difference in the genetic material between the two phenotypes, which is likely responsible for the difference in color.
29) The structure of DNA determines the structure of a protein by providing the instructions for the creation of a specific protein. The sequence of the DNA is translated into a specific amino acid sequence of a protein, which in turn determines the shape and function of the protein. The evidence from the data seen on the moths in this test is that the Light Moth and Dark Moth have different phenotypes, which suggests that the proteins produced by the two moths are different.

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the common enzyme reaction mechanism of __________ catalysis directly involves water.

Answers

The common enzyme reaction mechanism of hydrolytic catalysis directly involves water.

A biological process that is aided or catalysed by an enzyme is known as an enzyme reaction. Proteins known as enzymes serve as biological catalysts, accelerating the rate at which chemical reactions take place in living things.

Chemical bonds are broken with the addition of water molecules during hydrolytic catalysis. The hydrolysis of proteins into individual amino acids or the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars are two examples of how this type of reaction is frequently exploited by enzymes to break down large molecules into smaller components. Enzymes that can bind to and arrange water molecules in a way that promotes bond cleavage are known as hydrolases, and they are the type of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

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What happens when blood sugar levels become too high?

Answers

Answer:

you end up with diabetes so.. yeah

Explanation:

true or false :plant produce other macromolecules like proteins and lipids along with carbohydrates durring photosynthesis ​

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Not only carbohydrates, as was once thought, but also amino acids, proteins, lipids (or fats), pigments, and other organic components of green tissues are synthesized during photosynthesis.

How is a cell like a system

Answers

Answer:

The metabolic activities in a cell such as respiration, and biochemical reactions are one of the major factors resulting in it being a system because all the organelles have a specific function.

Explanation:

hope this helps.

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What push factors means? when sensors in the gi tract are stimulated, they respond via reflexes. what types of digestive activity may be put into motion via those reflexes? When a monopolist increases the amount of output that it produces and sells, the price of its output Group of answer choices stays the same. increases. decreases. may increase or decrease depending on the price elasticity of demand. In a survey, 105 students like Maths, 25 didnt like Maths, 95 didnt like Science, 83 like Maths but not Science. Find by drawing Venn-diagram. How many students like a. At least one subject b. Exactly one subject c. At most one subject Which of the following would make it easier for a plant to do photosynthesis?O Colorful flowersO Very large leaves.Very tall stem.O Short roots From an economic perspective, discuss the idea behind BritishColumbias decision to decriminalize small amounts of opioids. A student answered 42 problems on a test correctly and received a gradeof 70%. How many (total) problems were on the test, if all the problemswere worth the same number of points? coca-cola has a variety of strategic business units (sbus) in its beverage business. zico is a line of coconut water that is available in several flavor options and package sizes. due to its healthfulness and the advantage of having no added sugar, zico products have a dominant share of the market and are expected to continue to grow. how would zico be classified according to the boston consulting group model? Simplify the expression.8(5k + 6m) How can I be happy again if my dad recently passed away. Ive been so sad and feel like everything is going downhill for me. ;( ILL GIVE BRAINLEIST IF CORRECT!! PLSSS RLY NEED HELP! the characteristic that best distinguishes narrative research from other types of qualitative research designs:the restoring of an individual's story what are SAARC Countries this person keep commenting rasist Can someone help me answer these questions??? An art teacher wants to sort 62 colored pencils into desktop pencil holders. She wants to put 8 pencils into each holder. She does theproblem 62 - 8 = 7 r6.What does the remainder in the answer tell her? Jackson Products produces a barbeque sauce using three departments: Cooking, Mixing, and Bottling. In the Cooking Department, all materials are added at the beginning of the process. Output is measured in ounces. The production data for July are as follows: Production: Units in process, July 1, 60% complete* 10,000 Units completed and transferred out 80,000Units in process, July 31, 80% complete* 15,000 * With respect to conversion costs.Required:a. Prepare a physical flow schedule for July.b. Prepare an equivalent units schedule for July using the FIFO method. Which of the following organs is considered the most effective regulator of blood [H+] and pH ? A. lungs B stomach intestines D. kidneys HElP IM GIVING BRAINILYIST Two pizza delivery drivers compared the mean numbers ofdeliveries they completed in one day,Mean number of deliveries Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)Driver A102Driver B 202Which statement about the data is true?A. On average, driver A delivers more pizzas in one day than driver B.O B. The mean number of deliveries for driver A is less than the meanfor driver B by 2 MADS.OC. The MAD for driver A is less than the MAD for driver B.O D. The mean number of deliveries for driver A is less than the meanfor driver B by 5 MADs. Yusuke has been a fan of online games for as long as she can remember. She particularly loves the role-playing games that allow her to build virtual empires and exchange goods with other players. Yusuke believes that because she connects with gamers from around the world while she is playing, the games help her develop a better world view. She unlocks almost every puzzle there is in a game and many times, players will reach out to Yusuke for tips and tricks. If there is a work-around, Yusuke will find it! She has saved up her money for three years to buy a gaming laptop that will be able to give her the all-encompassing experience that she wants. Yusuke is excited to try even more games with her new tech, as soon as she gets a feel for it.Based on what you know about Yusuke, create a personalized career pathway form for her. On this form, you need to include the following information:Recommended pathway for YusukeSkills that Yusuke has that would be valuable in this careerWhat type of education is required to work in this career pathwayA description of where she might work and what tasks she might perform