a comparison of singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry (soed) and singlet oxygen luminescence dosimetry (sold) for photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy

Potential Energy stored in bond of molecules is called chemical energy.

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The equilibrium constant, Kc, is the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of products over the equilibrium concentrations of reactants each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.

For a reaction: aA + bB→ cC + dD

Equilibrium constant: Kc=\([C]^{c}[D]^{d}\)/ \([A]^{a} [B]^{b}\)

Characteristics of Kc:

1) Equilibrium can be approached from either direction.

2) Kc does not depend on the initial concentrations of reactants and products.

3) Kc does depend on temperature.

Magnitude of Kc:

1) If the Kc value is large (Kc >> 1), the equilibrium lies to the right and the reaction mixture contains mostly products.

2)  If the Kc value is small (Kc <<1), the equilibrium lies to the left and the reaction mixture contains mostly reactants.

3) If the Kc value is close to 1 (0.10 < Kc < 10), the mixture contains appreciable amounts of both reactants and products.

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The answer to this question can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law, which states that PV = nRT.  the maximum volume of the airbag in the simulation contains 16.6 moles of gas.

The Ideal Gas Law, also known as the Combined Gas Law, is an equation of state that describes the behavior of an ideal gas. It states that the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas are directly proportional, with the product of the pressure and volume remaining constant in a given mass of the ideal gas. In other words, when any one of these three properties is changed, the other two properties will change in an inverse manner, keeping the product constant. The equation of the ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of the ideal gas, P is its pressure, V is its volume, and T is its temperature.

Using the formula

PV= nRT

where P is pressure,

V is volume,

n is the number of moles,

R is the ideal gas constant, and

T is temperature.

Given the maximum volume of the airbag (66.2 L) and the temperature of the environment (20°C),

we can calculate the number of moles of gas contained in the airbag.

n = (P × 66.2 L) / (R ×20°C)

Using the atmospheric pressure at sea level (101,325 Pa), the calculation can be further simplified to:

n = (101,325 Pa ×66.2 L) / (8.314 J/(Kmol) × 293.15 K)

n = 16.6 mol

Therefore, the maximum volume of the airbag in the simulation contains 16.6 moles of gas.

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When solid surfaces slide over each other, the kind of friction that occurs is called Sliding Friction.

Answer:

Everyday Examples of Convection

boiling water - When water boils, the heat passes from the burner into the pot, heating the water at the bottom. This hot water rises and cooler water moves down to replace it, causing a circular motion.

Explanation:

Answer:

False

Explanation:

It is not correct to assert that a chemical change has occurred if the number of atoms is greater after the reaction than it was before the reaction.

For every chemical reaction, the law of conservation of mass must be strictly adhered.

The law states that "during a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, atoms are simply rearranged".

By the virtue of this law, the number of atoms at the beginning and the end of the reaction must remain the same for this law to be applicable.

Answer:

velocity = 100 km/h

Explanation:

To calculate the velocity given the distance travelled and the time taken, we can use the following formula:

\(\boxed{\mathrm{velocity = \frac{distance \ travelled}{time \ taken}}}\).

In the question, we were told that Ayana travelled 60 km in 0.6 h. Using this information and the formula above, we can calculate Ayana's velocity:

velocity = \(\frac{60 \ km}{0.6 \ h}\)

             = 100 km/h

Therefore, her velocity was 100 km/h.

The lewis structure of the H₂CO₃  is as follows :

             : O :

               ||

H - : O : - C - : O : - H

The H₂CO₃  is the carbonic acid. The total valence electrons in the carbonic acid that is H₂CO₃  is the 24 electrons. the carbonic acid contains the one carbon atom that is doubly bonded to the one oxygen atom and it is singly bonded to the two other oxygen atoms. The lewis structure is also called as the electron dot structure and it is as follows :

            : O :

               ||

H - : O : - C - : O : - H

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The compound names and their prefixes are:

Molecular compounds are named using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. The prefix for one is not used for the first element in the compound. For example, CO2 is carbon dioxide, where "di-" indicates the two oxygen atoms.

The full name of the compound is the name of the first element (using its elemental name), followed by the name of the second element (also using its elemental name) with the "-ide" suffix added, and the appropriate prefixes used to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

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Answer:

they be Cappin like a mf

Explanation:

tell the truth mf

I think the answer is 10!

Considering the Dalton's law, the pressure of the pure oxygen is 736.2 torr.

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture is known as partial pressure.

So, Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone:

\(P_{T} =P_{1} +P_{2} +...+P_{n}\)

where n is the amount of gases present in the gas mixture.

This relationship is due to the assumption that there are no attractive forces between the gases.

In this case, you  know that there is a mixture of oxygen gas and gaseous water (steam). Then the total pressure of a gas mixture is

\(P_{T} =P_{O_{2} } +P_{water}\)

You know:

Replacing:

\(760 torr=P_{O_{2} } +23.8 torr\)

Solving:

\(P_{O_{2} } =760 torr - 23.8 torr\)

\(P_{O_{2} } =\)736.2 torr

Finally, the pressure of the pure oxygen is 736.2 torr.

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The equilibrium composition of CO₂ is determined to be 0.59 kmol.

To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law and the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction:

CO + 1/2O₂ ⇌ CO₂

Given the initial number of moles of CO and O₂, we can set up an ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) table. Let's assume that x kmol of CO is consumed and converted to CO₂. Then, the change in the number of moles for each species is:

CO: -x kmol

O₂: -0.5x kmol

CO₂: +x kmol

At equilibrium, the number of moles of CO is (2 - x) kmol, O₂ is (3 - 0.5x) kmol, and CO₂ is x kmol. The equilibrium constant expression can be written as:

Kp = (P_CO₂) / (P_CO * P_O₂(1/2))

Given Kp = 16.461 and the pressure conditions, we can substitute the equilibrium partial pressures into the expression:

16.461 = x / ((2 - x) * (3 - 0.5x)(1/2))

Solving this equation yields x ≈ 0.59 kmol.

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Answer: 5.0 moles

Explanation:

From the equation, we see that for every 4 moles of ammonia consumed, 4 moles of nitrogen monoxide are produced (we can reduce this to moles of ammonia consumed = moles of nitrogen monoxide produced).

This means that the answer is 5.0 mol

In order to reduce the risk of radiation exposure to individuals and environmental contamination, radioactive wastes are kept. The wastes' radioactivity decreases over time.

Large steel and concrete barrels that contain the garbage are typically properly sealed, although accidents and leaks can still happen. Cancerous growths can result from the severe negative impacts of nuclear waste on life.

Currently, dry casks are used to store all of the nuclear waste that a power plant produces over the course of its lifetime. Since 1987, Yucca Mountain in Nevada has been intended as a permanent disposal location for spent nuclear material.

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0.008947 moles of solute.

To calculate the number of moles of solute, we use the formula:

moles = concentration (in mol/L) x volume (in L)

First, we need to convert the given volume of 83.85 ml to liters by dividing it by 1000:

83.85 ml ÷ 1000 ml/L = 0.08385 L

Next, we plug in the given concentration and volume into the formula:

moles = 0.1065 mol/L x 0.08385 L = 0.008947 moles

Therefore, the number of moles of solute in 83.85 ml of 0.1065 M K2Cr2O7 (aq) is 0.008947 moles.

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This problem is providing us with the isotopic mass of Ga-71 and its percent abundance, so the isotopic mass of the second isotope is required. At the end, the result turns out to be 68.92547 amu.

In chemistry, isotopes are known as atoms of an element with different atomic masses (isotopic mass) but equal number of protons. In addition, they have a natural occurring abundance as a percentage.

Thus, this problem can be solved by writing the following weighted average for the atomic mass of Gallium:

\(m_{Ga}=m_{Ga-71}*\%ab_{Ga-71}+m_{Ga-?}*\%ab_{Ga-?}\)

Hence, since both percent abundances must sum 100 %, that of the second isotope will be 60.108 %. However, since its mass is unknown, one can use the average atomic mass of Gallium consigned in the periodic table in order to write the following, after plugging in what we have so far:

\(69.723=70. 9247050 amu *0.39892+m_{Ga-?}*0.60108\)

Hence, one can solve for the unknown as follows:

\(m_{Ga-?}=\frac{69.723amu-70. 9247050 amu *0.39892}{0.60108} \\\\m_{Ga-?}=68.92547amu\)

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Answer:

atomic number

Explanation:

atomic number is the number of protons

The number of atoms of v are preset in each unit cell is 2.

This unit cell uses nine  atoms, eight of which are corner atoms forming the  cell and one  further in the center of the  cell. The corners contribute only one net  atom and the center atom contributes another for a aggregate of two  atoms.

In a BCC ( body centered cubic) unit cell, there's one atom fully contained within the unit cell at the chassis  point in the center, and the chassis  spots at each of the eight corners are also  enthralled, but each of those is participated between eight neighboring unit cells.

So the total number of  atoms for each unit cell is

= > 18/8

= > 2

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Explanation:

we know that,

From Left to right (Period) atomic radius decreases

and

From Top to bottom (Group) atomic radius increases.

Li, C, O, F belongs to same period.

So,

Atomic radius decreases if we go left to right

Increasing order of Atomic radius -

Li > C > O > F

Therefore,

Option C is correct ✔.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Of the following atoms cannot exceed the octet rule in a molecule. The answer is E) All of the atoms (A-D) can exceed the octet rule.

The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration with eight valence electrons. However, there are certain atoms that can exceed the octet rule and accommodate more than eight electrons in their valence shell due to the availability of vacant d-orbitals. Atoms in the third period or beyond, such as nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and iodine (I), can exceed the octet rule because they have d-orbitals in higher energy levels that can participate in bonding. These atoms can form expanded octets by accepting additional electrons into their d-orbitals, allowing them to accommodate more than eight electrons around the central atom in a molecule. So, all of the atoms A-D (N, S, P, and I) have the potential to exceed the octet rule and form molecules with more than eight electrons around the central atom, making option E the correct answer.

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The "Rescue: Firetrucks Then and Now" by Steve Otfinoski, Benchmark Books, New York (1997) reports that gun hoses can spray up to 1000 gal/min. Using the equation for flow rate (Q=A×V), the area (A) of a 2-inch pipe can be calculated to be 0.0314 m2.

To calculate the velocity (V) of the water, the equation V=Q/A can be used. This velocity can then be used to calculate the height the water will go into the air using the equation h=V²/2g, where h is the height, V is the velocity, and g is the gravitational constant.

This equation shows that the water will go 8.74 meters into the air. To calculate the power needed to spray the water, the equation P=Q×H/t can be used, where P is power, Q is flow rate, H is the height of the water in meters, and t is time in seconds.

This equation shows that the power needed to spray the water is 7.939 kW. In conclusion, the book reports that gun hoses can spray up to 1000 gal/min and using simple equations, it was determined that the water will go 8.74 meters into the air and the power needed to spray the water is 7.939 kW.

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The best reagents to convert 1-hexyne into (e)-1,2-dibromo-1-hexene are 1 equiv. Br2 in CCl4, followed by NaOH to convert the mixture of (Z)- and (E)-isomers to the desired (E)-isomer.

This reaction is called the Vicinal Dibromination reaction. Option A: xs Br2 in CCl4 is a good choice of reagents, but it will give a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-isomers. Option B: 1 equiv. HBr will result in the formation of (Z)-1-bromo-1-hexene. Option C: ROOR is a radical initiator and will not result in the desired product.

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Succession is the process of incremental alterations in the make-up of an ecological community over time. Living things occupy exposed and newly formed rock initially in primary succession.

For instance, following a forest fire that destroys all the adult trees in a certain terrain, grasses may develop, then shrubs and other tree species, until ultimately the pre-fire community is once more present. Following an interruption, such as a fire, secondary succession starts.

The term "successful" is used to refer to the process of obtaining a licence to practise law in a particular jurisdiction. There are mosses or lichens in the area where earliest species to exist. Paraphrase: They prepare that soil such that larger species, and ultimately trees, may grow there. Paraphrase: they prepare the soil.

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Answer:

Nope.

Explanation:

No, I do not believe that NASA invented thunderstorms to cover up the sound of space battles. For example, Benjamin Franklin is noted to have experimented with lightning in the 1700s, well before NASA or NACA existed. Therefore, NASA did not invent the concept of thunderstorms.

if you expect the unexpected is it still unexpected??

Water does  not stick to the leaves of the plant  owing to the fact that the leaves has a waterproof cuticle.

We know that the leaves are the parts of the plant that are involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce their own food in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. We know that the leave has an outer protective covering.

The tissue that plays this outer covering of a plant for is the  epidermis and its waxy cuticle. It prevents damage to the plant.

Water does  not stick to the leaves of the plant  owing to the fact that the leaves has a waterproof cuticle.

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Answer:

A:temperature

Explanation:

The temperature cannot be determined by looking at the spectra of the star due to lack of the equipment for its measurement. On the other-hand, the remaining statements like the distance from earth, movement towards or away from earth can be determined.

Answer:

False

Explanation: