According to the dependence model of drug addiction addicts crave a drug because?

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Answer 1

According to the dependence model of drug addiction, addicts crave a drug because their brains have become chemically dependent on the substance, leading to changes in brain chemistry and neural pathways associated with reward and motivation.

The dependence model of drug addiction suggests that repeated drug use can lead to physical and psychological dependence on the substance. When a person becomes addicted to a drug, their brain undergoes significant changes in its chemistry and neural circuitry. These changes primarily affect the reward system, which is responsible for experiencing pleasure and reinforcing behaviors.

Drugs of abuse, such as opioids or stimulants, can activate the brain's reward system by increasing the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward. Over time, the brain adapts to the presence of the drug and becomes reliant on it to maintain a sense of normality. As a result, cravings emerge when the drug is not present in the system.

Cravings are intense desires or urges to use the drug, and they can be triggered by various factors, including environmental cues, stress, or emotional states. These cravings are a manifestation of the brain's chemical dependence on the substance and the disruption of normal brain function. Consequently, addicts experience a strong drive to seek and consume the drug in order to relieve cravings and restore a sense of well-being.

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Related Questions

Describe considerations in the dressing and bandaging of open wounds. 672-676

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Considerations in the dressing and bandaging of open wounds include maintaining a clean and sterile environment, choosing the appropriate type of dressing, ensuring proper wound drainage, and promoting wound healing.

When dressing and bandaging open wounds, it is crucial to create a clean and sterile environment to prevent infection. This involves using sterile gloves, cleaning the wound with antiseptic solutions, and using sterile dressings and instruments. The type of dressing chosen depends on the characteristics of the wound, such as its size, location, and level of exudate.

For example, a non-adherent dressing may be used for wounds with minimal exudate, while an absorptive dressing may be needed for wounds with high exudate. It is important to ensure that the dressing allows for proper wound drainage to prevent the buildup of fluid and promote healing. Additionally, regular assessment of the wound and changing the dressing as needed are essential to monitor the progress of healing and prevent complications.

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true/false. people who are heterozygous for sickle cell produce enough round red blood cells to avoid the symptoms of sickle cell anemia, and have enough sickle cells to provide protection from malaria.

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The statement that says "People who are heterozygous for sickle cell produce enough round red blood cells to avoid the symptoms of sickle cell anemia and have enough sickle cells to provide protection from malaria" is a TRUE statement,

Sickle cell disorder is an inherited disorder that causes the red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. Since the misshapen cells tend to die early, the body ends up with a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia). It can also block blood flow, which will cause pain in the body (sickle cell crisis),

Attached below is a picture of blood that contains both normal red blood cells and sickle cells.

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true/false. people who are heterozygous for sickle cell produce enough round red blood cells to avoid

the nurse is conducting a physical examination of a 5-year-old girl. the nurse asks the girl to stand still with her eyes closed and arms down by her side. the girl immediately begins to lean. what does this tell the nurse?

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The fact that the girl quickly begins to lean after being instructed to remain still with her eyes closed and arms down by her side may suggest to the nurse that the girl has a balance difficulty or a vestibular condition. This might be due to a number of factors, including inner ear abnormalities, neurological diseases, or visual impairments.

Who is nurse?

According to Merriam-Webster, nurses are certified healthcare professionals who practice independently or under the supervision of a physician, surgeon, or dentist and are experienced in promoting and preserving health. Nurses are present in every community, large and small, providing competent care from birth to death. Nurses' responsibilities span from direct patient care and case management to implementing quality assurance processes and overseeing complicated nursing care systems. Nurses treat injuries, dispense prescriptions, do regular medical exams, document complete medical histories, monitor heart rate and blood pressure, run diagnostic tests, handle medical equipment, draw blood, and admit/discharge patients as directed by physicians.

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How many superficial muscles are on the anterior view of the body?

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There are around 650 skeletal muscleswithin the typical human body. Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles, as presented in this article.

A disorder in which frequent secretive bingeing followed by purging is called:
A) malnutrition
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) binge-eating disorder

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A disorder in which frequent secretive bingeing followed by purging is called bulimia nervosa.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption (bingeing) followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise (purging). These behaviors are often carried out secretly and are accompanied by a sense of loss of control.Unlike anorexia nervosa, which involves severe restriction of food intake leading to significant weight loss, individuals with bulimia nervosa typically maintain a relatively normal weight or may experience fluctuations within a normal weight range. Binge-eating disorder (BED) also involves recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption but without compensatory behaviors.

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How can Medicine help Emotionally

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It can help balance out emotions, by fixing the chemical imbalances. :)
It can help balance out emotions and cause less stress

Explain how the epidermis and dermis protect the body. Make sure to develop this into 4-5 sentences.

Answers

Answer:

hello there

Explanation:

The epidermis contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Melanin is also responsible for suntans and freckles. Protecting skin. Keratin, a protein made by cells found in the epidermis, gives skin its toughness and strength, and protects skin from drying out. The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

if a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

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The administration of powerful glucocorticoids such as prednisone to suppress the immune system can have several unintended effects on blood chemistry. Some of these potential effects may include:

1. Increased blood glucose: Glucocorticoids can increase blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources) and reducing insulin sensitivity.

2. Elevated triglycerides: Glucocorticoids can increase the production of triglycerides and reduce their clearance, leading to elevated levels in the blood.

3. Reduced calcium absorption: Glucocorticoids can interfere with calcium absorption from the intestine, leading to decreased calcium levels in the blood.

4. Increased sodium retention: Glucocorticoids can increase the retention of sodium in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure.

5. Decreased potassium levels: Glucocorticoids can increase the excretion of potassium in the urine, leading to decreased levels in the blood.

6. Altered electrolyte balance: Glucocorticoids can disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body, leading to imbalances in sodium, potassium, calcium, and other important ions.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients receiving glucocorticoids closely for any changes in blood chemistry and to adjust treatment as needed to minimize potential adverse effects.

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A nursing student is educating a client about the use of tampons. Which statement made by the nursing student indicates a need for correction

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It is important for nursing students to provide accurate and evidence-based information to their clients to ensure safe and effective use of tampons.

However, some common misconceptions about tampon use that should be corrected include:

1- Tampons can get lost inside the body: Tampons cannot get lost inside the body. The cervix at the end of the vagina prevents the tampon from going too far up.

2- Tampons are not safe for virgins: Tampons can be used by virgins, but it may be more comfortable to start with smaller tampons and use a water-based lubricant to insert them.

3- Hymens can be broken by tampons:  Exercise and tampon use are only two examples of activities that can stretch or tear the hymen.

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Due to the effects of exercise, athletes will typically have all of the following except ___________ compared to individuals with a more sedentary lifestyle.

Answers

Answer:

La OMS define la actividad física como cualquier movimiento corporal producido por los músculos esqueléticos, con el consiguiente consumo de energía. La actividad física hace referencia a todo movimiento, incluso durante el tiempo de ocio, para desplazarse a determinados lugares y desde ellos, o como parte del trabajo de una persona. La actividad física, tanto moderada como intensa, mejora la salud.

Explanation:

ahi esta

Due to the effects of exercise, athletes will typically have all of the following except higher resting heart rates compared to individuals with a more sedentary lifestyle.

What do you mean by a Sedentary Lifestyle?

A sedentary lifestyle may be defined as a lifestyle with a lot of sitting and lying down, with very little to no exercise.

Resting heart rate depends on the physical activity of the individual. It is defined as the number of times the heartbeats per minute during a person is at rest.

Therefore, due to the effects of exercise, athletes will typically have all of the following except higher resting heart rates compared to individuals with a more sedentary lifestyle.

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What the name of the smaller portion of a solution that's dissolved a.solvent b.dilient c.solute d dissolvent

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C i guess, because all the others “work” in the solution. They do something, they don’t receive/get smthg
Solute is always smaller than solvent.

For example a solute of NaCl (table salt) is poured into a cup of water. You would want the table salt which is the solute to be smaller than the cup of water which is the solvent.
So C is your answer

the client has taken 3/4 of a bottle of aspirin that contained 100 tablets. How many tablets has the client taken?

Answers

Answer:

75

Explanation:

because 3/4 is equal to% 75 and 75% of 100 is 75

The client has taken 3/4 of a bottle of aspirin that contained 100 tablets because 3/4 is equal to% 75 and 75% of 100 is 75.

How the number of tablets will be calculated?

The number of tablets is, n = 160.

The quantity of aspirin in each tablet is,

The objective is to find the total grams of aspiring in the bottle.

Since, each tablet contains 0.062 g of aspiring, then 160 tablet in the bottle will contains,

Hence, the total grams of aspiring in the bottle is 9.92 g.

The cost of one antacid is 2.325 cents per tablet.

As per the question based on the student analysis we know that,

Total antacid tablets in a bottle = 120

Purchase Price of a bottle = $ 2.79

Cost of 1 antacid tablet  

As we know $1 = 100 cent

The cost of 1 antacid tablet =  × 100 cents = 2.325 cents/tablet .

Thus we came to know that it costs 2.325 cents/tablet.

Other things remains constant, the law of demand states that there is a inverse relationship between the the price of a commodity and the quantity demanded for a commodity. If there is an increase in the price of tablets then as a result the quantity demanded for tablets decreases and if there is a fall in the prices of tablets then as a result the quantity demanded for tablets increases.

Therefore, The client has taken 3/4 of a bottle of aspirin that contained 100 tablets because 3/4 is equal to% 75 and 75% of 100 is 75.

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A nurse who accepts fees from a home health agency for each client he or she refers to the agency would be

Answers

Answer:

charged and or have the license revoked

Explanation:

According to the Michigan Medical Statute Section 333.16221, it is stated that any misconduct of health care personnel or organization that falls under the section such as Unethical business practices, consisting of one or more of the following would require thorough investigation and may lead to either or both charges and revocation of the license.

1. False or misleading advertising.

2. Dividing fees for referral of patients or accepting kickbacks on medical or surgical services, appliances, or medications purchased by or on behalf of patients.

A nurse who receives payment from a home health business for each client referred to the organization might be fined or have their license revoked.

Michigan Medical Statute:

According to the Michigan Medical Statute, any wrongdoing by health-care employees or organizations that comes within the section, such as unethical commercial activities, such as false or misleading advertising, falls under the section.

Receiving kickbacks on medical or surgical services, appliances, or prescriptions acquired by or on behalf of patients, or dividing compensation for patient referrals.

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T/F postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Answers

False
* The PREganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
*

five different types of white blood cells of the immune system ​

Answers

The five main types of blood cells are basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

You are manning a telephone hotline in a city experiencing an outbreak of pandemic flu. You have been given a set of questions to ask callers (for example, do you have a fever?) and information to provide depending on the expressed concerns of callers.

Answers

Answer:

what is the question that is being asked here?

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system?

1. pharynx
2. ventricle
3. trachea
4. bronchus

Answers

Answer:

Ventricle

Explanation:

2. Ventricle is the answer

some have suggested that pose an existential threat because they remind us death is inescapable and the body is fallible.

Answers

some have suggested that older adults pose an existential threat because they remind us death is inescapable and the body is fallible.

Humans cope with deep-seated fears about their mortality through symbolic meaning constructions and corresponding value standards. We extend this viewpoint to suggest that older adults or elderly people pose an existential threat to the non-elderly because they show us all that death is unavoidable, the body is fallible, and the foundations upon which we can secure self-esteem (and handle death anxiety) are ephemeral.

According to preliminary research with older adults, seniors do not react to death reminders in the same way that their younger counterparts do.

Butler coined the phrase "ageism" in 1969. Ageism, according to his early definition, is age discrimination manifested in prejudice of one age group toward other age groups. Although ageism can be directed at younger age groups, the majority of theoretical and empirical research on ageism has concentrated on the older adults.

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list 2 legislative failures of the department of environment,food and rural affairs

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The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the government department responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Concordats set out agreed frameworks for co operation, between it and the Scottish Government,Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations.

A practitioner order is written for an antiemetic medication to be given IV - 7.5 mg q 4 hrs prn N/V. This medication is available in a prefilled syringe labeled 10 mg/2 mL. How many milliliters should be given?

Answers

1.5mL? Because 7.5 x 2mL = 15.0 => move the decimal place one space to the left =1.5mL

What trunk region contains the umbilical region, coxal region, and inguinal region?
superior posterior
inferior posterior
superior anterior
inferior anterior

Answers

Answer:

The lower region of the human body contains the umbilical region, coxal region, and inguinal region.

Explanation:

I think its the inferior anterior

eating at fast-food restaurants is associated with decreased intake of calories, decreased intake of sodium, decreased intake of saturated fat, and decreased portion sizes.

Answers

"Eating at fast-food restaurants is associated with decreased intake of calories, decreased intake of sodium, decreased intake of saturated fat, and decreased portion sizes" is a statement that can be considered false.

Fast food is a type of mass-produced food for commercial resale purposes. They are usually less expensive and less nutritious compared to home-prepared meals. The food itself usually comes frozen, preheated, or precooked, so the seller can prioritize the speed of service for their customers.

Eating at fast food restaurants, or eating out in general, is associated with a significant increase in the intake of calories, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. As for the portion size, fast food tends to come in larger portions as well. Therefore, the statement in the question above is considered false.

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yes i is going on a trip this

Answers

Answer:

I- thanks

Explanation:

Mrs. West wears glasses and dentures and has enjoyed considerable pain relief from arthritis through massage therapy. She is concerned about whether or not Medicare will cover these items and services. What should you tell her?

Answers

You should ask Mrs. West to contact either Medicare and ask them personally if they cover the services or ask the company who she receives massage therapy from, her glasses and dentures if they accept Medicare coverage.

I will simply inform Mrs. West that Medicare does not cover glasses, dentures or massage therapy.

Some of the things that are covered under Medicare include hospital care, surgery, hospice etc.

On the other hand, Medicare doesn't cover eye exams, dentures cosmetic surgeries. Also, it should be noted that long term care isn't covered by Medicare.

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medical prescription: aminophylline 50 mg orally 8/8 hours. available: 5% aminophylline solution - 50ml bottles. how many ml should be given?

Answers

Answer:

To calculate how many mL of the 5% aminophylline solution should be given, we need to use the formula:

(amount of medication needed / concentration of medication available) x volume of medication available = volume of medication to be administered

Using this formula, we can calculate the volume of the aminophylline solution to be given as follows:

(amount of medication needed) = 50 mg (concentration of medication available) = 5% (volume of medication available) = 50 mL

First, we need to convert 50 mg to grams by dividing by 1000:

50 mg / 1000 = 0.05 g

Next, we need to calculate the amount of aminophylline solution required. We can do this by rearranging the formula as follows:

(volume of medication to be administered) = (amount of medication needed / concentration of medication available) x volume of medication available

(volume of medication to be administered) = (0.05 g / 0.05 g/mL) x 1 mL

(volume of medication to be administered) = 1 mL

Therefore, to administer 50 mg of aminophylline orally every 8 hours, 1 mL of the 5% aminophylline solution should be given.

Explanation:

what is the medical term for a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast?

Answers

The medical term for a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast is fibroadenoma.

Fibroadenomas are usually painless and have a smooth, well-defined border. They are most commonly found in women in their 20s and 30s, but can occur at any age.

Fibroadenomas are generally benign, but it is important to have them evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out the possibility of breast cancer. Diagnostic tests such as a mammogram, ultrasound, or biopsy may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for fibroadenomas may include observation, surgical removal, or other less invasive procedures such as cryoablation or vacuum-assisted biopsy.

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Final answer:

The medical term for a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast is fibroadenoma.

Explanation:

The medical term for a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast is fibroadenoma. Fibroadenomas are most commonly found in young women and are usually noncancerous. They can vary in size and are often discovered during a breast self-examination or routine mammogram.

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After examining Mrs. Bramatovich, Dr. Miller diagnoses her with Alzheimer’s disease in its early stages. Svetlana asks the physician how her mother can be treated. What might Dr. Miller say to Svetlana?

Svetlana asks Dr. Miller for information related to Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Miller decides to send Mary Ellen, an RMA, into the room to review a patient education brochure that discusses the progression of the disease. What information should this brochure include?

Alzheimer’s disease affects memory, reasoning, and problem-solving skills. Which lobe(s) of the brain pertaining to these aspects of cognitive functioning?

Answers

Anticholinesterase drugs will be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's. The progression of the condition should be described in the booklet. Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes, which are also the areas of the brain most involved in cognitive function.

what is alzheimer’s disease?

The most typical cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. The condition develops gradually, beginning with mild memory loss and possibly increasing to the loss of speech and sense of the surrounding environment. Alzheimer's disease affects the parts of the brain in charge of thought, memory, and language.

Alzheimer's is a degenerative illness that primarily affects elderly people. Although the disease's exact cause is still a mystery, genetic factors are thought to have a role. The frontal and temporal lobes degenerate as a result of this illness, affecting cognitive function.

Pre-dementia, early stage, intermediate stage, and terminal stage are the four stages of the disease's progression. Anticholinesterase medications are used to treat Alzheimer's in an effort to slow down the symptoms and deterioration even though there is no known cure.

Hence the correct answer is Anticholinesterase drugs will be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's. The progression of the condition should be described in the booklet. Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes, which are also the areas of the brain most involved in cognitive function.

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Suppose you want to study the relationship between smoking and cancer. You assume that smoking is a cause of cancer. Studies have shown that there are many factors affecting this relationship, such as the number of cigarettes or the amount of tobacco smoked every day; the duration of smoking; the age of the smoker; dietary habits; and the amount of exercise undertaken by the individual. All of these factors may affect the extent to which smoking might cause cancer. These variables may either increase or decrease the magnitude of the relationship. Which statement is false

Answers

Answer: in the above example, cancer is an independent variable.

Explanation:

Based on the information given, we can infer that the dependent variable is cancer. Cancer is not the independent variable.

The extent to which an individual smokes is.an independent variable, duration of smoking, smoker's age can all be identified as the independent variable.

Cancer is not a independent variable here, in our study cancer is dependent on the amount of smoking by an individual.So, it is a dependent variable.

what happens in the body when you're sleeping which systems are working

Answers

Answer:

Your pulse, body temperature, breathing, and blood pressure rise to daytime levels. Your sympathetic nervous system, which helps with automatic responses like “fight or flight,” gets very active.

Which of the following is occurring during ventricular diastole?
(a) The AV valves are closed
(b) The SL valves are open
(c) Ventricular ejection
(d) The ventricles are passively filling
(e) The ventricles are passively filling and atria are contracting.

Answers

During ventricular diastole, the correct option is (e) The ventricles are passively filling and the atria are contracting.

During ventricular diastole, the ventricles are relaxed and undergo relaxation and filling. At this time, the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. This is known as atrial systole or atrial contraction. The AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) are open to allow blood flow from the atria into the ventricles. The SL valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) are closed during ventricular diastole since the ventricles are not actively contracting.

Therefore, the correct answer is (e) The ventricles are passively filling, and the atria are contracting.

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What is the perimeter of the triangle ? True or False Overlapping planes are stronger depth cues than height in plane. really need help in my history assignment pls help A pipe is leaking at 1.5 cups per day. About how many gallons per week is the pipe leaking? (Hint: 1 gallon = 16 cups) (please show work) The program, using a method you write (call it roll012), generates a random number between 0 and 2 for the "computer".The user (you) is asked to enter a number between 0 and 2.Based on those numbers and the rules above, the program says what each player "selected", who won or if its a draw. Play the game 10 times. Keep track of the number of times each "player" won and how many draws there were. Print this information after the game ends.Part II.Run the game with the program generating random numbers for both the "user" and "computer".(a) Loop 100 times and print the number of games won by each "player" and the number of draws. Dont print any prompts or individual game results; just the summary statistics.(b) Run the game 1,000 times and print the summary statistics(c) Run the game 10,000 times and print the summary statistics.You can do this in one program with nested loop: outer one looping from 2 to 4, inner one looping on 102, 103 and 104 b. When a blind beetle crawls over the surface of a curved branch, it doesn't notice that the tracks it has covered are indeed curved. I was lucky enough to notice what the beetle didn't notice, said Albert Einstein. Explain this statement of his. 3. What is the slope of the following Graph? Simplify your answer. When converting from moles into atoms, what number should you put on the top of the conversation factor? In what way has the spread of coal-powered factories been characteristic ofthe modern era? ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATION!!!in what ways did the limits placed on congress prevent the new government from untying the country for a common good which of the following grants the holder the exclusive right to produce, sell, and use a product or process for a period of 20 years? Apocalyptica Corp. pays a constant $18 dividend on its stock. The company willmaintain this dividend for the next 4 years and will then cease paying dividendsforever. If the required return on this stock is 7.78 percent, what is the current shareprice? Loyalty programs are a powerful way to keep loyal customers loyal. These programs are based on 2 principles: Group of answer choices added value Mike raped Kathy in the parking lot of Tom's Pub. Subsequently, Kathy filed a lawsuit against Mike for money damages. What is her burden of Proof.a.)By a preponderance of the evidence.b.)Positively certainc.)Clear and Convincingd.)Beyond a reasonable doubt In what way does the final vignette "mango says goodbye sometimes" suggest that esperanza will "come back" for the ones she "left behind"? initial value on this table Pam makes 5 litters of apple juice she saves 0.5 litter of apple for dinner and puts the rest in bottles. If each bottle holds 0.75 liter how many apples of apple juice can pam fill? how to keep your cat from climbing the christmas tree? PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS is often argued that Namibia has embraced the concept of constitutional transformation and adheres to the values and aspirations of her people. Do you agree? Motivate your answer. (10 marks) 2.2 Compare and contrast parliamentary sovereignty with Constitutional Supremacy. In your answer, state which of the two applies to Namibia and further explain why. (10 marks)