Automata and formal languages
short statements
Which of the following statements about automata and formal languages are true? Briefly justify your answers. Answers without any substantiation will not achieve points! (a) Every language contains th

Answers

Answer 1

(a) Every language contains the empty string ε.

This statement is true. The empty string ε is a valid string in every language, including the empty language and languages that contain other strings. It serves as the base case for many formal language definitions and operations.

(b) The set of all possible strings over an alphabet Σ forms a regular language.

This statement is false. The set of all possible strings over an alphabet Σ, known as the universal language Σ*, is not a regular language. It is an example of a context-free language because it cannot be recognized by a finite automaton.

(c) The union of two regular languages is always a regular language.

This statement is true. The union of two regular languages is always a regular language. Regular languages are closed under the union operation, meaning that if L1 and L2 are regular languages, then L1 ∪ L2 is also a regular language.

(d) The complement of a context-free language is always a context-free language.

This statement is false. The complement of a context-free language is not always a context-free language. Context-free languages are not closed under complementation. There exist context-free languages whose complements are not context-free.

(e) Every regular language can be recognized by a deterministic finite automaton (DFA).

This statement is true. Every regular language can be recognized by a deterministic finite automaton (DFA). DFAs are one of the equivalent models of computation for regular languages, along with regular expressions and nondeterministic finite automata (NFAs).

(f) Every context-free language can be generated by a context-free grammar.

This statement is true. Every context-free language can be generated by a context-free grammar. Context-free grammars are a formalism used to describe and generate context-free languages. They consist of production rules that define how nonterminal symbols can be replaced by sequences of terminal and nonterminal symbols.

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Related Questions

Which of the following describes an action that serves a goal of equity

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Answer:

Please complete your sentence for me to answer.

Which statement is true about biometrics as an authentication method?​

Answers

The statement is true about biometrics as an authentication method in options b and c.

What is Biometrics?

Biometrics is the measurement worried in measuring behavior or physiological traits of the human being. It is used for verifying the identification of a specific man or woman. It is probably operated in modes, particularly authentication and enrollment.

The complete question is :

Which of the following are true in biometric systems?

a. For authentication application, a user template is compared against a single template stored in the database.b. For verification/identification application, a user template is compared against all the templates stored in the database.c. Multimodal biometrics is used to improve accuracy.d. None of these.

In the first mode, the facts is used and proven to test who the man or woman is. The second mode is obtaining the man or woman's facts and storing it in a database. Usually, multi-version biometrics are used for enhancing popularity accuracy.

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Briefly discuss the aesthetics and ergonomics of a hydraulic jack. First explain what these
terms mean and then discuss their application on a hydraulic jack.​

Answers

Answer:

For this model, aesthetics is defined as a measure of how attractive a product appears, and ergonomics is how well a product feels when used/held. ... Two important types of defects, part flash and crush, will be used to define ergonomic and aesthetic PA's, respectively.

This type of file contains data that has not been converted to text.a. text fileb. binary filec. Unicode filed. symbolic file

Answers

The binary file contains data that has not been converted to text The correct answer is (b) binary file.

Binary files contain data that has not been converted to text, and they typically consist of sequences of 0s and 1s that are interpreted by a computer program as specific types of data. Examples of binary files include executable programs, images, audio and video files, and data files that contain machine-readable information such as databases and spreadsheets.

In contrast, text files contain human-readable characters that have been encoded using a specific character set, such as ASCII or Unicode. Unicode is a character encoding standard that supports a wide range of languages and character sets, and it is commonly used for text files that need to be compatible with multiple platforms and languages. Symbolic files, on the other hand, are a type of file that contains references to other files or directories, and they are commonly used in Unix-based operating systems.

Option B is the answer.

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Which statement describes what this command accomplishes when inside and outside interfaces are correctly identified for NAT? ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.50 80 209.165.201.1 8080 extendable A. It allows host 192.168.1.50 to access external websites using TCP port 8080. B. It allows external clients coming from public IP 209.165.201.1 to connect to a web server at 192.168.1.50. C. It allows external clients to connect to a web server hosted on 192.168.1.50. D. It represents an incorrect NAT configuration because it uses standard TCP ports.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "Option C".

Explanation:

The NAT accurately identifies the environment and internal interfaces, and main customers can link to a 192.168.1.50 Web server. When designed for, proxies examine input and output packages. IP nat "inside source" implies to encourage an outgoing parcel emanating from an "outside" application and behave accordingly.

6
Select the correct answer.
Jorge needs to print out an essay he wrote, but he does not have a printer. His neighbor has a printer, but her internet connection is flaky. Jorge is
getting late for school. What is the most reliable way for him to get the printing done?
O A. send the document to his neighbor as an email attachment
О в.
share the document with his neighbor using a file sharing service
OC.
physically remove his hard disk and take it over to his neighbor's
OD. copy the document onto a thumb drive and take it over to his neighbor's

Answers

Since Jorge needs to print out an essay, Jorge should D. Copy the document onto a thumb drive and take it over to his neighbor's

What is the printer about?

In this scenario, the most reliable way for Jorge to get his essay printed would be to copy the document onto a thumb drive and take it over to his neighbor's.

Therefore, This method does not depend on the internet connection, which is flaky, and it also avoids any potential issues with email attachments or file sharing services. By physically taking the document over to his neighbor's, Jorge can ensure that the document will be printed on time.

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True or false question:

Is Presper Eckert was the programmer.

Answers

The statement given "Is Presper Eckert was the programmer." is false because Presper Eckert was not a programmer.

Presper Eckert was an American engineer and inventor who co-designed the first general-purpose electronic digital computer called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in the 1940s. While he played a crucial role in the development and design of ENIAC, he was not primarily known as a programmer. Instead, Eckert focused on the hardware and engineering aspects of computer design.

Programmers, on the other hand, are individuals who write and develop software programs that run on computers. They are responsible for coding, creating algorithms, and implementing software solutions. While Eckert contributed to the early development of computing technology, programming tasks were typically handled by other individuals who worked alongside him.

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Will give brainliest if answered right

Will give brainliest if answered right

Answers

Answer:

control shift u

Explanation:

Answer:

I believe U is the answer.

What can be used to help identify mission-critical systems?
A. Critical outage times
B. Critical business functions
C. PCI DSS review
D. Disaster recovery plan

Answers

The term that can be used to help identify mission-critical systems is B. Critical business functions.

What is a critical business?

A critical business service is one that, if interrupted, might have a major negative effect on the organization's safety and soundness, its clients, or other organizations  that depend on it.

Any IT component such as software, hardware, database, process, ) that performs a function crucial to business operations is referred to as a "mission-critical system" or "mission-critical computing."

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Examine the performance of the mixer system providing detailed operation, establish the key facts and important issues in the system and make a valid conclusion about recommendations for system improvement.

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The mixer system's performance needs examination to identify key facts, important issues, and recommendations for improvement.

The system's current operation should be analyzed in detail to understand its strengths and weaknesses, as well as any potential bottlenecks or inefficiencies. It is crucial to establish a comprehensive understanding of the system's functioning and identify areas where enhancements can be made to optimize its performance. The key facts about the mixer system should include its design, components, input/output specifications, and operational parameters. The system's performance metrics, such as mixing efficiency, throughput, and reliability, should be assessed to evaluate its effectiveness. Additionally, any operational challenges, such as maintenance requirements, energy consumption, or limitations in scalability, should be identified. Important issues that may arise in the mixer system could involve inadequate mixing results, low production capacity, frequent breakdowns, or excessive energy usage. These issues could impact productivity, product quality, and overall system performance. It is crucial to determine the root causes of these problems and devise effective solutions to address them. Based on the examination of the mixer system, recommendations for improvement can be formulated. These recommendations may include upgrading or replacing certain components to enhance performance, implementing automation or control systems to optimize operations, improving maintenance protocols to minimize downtime, or exploring energy-efficient alternatives. The specific recommendations should be tailored to address the identified key facts and issues, aiming to enhance the system's efficiency, reliability, and overall performance.

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how does safe recommend second operating system to deliver value

Answers

To recommend a second operating system for safe that delivers value, you need to keep several factors in mind. Below are some of the main answers to how safe can recommend a second operating system to deliver value.

The following are some factors to consider when selecting a second operating system for safe:

Safety and security: The new operating system should be designed with security in mind. It should provide a secure environment for data storage and retrieval and ensure that users have limited access to data.

Performance: A reliable operating system should be quick and stable, with no glitches or hiccups that might slow down the system. As a result, it should be able to provide accurate and reliable results.

Scalability: A system that can be expanded to meet the demands of an ever-increasing number of users is an excellent choice. The second operating system should be capable of scaling to meet future demands on its hardware and software resources.Support: The new operating system should be well-supported and offer excellent customer service and support.

In conclusion, safe can recommend a second operating system to deliver value if it takes into account the factors mentioned above. The second operating system should be capable of scaling to meet future demands on its hardware and software resources.Support: The new operating system should be well-supported and offer excellent customer service and support.

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What is the output for the following program?

for numX in [3,5]
for numY in [1,2]
print (numX, numY)

Answer choices:
A. 3 1
5 1
3 2
5 2

B. 31
51
31
52

C. 31
32
51
52

D. 3 1
3 2
5 1
5 2

Answers

3 2

5 2

Explanation:

A. 3 1 moneyA. 3 1

5 1

3 2

5 2

5 1

3 2

5 2

Standard form
Expanded for
Unit Form
95.7
9.10 - 541-701
9.057
9x150.0172 0.001
0.957
9401 - 50.0172 0.001
9 tenths 5 hundredths 7 thousandths
9 tens 5 ones 7 tenths
9 ones 5 hundredths 7 thousandths
9 ones 5 tenths 7 thousandths

Answers

I need help on this too

Use Spreadsheet Functions and Formulas
Upload Assignment edge 2020 users. email me or drop assignment link.

Answers

Answer:

ok

Explanation:

Answer:

WHAT IS THE QUESTION

Explanation:

True or False: selecting the range before you enter data saves time because it confines the movement of the active cell to the selected range.

Answers

True. Selecting the range before you enter data saves time because it confines the movement of the active cell to the selected range.

What is active cell?

An active cell, also known as a cell pointer, current cell, or selected cell, is a rectangular box that highlights a cell in a spreadsheet. An active cell makes it clear which cell is being worked on and where data entry will take place.

A spreadsheet cell that has been clicked on becomes the active cell. When a cell is selected, you can type values or a function into it. Most spreadsheet programmes will show the value of the active cell both within the cell itself and within a lengthy text field in the spreadsheet toolbar. The text field is useful for viewing or editing functions as well as for editing lengthy text strings that don't fit in the active cell.

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You are researching the Holocaust for a school paper and have located several Web sites for information.In three to five sentences, describe the method you would use to determine whether each Web site is a suitable source of information for your paper.

Answers

I suggest the following methods to determine whether a website is a suitable source of information for a school paper on the Holocaust:

The Method

Check the credibility of the website by examining the author's qualifications, credentials, and institutional affiliation.

Evaluate the accuracy of the information by comparing it with other reliable sources on the same topic.

Check the currency of the information by looking at the date of publication or last update. Avoid using outdated information.

Analyze the objectivity of the website by checking for any bias or slant towards a particular perspective or ideology.

Lastly, check the website's domain name and extension to verify its origin, as some domains may have questionable reputations.

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c) calculate the hash function for part (b) for m = (189, 632, 900, 722, 349) and n = 989.

Answers

The hash function for m = (189, 632, 900, 722, 349) and n = 989 is 814.

To calculate the hash function for m = (189, 632, 900, 722, 349) and n = 989, follow this method:

1: Define the terms.
- m: The list of numbers (189, 632, 900, 722, 349)
- n: The modulus value (989)

2: Calculate the hash function using the formula hash(m) = (sum of all elements in m) mod n.
- Add all the elements in m: 189 + 632 + 900 + 722 + 349 = 2792
- Calculate the hash value by finding the remainder when dividing the sum by n: 2792 mod 989

3: Compute the result.
- 2792 mod 989 = 814

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Can someone help with these true or false?

Can someone help with these true or false?

Answers

Full punctuation is used in the heading of an indented letter is False

13. There is no need to use punctuation when typing a letter in full blocked format is False.

14. The date should be typed between the sender's address and the recipient's address is False

What is the sentence about?

Three letter formats are: blocked, modified block, semi-block. Indented not commonly used. Indented letters align date and closing with center/left margin, without full punctuation in heading.

The heading typically contains the sender's name, address, and date, presented differently from the letter's body. Punctuation needed in full blocked letter format. Punctuation rules apply to all letter formats. Use punctuation correctly in salutations, body, and end of letters.

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See text below

true or false  2. There are four main letters blocked, justified, semi blocked, indented Full punctuation is used in the heading of an indented letter?

13. There is no need to use punctuation When typing a letter in full blocked

format.

14. The date should be typed between the sender's address and the recipient's address.

A lack of ____ leads to exceptions to the rules of the language. For example, in a programming language that supports pointers, it should be possible to define a pointer to point to any specific type defined in the language. However, if pointers are not allowed to point to arrays, many potentially useful user-defined data structures cannot be defined.

Answers

A lack of "flexibility" leads to exceptions to the rules of a language. Flexibility refers to the ability of a programming language to adapt and accommodate different programming paradigms or constructs.

When a language lacks flexibility, it imposes limitations on what can be done, resulting in exceptions to the general rules of the language.

For example, in a language that supports pointers, it is expected that pointers can be defined to point to any specific type defined in the language. However, if the language restricts pointers from pointing to arrays, it introduces an exception that limits the ability to define certain user-defined data structures that rely on pointer-to-array relationships.

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How can a user access the Mailbox Cleanup tools?

Start a new AutoArchive.

Enter the Backstage view.

Left-click the Inbox folder.

Open the Deleted Items folder.

Answers

Answer:

Sorry this isn’t an answer but does anyone know of a quizlet for the Microsoft Office course because I can’t find anything anywhere. Help a fellow student out. I need answers.

Explanation:

Answer: B: enter backstage view

Explanation:

I took the test. Plz mark me brainliest!

Write down the output of the given program. Show with dry run in table.

DECLARE SUB SHOW (A)
CLS
N= 87
CALL SHOW (N)
END
SUB SHOW (A)
DO
B = A MOD6 + 3
IF B MOD 4 = 0 THEN GOTO AA
PRINT B;
AA:
A=A-10
LOOP WHILE A>=50
END SUB​

Answers

Based on the given input: the dry run in table is given below:

DECLARE SUB SHOW (A)

CLS

N= 87

CALL SHOW (N)

END

SUB SHOW (A)

DO

B = A MOD6 + 3

IF B MOD 4 = 0 THEN GOTO AA

PRINT B;

AA:

A=A-10

LOOP WHILE A>=50

END SUB​

Dry Run: N=87

A= 87

B= A MOD 6 + 3 B MOD 4=0? PRINT B; A=A-10 A>=50?

B=87 MOD 6 + 3

=3+3=6 6 MOD 4 =0? (NO) 6 A=87-10=77 77>=50? Y

B=77 MOD 6 + 3

=5+3=8 8 MOD 4=0? YES – A=77-10=67 67>=50? Y

B=67 MOD 6

=1+3=4 4 MOD 4=0? YES – A=67-10=57 57>=50? Y

B=57 MOD 6

= 3+3=6 6 MOD 4=0? NO 6 A=57-10=47 47>=50? NO

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____ modules sense the variable signal level applied to their terminals and convert

Answers

Analog modules sense the variable signal level applied to their terminals and convert it into digital or analog data for processing.

Analog modules are electronic components or devices that are designed to measure and convert analog signals. These modules are equipped with sensors or input terminals that can detect and sense variations in voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or other physical quantities. They convert analog signals into digital or analog data that can be further processed by other components or systems. The conversion process in analog modules typically involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals and quantizing it into discrete digital values or converting it into a proportional analog representation. This allows the signal to be processed, analyzed, or transmitted to other devices or systems. Analog modules find applications in various fields, such as industrial automation, control systems, data acquisition, instrumentation, and measurement systems, where accurate sensing and conversion of analog signals are essential for monitoring and control purposes.

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The CEO of CorpNet.xyz has hired your firm to obtain some passwords for their company. A senior IT network administrator, Oliver Lennon, is suspected of wrongdoing and suspects he is going to be fired from the company. The problem is that he changed many of the standard passwords known to only the top executives, and now he is the only one that knows them. Your company has completed the legal documents needed to protect you and the company. With the help of a CorpNet.xyz executive, you were allowed into the IT Admin's office after hours. You unplugged the keyboard from the back of the ITAdmin computer and placed a USB keylogger into the USB, then plugged the USB keyboard into the keylogger. After a week, the company executive lets you back into the IT Admin's office after hours again. In this lab, your task is to use the keylogger to recover the changed passwords as follows: Move the keyboard USB connector to a different USB port on ITAdmin. Remove the keylogger from ITAdmin. Move the consultant laptop from the Shelf to the Workspace. Plug the keylogger into the consultant laptop's USB drive. Use the SBK key combination to toggle the USB keylogger from keylogger mode to USB flash drive mode. Open the LOG.txt file and inspect the contents. Find the olennon account's password. Find the Administrator account's password. Answer the questions.

Answers

Answer:

The olennon account's password: See the attached file for this.

The Administrator account's password: 4Lm87Qde

Explanation:

Note: See the attached excel file for the olennon account's password as I was unable to save it here because I was instead getting the following message:

"Oh no! It seems that your answer contains swearwords. You can't add it!"

The olennon account's password and the Administrator account's password can be found as follows:

To see the rear of the computer, click Back from the menu bar above the computer.

Drag the USB Type A connector for the keyboard from the rear of the computer to another USB port on the machine.

Make sure the keyboard is plugged back in.

Expand System Cases on the shelf.

Add the Laptop to the Workspace by dragging it there.

To see the rear of the laptop, click Back from the menu above the laptop.

Drag the keylogger from the computer to the laptop's USB port.

Select Front from the menu above the laptop to see the front of the laptop.

Select Click to display Windows 10 on the laptop.

Toggle between keylogger and flash drive mode by pressing S + B + K.

To control what occurs with detachable drives, select Tap.

To view files, choose Open folder.

To open the file, double-click LOG.txt.

Select Answer Questions in the top right corner.

Respond to the questions.

Choose Score Lab as the option.

Therefore, we have:

The olennon account's password:

The Administrator account's password: 4Lm87Qde

dion training has contracted a software development firm to create a bulk file upload utility for its website. during a requirements planning meeting, the developers asked what type of encryption is required for the project. after some discussion, jason decides that the file upload tool should use a cipher capable of encrypting 64 bits of data at a time before transmitting the files from the web developer’s workstation to the webserver. what of the following should be selected to meet this security requirement?

Answers

The factor that should be selected to meet this security requirement is known to be block cipher.

What is the block cipher about?

A block cipher is known to be a tool that is often used to encrypt a lot of  bits at a time before one can be said to be  moving to the next group of data.

Note that  Block ciphers are known to possess a fixed-length block (such as 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, etc).

Blocks of data that are known to be  entering these systems do have a short check value attached, and it is one that is often based on the remainder of any kind of polynomial division of their contents.

Therefore, The factor that should be selected to meet this security requirement is known to be block cipher.

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What are SmartArt graphics?

Graphics that were predesigned by Microsoft

Images that were hand-drawn and scanned in

Graphics that were downloaded from a camera

Images that were designed for different programs

Answers

Answer:

Option A

Explanation:

SmartArt graphic are nothing but the visual representation of ideas or information by using layouts that fits the context of the presentation. These smart art graphics include - sequence diagram, venn diagram, organizational chart etc. These smart art are part of MS office programs  i.e MS Word, MS Powerpoint, MS excel etc.

Hence, option A is correct

4. In Drag and Drop method of Excel , to copy the data , you need to press __________ key while dragging the cells.

Answers

Answer:

The control [Ctrl] key

Explanation:

While holding down left click and pressing control key it will copy to where you drag and drop it.

What is the name of the proicess of submitting and checking credentials to valideate or prove user identiy

Answers

Answer:

Authentication

10 identical copies of a movie will be stored on 40 computers such that each computer has at most 1 copy. how many different ways can the 10 copies be stored? group of answer choices

Answers

10 identical copies of a movie will be stored on 40 computers such that each computer has at most 1 copy that will be (40 10).

An unofficial replication or imitation. a collection of genetically identical cells or creatures produced through some form of asexual reproduction from a single cell or individual.

Twins that are identical to one another but different from their parents share the same DNA. But a clone only has one parent and shares that parent's DNA perfectly.

Making numerous, exact copies of a specific segment of DNA is known as DNA cloning. The gene or other DNA fragment of interest (perhaps a gene for a therapeutically significant human protein) is first put into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid in a DNA cloning method.

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A nested "if" statement only executes if the "if" statement in which it is nested evaluates to True. True False

Answers

The given statement "a nested "if" statement only has an impact if the "if" statement it is contained within evaluates to True" is TRUE.

What is a nested "if" statement?

The use of nested IF functions, or one IF function inside another, increases the number of outcomes that may be tested and allows for the testing of numerous criteria.

Based on their performance, we wish to assign each student a grade.

Return an A if Bob's score in B2 is greater than or equal to 90.

Only if the "if" statement in which it is nested evaluates to True does a nested "if" statement take effect.

The OR function allows you to test many conditions in each IF function's logical test and returns TRUE if any (at least one) of the OR arguments evaluates to TRUE.

Therefore, the given statement "a nested "if" statement only has an impact if the "if" statement it is contained within evaluates to True" is TRUE.

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A short-range wireless network is called:
cable modem
cell site
wi fi
personal digital assistant

Answers

Answer:

WiFi

Explanation:

WiFi can be defined as a wireless local area network that allows network devices such as access points (APs), computers (both laptops and desktops), smartphones, smart televisions, etc., to communicate with each other wirelessly over a short-ranged network. It is a standard communication network that uses radio waves to establish a channel (medium) between multiple network devices.

This ultimately implies that, the network range or distance covered by WiFi is largely dependent on transmission power and frequency. The standard range or distance covered by WiFi is about 50 meters (160 feet).

Hence, a short-range wireless network is called WiFi.

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which term is associated with the idea that as compared to adolescents, adults are more likely to consider the likelihood of an outcome. Consider the function f(x)=x^3+5x^2-44x+60. If f(x) =0 for x=-10, for what other values of x is the function equal to 0? list the value what are the respiratory organs of different animals?(list out) Y = 3x+b slove for x Complete a flowchart and a Python program to calculate grade of a student based on marks using the following criteria: Ask a student for their marks and if their marks are: More than 90 print A* Between 80 and 90 print A Between 70 and 80 print B Between 60 and 70 print C Between 50 and 60 print D Between 40 and 50 print E Under 40 print Fail How do the compositions of comets provide clues to the formation of the solar system? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Reset Help light gases, which are Comets are composed of nucleus, dust, and elements such as frozen hot The fact that comets come from the outer reaches of the solar system tells us that those elements were very in the early days of the solar system. methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide heavy hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundant rare A rectangular bo xof donuts can be lined with 6 donuts across the bottom the dimnesions of the box are 9.6 by 6.4 what is the circumference of one of the donuts 9. Which of the following is NOT a local response to an injury? a. disrupted blood flow to surrounding tissues b. bleeding from the injured blood vessels c. fluid leakage from damaged tissue cells d. increased blood flow to the tissues e. temperature increase transfer rna (trna) takes a message from dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.group startstrue or false Which Russian leader, who had earned the nickname "The Great", announced in 1480 that he would no longer give his allegiance to the Tartar empire? Write 30g as a fraction of 40g. Give your answer in its simplest form. Can someone help me asap? Its due tomorrow. After this program is executed, the value of numc is 10. Choose the connective that completes the program.numA = 2numB = 3if numA == 2 (or,and,not) numB = 2:numC = 30elif numA == 2 and numB == 3:numC = 10 the maturity value of a promissory note is a.the face value of the note plus the interest due to the maturity date. b.its realizable value. c.the discounted value of the note. d.the face value of the note. -56= 56= \,\,5a-11 5a11PLEASE HELP What causes increase and decrease in GDP? Given the function: f(x)= x 3x-1. Find the following: a) f(x+h) b) f(x+h) f(x) Demonstrate why the compensation principle can rank more allocations than the Pareto criterion.And please indicate the source of your answer when you reply to this question The Audubon Society (promote, promotes) the conservation of wild birds. How would you describe the attitude of the speaker toward his or her subject?