A message signal m(1) is normalized to peak voltages of t1 Y. The average message power equals 20 mW. To transmit this signal by binary PCM without compression, uniform quantization is adopted. If the SQNK is required to be at least 43 dB, determine the minimum number of bitsrequired to code the uniform quantizer. Determine the SNR obtained with this quantizer.

Answers

Answer 1

The minimum number of bits required to code the uniform quantizer is 7. The SNR obtained with this quantizer is 43 dB.

The peak voltage of the message signal is t1 Y, which means the peak-to-peak voltage is 2t1 Y.

Therefore, the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage is (2t1 Y)/√2 = √2*t1 Y. The average message power is 20 mW, so we can find the RMS voltage as:

P = V²/R = (√2*t1 Y)²/R

20 mW = (2t1²/R) * 10^(-3)

R = 2000/t1²

The signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) for uniform quantization is given by:

SQNR = 6.02B + 1.76 dB

where B is the number of bits used to represent the quantized signal. We want the SQNR to be at least 43 dB, so we can solve for B:

43 dB = 6.02B + 1.76 dB

B = 6.05

Since we need an integer number of bits, we round up to 7 bits. The quantization step size (Δ) is given by:

Δ = 2√3*Vpp/2^B

where Vpp is the peak-to-peak voltage of the signal. Plugging in the values we have, we get:

Δ = (2√3√2t1 Y)/2^7

Δ = (3√2*t1 Y)/128

The quantization noise power is given by:

Pq = Δ²/12

The signal power is given by:

Ps = (Vpp²)/(2*R)

The SNR is then given by:

SNR = Ps/Pq

Plugging in the values we have, we get:

SNR = (2t1²)/(PqR)

SNR = (2t1²)/(Pq*2000/t1²)

SNR = 43 dB

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Related Questions

Never operate electric tools outdoors or in wet conditions unless circuit is protected by what?.

Answers

Never operate electric tools outdoors or in wet conditions unless the circuit is protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).

What is a circuit?

When a number of electric entities are connected through various conductors is called a circuit.

Here,
A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) helps to avoid the repercussion caused due to electric shocks. An individual receives a shock, the GFCI perceives this and cuts off the current before the individual can get any damage. it is usually installed where electrical circuits come into reference with water.

Thus, Never operate electric tools outdoors or in wet conditions unless the circuit is protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).

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Lynx eat snowshoe hares, and snowshoes hears eat plants. Which term can be applied to the lynx in this food chain example? Primary consumer predator secondary consumer

Answers

Answer:

primary consumer because YES

Answer:predator and secondary consumer

Explanation:

Basic engine conponents

Answers

An engine is composed of several major components; the block, the crank, the rods, the pistons, the head (or heads), the valves, the cams, the intake and exhaust systems and the ignition system. These parts work together in an exacting manner to harness the chemical energy in gasoline.

The engine block consists of a cylinder block and a crankcase. An engine block can be produced as a one-piece or two-piece unit. The cylinder block is the engine component that consists of the cylinder bore, cooling fins on air-cooled engines, and valve train components, depending on the engine design.

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have a good day

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1. You use
switches when you
have two switches controlling one or more
lights.
single pole
4-way
2-way
3-way

Answers

4-ways tell me if I’m wrong

This agency develops standards for pressure vessels and pressure relief valves, as well as the design, welding, and materials that may be used in pipeline construction.
Select one:
a. American Petroleum Institute
b. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
c. American Gas Association
d. National Fire Protection Association

Answers

Answer:

b. American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Explanation:

The "American Society of Mechanical Engineers" (ASME) is an organization that ensures the development of engineering fields. It is an accreditation organization that ensures parties will comply to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or BPVC.

The BPVC is a standard being followed by ASME in order to regulate the different pressure vessels and valves. Such standard prevents boiler explosion incidents.

The ultimate BOD of a river at the confluence of the river and a sewage outfall is 50 mg/L and the DO is at the saturation value of 9.0 mg/L after mixing. The deoxygenation (or decay) rate coefficient (Kd) is 0.3 d-1 and the reaeration rate coefficient (Kr) is 0.9 d-1. The river is flowing at a velocity of 48 miles/day and the only source of BOD is from the sewage discharge.

Required:
a. Find the critical distance downstream (in miles) at which DO is a minimum.
b. Find the minimum DO (in mg/L)
c. If a wastewater treatment plant is to be built, what fraction of the BOD would have to be removed from the sewage to assure a minimum of 5.0 mg/L everywhere downstream?

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

need urgent help!!
Determine the point(s) P on the line e with equation x−6 = ( y−3)/4 = ( 1−z)/3
for which the line connecting P with Q(2, −6, 5) is perpendicular to e.

Answers

The quartiles divide a set of observations into four portions, each representing 25% of the observations, together with the minimum and maximum values of the data set. The interquartile range, a measurement of variation around the median, is calculated using quartiles.

How are quartiles determined?In order to quartile a set of data with n items (numbers), we choose the n/4th, n/2nd, and n/4th items. Interpolation between the adjacent items is used if indexes n/4, n/2, or 3n/4 are not integers.For instance, the first quartile Q1 of ordered data is the 25th item, the second quartile Q2 is the 50th item, and the third quartile Q3 is the 75th item. The fourth quartile Q4 would be the highest item of data, and the zeroth quartile Q0 would be the minimum item; however, these extreme quartiles are referred to as the minimum and maximum of a set, respectively.Calculation:

Statistical file: {2, -6, 5}

Quartile Q1: -6

Quartile Q2: 2

Quartile Q3: 5.

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need urgent help!!Determine the point(s) P on the line e with equation x6 = ( y3)/4 = ( 1z)/3for which

When the footing-and-wall-type foundation is used, ____ are used to provide intermediate support to the structure above.

Answers

When the footing-and-wall-type foundation is used, piers or columns are used to provide intermediate support to the structure above. A footing-and-wall type foundation is a type of shallow foundation that is suitable for the construction of small buildings.

It consists of a continuous footing that is supported by a wall. Piers or columns are used to provide intermediate support to the structure above. The foundation of any building must be able to support the load of the structure above.

Piers or columns are used to distribute the load of the building evenly across the foundation. These intermediate supports are installed at regular intervals to ensure that the weight of the building is evenly distributed. Piers or columns can be made from a variety of materials, including concrete, steel, and wood.

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Consider the following data for 2008 in a small suburban community:

1. number of accidents: 360 fatal 10 injury 36 pdo 314
2. number of fatalities 15
3. area population: 50,000
4. registered vehicles 35,000
5. annual vmt: 12,000,000
6. average speed 30 mi/hr

compute all relevant exposure and population based accident and fatality rates for this data. compare these to national norms for the current year. (hint: use the internet to location current national norms)

Answers

Answer:

Motorcyclist Fatality and Injury Rates per Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1998-2008. 10. 9. Fatalities in School Transportation Related Crashes,. 1998-2008.

Explanation:

A bona fide established commercial marketing agency is a business which is specifically devoted to public relations, advertising and promoting the services of a client. True or False

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Bona Fide is a Latin term which means in good faith or without any intention to deceive. The business established on a bona fide basis means that there is an absence of fraud. The marketing agency has devoted its services to public relations, advertising and promoting the services of clients. There is no intention of fraud in the business.

An ideal transformer produces an output voltage that is 500% larger (e.g. a 6-fold increase) than the input voltage. 1) If the input current is 14 A (rms), what is the output current

Answers

Answer:

2 1/3 A

Explanation:

power in = power out

V (14) =  6V a  

    14 = 6a

      a = 14/6 =

14. Low resistance combined with current flow is the description of a/an
A. heater
B. impedance mismatch.
C. electric shock.
D. electrical circuit.

Answers

I think b I’m for sure tho

For welding the most important reason to use jigs and fixtures in a welding shop is to

Answers

Answer:

Reduce manufacturing costs.

Explanation:

Hope This Helps

Have A Great Day

What is the creative process that helps you overcome writer's block called?
The creative process that helps you overcome writer's block is called
Reset
Next

Answers

The creative process that helps you overcome writer's block is called Reset.

How do you overcome writer's block?Methods to Overcome Writer's BlockImprove Your Workspace.Utilize the Pomodoro Technique.Schedule a Time and Make a Pattern.Try a Writing Prompt.It's OK to Be Flawed.

Thus, could be the answer.

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is called ecoines

Explanation:

system overshoot is the result of what in a heating system?

Answers

Answer:  The residual system of heat increasing the space temperature.

Explanation:

A horizontal poly crystalline solar panel module has to be investigated by natural cooling. For crystal silicon, the thermal coefficient approximately 0.0045/K is used. Investigate the effect of air velocity on the cooling performance of PV panels at 0-5 m/s air velocities, 25-40 ºC ambient temperatures, and 400-1000 W/ m2 solar radiation

Answers

Solution :

It is given that :

Thermal coefficient = 0.0045/K

Ambient temperature, \($T_a = 25 - 40^\circ$\)

air velocity, v = 0-5 m/s

Solar radiation, \($G= 400-100 \ W/m^2$\)

\($P=50 \ W$\)

Model calculations :

Cell temperature (\($T_c$\))

\($T_c = T_a + \left(\frac{0.25}{5.7+3.8 \ v_w}\right) G$\)

where \($ v_w - v_a = $\) wind speed / air speed

∴ \($T_c = 2 \pi + \left(\frac{0.25}{5.7+3.8 \times 1}\right) \times 400$\)

   \($T_c = 35.526 ^\circ$\)

\($\Delta T = T_c -25$\)

      = 35.526 - 25

      = 10.526 K

Thermal coefficient = 0.0045 x 10.526

                                = 0.04737

Pv power = \($(1 -C_T) \times P \times \frac{G}{1000}$\)

                \($=(1 -0.04737) \times 50 \times \frac{400}{1000}$\)

                = 17.0526 W

What arethe two tag codes for performing ordered and un ordered lits using HTML​

Answers

Answer:

The HTML ul tag is used for the unordered list. There can be 4 types of bulleted list: To represent different ordered lists, there are 4 types of attributes in <ul> tag. This is the default style. In this style, the list items are marked with bullets.

Answer:

Ordered

\({ \tt{ < ol > .... < / ol > }}\)

Unordered

\({ \tt{ < ul > .... < /ul > }}\)

Which is the most common source of abnormal noises in an air
conditioner?
Select one:
A. Evaporator
B. Condenser
C. Compressor
D. Expansion valve

Answers

Answer is: letter B.Condenser

Explanation:

common issue associated with an air conditioner screeching noise is a malfunctioning fan motor in the outdoor condenser unit. The central air conditioning system connected to your home features a fan that is designed to remove heat from the refrigerant.

how long did it take you to answer all of these questions

Answers

Answer:

not sure

Explanation:

not sure

an unknown material has a combined stress state and strengths (in kpsi) of: σx = 10, σy = 5, τxy = 4.5, sut = 20, suc = 80, sy = 18. choose an appropriate failure theory based on the given, find the effective stress and factor of safety against static failure.

Answers

The three failure theories which are generally used to calculate stresses are- Maximum principal stress theory Maximum principal strain theory Maximum shear stress theory Out of the three failure theories, Maximum principal stress theory is appropriate because we have been given the values of the stresses directly.

Given stress states are:

σx = 10,

σy = 5,

τxy = 4.5,

sut = 20,

suc = 80,

sy = 18

The stress values and failure stresses can be used to calculate the factor of safety and effective stress.The effective stress is calculated by the following formula:σ1 and σ2 are the principal stresses. As we do not have these values, we have to use the following formulas to find out these principal stresses using the given stress values.

Max. principal stress=σ1

= (σx + σy)/2 + √((σx - σy) /2)² + τ²xy/2

= 7.5 + √((10-5)/2)² + 4.5²/2

= 7.5 + 4.301 = 11.8 kpsi

Min. principal stress=σ2

= (σx + σy)/2 - √((σx - σy) /2)² + τ²xy/2

= 7.5 - √((10-5)/2)² + 4.5²/2

= 7.5 - 2.301

= 5.2 kpsi

Now we can calculate the effective stress = (σ1 - σ2)/2

= (11.8-5.2)/2

= 3.3 kpsi

Factor of Safety can be calculated as:

Factor of safety (FoS) = failure stress/ Effective stress

We have three different failure stresses

-Syt = 18 kpsi - tensile yield stressSuc = 80 kpsi - Unconfined Compressive strengthSut = 20 kpsi - Ultimate tensile strength

The minimum value of the Factor of Safety (FoS) out of the three is taken because the structure should fail first under the most unfavorable condition (i.e. minimum FoS).

The values of FoS for all three failure theories are calculated and the minimum value is taken.Max principal stress theory:

FoS = minimum failure stress/ Effective stress

Minimum FoS = min (18/3.3, 80/3.3, 20/3.3)

Minimum FoS = 5.45 (Approx)

Hence the factor of safety against static failure is 5.45.

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A heat engine is a device able to transform work into heat.
a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer:

Option B: False

Explanation:

A heat engine is a device which operates in a manner that heat is converted into mechanical work.

A simple example of a heat engine is a drinking bird. The oscillatory motion of the drinking bird is as a result of the thermal expansion and contraction of a chemical compound in its beak, which creates an imbalance in its position of equilibrium. This causes it to oscillate.

Heat engines usually work by extracting heat once there is a temperature gradient available in the system and using it to perform work. Another good example is the internal combustion engine. It extracts heat from the explosion of the burning fuels and uses it to power the car.

sketch a schematic of a mosfet based single quadrant amplifier for a dc motor

Answers

I'm sorry, but I am unable to generate visual content or sketches as a text-based AI model. However, I can describe the schematic of a MOSFET-based single quadrant amplifier for a DC motor.

A MOSFET-based single quadrant amplifier for a DC motor typically consists of a power MOSFET, a gate driver circuit, and the DC motor itself.

The power MOSFET acts as the main amplifier component for controlling the motor's speed and direction. The gate driver circuit is responsible for providing the necessary voltage and current to drive the MOSFET.

In the schematic, the MOSFET is connected in a common source configuration, with the source terminal connected to the ground and the drain terminal connected to one terminal of the DC motor. The other terminal of the DC motor is connected to a DC power supply. The gate terminal of the MOSFET is connected to the output of the gate driver circuit.

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problem 3 (25 points). in the design of a civil jet transport, such as the boeing 777links to an external site., the choice of engine size is usually based on having a 300 feet per minute rate-of-climb capability at the top of climb to cruising altitude. this is a safety margin. assume the following cruise conditions at top of climb for the boeing 777: l/d

Answers

The calculated thrust that we are required to find in this question are solved as:

150.45The static thrust at the sea level = 2446521.9 / 18 = 135.917 N

How to solve for the thrust

Rate = excess power / weight

= dn / dt

= V∞sin θ

V∞sin θ = Tn - Tr / w * V∞

sin θ  = Tn - D / w

Tr = D

sin θ = T / w - D / w

T / w = sin θ + D / w

We would have the formula here as

ma x √vRTw

= 0.85 x √1.4 x 287 x 226.73

= 256.5 m/s

Next we have to solve for the angle of climb

∅ = sin⁻¹ (1.524 / 256.5)

= 5.94 x 10⁻³

T = w (θ + 1/10)

= 2446521.9 * 5.94 x 10⁻³ * 1/18

= 150.45

The static thrust at the sea level = 2446521.9 / 18

= 135.917 N

Therefore the required thrust at the cruising altitude is equal to  150.45

while the corresponding thrust at the sea level is equal to 135.917 N

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problem 3 (25 points). in the design of a civil jet transport, such as the boeing 777links to an external

Remembering to lower or block bulldozer and scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump
bodies, etc., when not in use, and leaving all controls in the neutral position. Would this be
considered protecting yourself or not protecting yourself?
Select the best option

Answers

Answer:

Protecting yourself.

Explanation:

you didn't include answer choices but from the text I would assume remembering to do these things would be actively protecting yourself.

1. An air standard cycle is executed within a closed piston-cylinder system and consists of three processes as follows:1-2 = constant heat addition from 100 kPa and 27∘C to 700 kPa 2-3 Isothermal expansion until V3 = 7v23-1 P = constant heat rejection to the initial state2. Assume air has constant properties with cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, and k = 1.4.(a) Sketch the P- and T-s diagrams for the cycle.(b) Determine the ratio of the compression work to the expansion work (the back work ratio).(c) Determine the cycle thermal efficiency.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation: Here it is: 67 Hope that helps! :)

Example 1.3 An electric circuit is supplied by a voltage represented by the expression v = 240 sin (471,239t) V. Calculate the following: a) The frequency of the supply voltage. the voltage​

Answers

Answer: 75,000 Hz

Explanation:

To calculate the frequency of the supply voltage, we need to use the formula:

frequency = 1 / time period

where the time period is the time it takes for one complete cycle of the waveform. For a sine wave, the time period is given by:

time period = 2π / angular frequency

where the angular frequency is the rate of change of the angle with respect to time and is given by:

angular frequency = 2π × frequency

Comparing the given voltage expression v = 240 sin (471,239t) V to the general form of a sine wave:

v = Vm sin(ωt + θ)

where Vm is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and θ is the phase angle, we can see that the amplitude is 240 V, the angular frequency is 471,239 rad/s, and there is no phase angle (θ = 0).

Using the formula for angular frequency, we can find the frequency:

angular frequency = 2π × frequency

471,239 = 2π × frequency

frequency = 471,239 / (2π) ≈ 75,000 Hz

Therefore, the frequency of the supply voltage is approximately 75,000 Hz.

Hope this helps, :^)

Which of the following is iterative? *

Science
Engineering
Criteria
Infrastructure

Answers

Science do be the answer

1. It's very kind _______ you to help us. Thanks a lot. A. for B. to C. with D. of

Answers

It’s letter d.
Hope this helps☺️

Which one of these circuit elements would draw the largest rms current if a 1000 Hz sinusoidal voltage was connected across it? 50 mH inductor 500 nF capacitor 50mH inductor in series with 500nF capacitor 1000 ohm resistor

Answers

Among the given circuit elements, the 1000-ohm resistor would draw the largest rms current when a 1000 Hz sinusoidal voltage is connected across it. This is because resistors follow Ohm's Law (V=IR), where the current (I) is directly proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R).

Unlike inductive or capacitive elements, resistors don't have reactance that changes with frequency.In contrast, the current drawn by inductive and capacitive elements depends on their reactance, which varies with frequency. The inductive reactance (XL) is given by XL = 2πfL, and the capacitive reactance (XC) is given by XC = 1/(2πfC). At 1000 Hz, the 50 mH inductor has an inductive reactance of 314 ohms, and the 500 nF capacitor has a capacitive reactance of approximately 318 ohms.For the series combination of the 50 mH inductor and 500 nF capacitor, the net reactance is given by the difference between the inductive and capacitive reactances (XL - XC). In this case, the net reactance is close to 0, as the inductive and capacitive reactances nearly cancel each other out. This results in a very low current draw for the series combination.Therefore, among the given circuit elements, the 1000-ohm resistor will draw the largest rms current when a 1000 Hz sinusoidal voltage is connected across it.

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Cement clinker temparature range?

Answers

The temperature range for cement clinker formation typically falls between 1,450°C (2,642°F) and 1,550°C (2,822°F).

What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance or system. In other words, it is a measure of how hot or cold a substance or system is relative to a reference point.

Cement clinker is a dark grey nodular material that is produced by heating a mixture of limestone, clay, and other minerals in a kiln to very high temperatures. The high temperatures cause a series of chemical reactions to take place, which results in the formation of new compounds and the breakdown of others. This process, known as clinkerization, produces cement clinker as the final product.

The exact temperature range for clinker formation can vary depending on several factors, such as the chemical composition of the raw materials, the type of kiln used, and the rate of heating. However, the temperature range mentioned above is considered to be the standard range for most cement manufacturing processes.

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