A certain unity negative feedback control system has the following forward path transfer function K G(s) = s(s+ 1)(s+4) The steady state error ess ≤ 2 rad for a velocity input of 2 rad/s. Find the constant velocity parameter and K.
Answers
The constant velocity parameter Kv is 0 and the gain of the system, K, is 1.
To find the constant velocity parameter and K in the given unity negative feedback control system, we can make use of the steady-state error formula for velocity inputs. The steady-state error for a unity negative feedback system with a velocity input is given by:
ess = 1 / (1 + Kv)
where ess is the steady-state error, K is the gain of the system, and v is the velocity input. In this case, the desired steady-state error is ess ≤ 2 rad and the velocity input is v = 2 rad/s.
Substituting the given values into the steady-state error formula, we have:
2 ≤ 1 / (1 + Kv)
To ensure that the steady-state error is less than or equal to 2 rad, the expression 1 / (1 + Kv) should be greater than or equal to 1/2. Therefore:
1 / (1 + Kv) ≥ 1/2
Now, let's find the constant velocity parameter and K by equating the denominator of the transfer function to zero:
s(s + 1)(s + 4) = 0
This equation has three roots: s = 0, s = -1, and s = -4.
The constant velocity parameter, Kv, can be found by substituting s = 0 into the transfer function:
Kv = K * G(0)
= K * (0(0 + 1)(0 + 4))
= 0
From the given information, we know that the steady-state error should be less than or equal to 2 rad. Since Kv = 0, we can see that the steady-state error will be zero, which satisfies the requirement.
Therefore, the constant velocity parameter Kv is 0.
To find the gain, K, we can use the fact that the system has unity negative feedback, which means the open-loop transfer function is multiplied by K. Therefore, we can set K = 1 to maintain unity feedback.
In summary, the constant velocity parameter Kv is 0 and the gain of the system, K, is 1.
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Related Questions
how many buttons in an airbus a380 cockpit
Answers
Explanation:
It depends on the cockpit. A glider for instance wouldn't have many buttons at all, whereas something like an Airbus A330 has over 200 buttons on the overhead panel, not including the circuit breakers. Generally the larger the aircraft, the more buttons it has.
Answer:
Explanation:
A330 has over 200
A specimen made from a brittle material with a cross-section area of 0.004 m2 was gradually loaded in tension until it yielded at a load of 380 kN and fractured slightly after the yield point. If the specimen’s material observed elastic deformation until fracture, determine the material’s toughness in terms of the energy absorbed, in kJ. Take E = 200
Answers
Note that the toughness of the material is 0.0226 kJ.
How is this so?
Toughness = (Area of triangle * Cross-sectional area) / 1,000
= (0.5 * 380 kN * 200 GPa * 0.004 m2) / 1,000
= 0.0226 kJ
Toughness is important in physics as it measures a material's ability to absorb energy and withstand deformation or fracture.
It helps determine the material's resistance to cracking and breaking under stress, making it crucial in applications where durability and reliability are required.
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technician a says that ball joints must be unloaded when checking them for wear. technician b says that ball joints must be loaded when checking them for wear. who is correct?
Answers
Technician A is right that unloading ball joints is necessary before inspecting them for wear.
Ball joints are a crucial component of the suspension system that are included in almost every contemporary automobile's suspension. They are one of the key pivot points in the suspension system that join the vehicle's control arms to the steering knuckles or spindles. In addition to allowing the front wheels and suspension to move forward and backward when the driver turns the steering wheel and the vehicle travels over irregularly paved roads, the front ball joints also permit the front suspension to move up and down.
The majority of modern ball joints aren't repairable and last the lifetime of your automobile. However, because ball joints are so critical to your suspension system, it's necessary to know how to check them and how to spot any potential problems. It's advised to repair the damaged ball joint together with its pair if you do find a problem with one of the ball joints. This is due to the likelihood that the other side will shortly follow when one ball joint begins to fail.
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featured in fridayâs episode, what do scientists hope to improve with a melting metal robot?
Answers
Stretch, move, or melt are all capabilities of a millimeter-sized robot consisting of a mixture of liquid metal and minuscule magnetic components.
What is melting metal robot?
A tiny, shape-changing robot with the ability to liquefy and rebuild will be able to carry out activities in tight spaces and even escape imprisonment.
In the future, it might be utilized as a tool for removing ingested harmful materials or as a hands-free soldering machine.
Robots that are soft and flexible enough to fit inside the human body's small, delicate places already exist, but they lack the ability to become tougher and more durable when put in danger or need to lift objects that are heavier than they are.
At Pennsylvania's Carnegie Mellon University, Carmel Majidi and his colleagues developed a robot that not only can change its shape but can also strengthen or weaken itself by switching between being a liquid and a solid.
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1. A 150 v moving iron voltmeter is intended for 50HZ, has a resistance of 3kQ. Find the series resistance required to extent the range of instrument to 300v. If the 300V instrument is used to measure a d.c. voltage of 200V. Find the voltage across the meter?
Answers
Answer:
Voltmeter reactance = 2π × 50 × 0.7 = 220ΩImpedance of voltmeter = 3000 + j220 = 3008Ω When the voltmeter range is doubled its impedance has also to be doubled in order to have the same current for full-scale deflection. If R is the required series resistance then 3000 + R2 + 2202 = 2 × 30082 ∴ R = 3012Ω When used on d.c. supply if the voltmeter reads 200 V the actual applied d.c. voltage would be = 200 × Total A.C. Impedance/total d.c. resistance = 200 × 2 × 3008/3000 + 3012 = 200 × 6016 × 6012 = 200.134V.
In order to properly construct this road you have determined that you need to bring in 135,000 CCY of fill material to construct the sub-base. The fill material that is available is dry earth, with a weight of 2800 lbs/BCY and a moisture content of 7%. The percent swell for this soil is 25%. The final compaction level will be 118 PCF dry density and the optimum moisture content is 6%. How many BCY of earth must be excavated to meet this requirement
Answers
Answer:
The volume of water needed to be removed = 4301100 lbs/ [ 62.43 × 27] = 2551.66.
Explanation:
The first thing to do right now is to determine the weight of soil solids. This can be gotten below as:
The weight of soil solids = 1 × 118 × 27 = 3186 lbs.
Also, there is the need to determine the value of the water that we have and the one that is needed. This is calculated below as:
The weight of water needed = 3186 × 6% = 191.16 lbs.
The water available = 3186 × 7% = 223.02%.
The next thing to determine is the value for the total BCY of available of soil.
Thus, the total BCY of available of soil = [ 3186 + 223.02 ]/ 2800 × 135000 = 3409.02/ 2800 = 1.217551 BCY × 135000 = 164,363.46 BCY.
The last thing to do here is to determine the value for the weight and volume of water to be removed.
The weight of water to be removed = [ 223.02 lbs - 191.16 lbs] × 135,000 = 4301100 lbs
The volume of water needed to be removed = 4301100 lbs/ [ 62.43 × 27] = 2551.66.
in multi-grade oil what is W means?
Answers
Answer:
winter viscosity grades
Explanation:
The “W”/winter viscosity grades describe the oil's viscosity under cold temperature engine starting conditions. There's a Low Temperature Cranking Viscosity which sets a viscosity requirement at various low temperatures to ensure that the oil isn't too thick so that the starter motor can't crank the engine over.
. Humans, and their activities have been identified with three of the four basic causes of Environmental problems. Explain how i) population growth, ii) wasteful and unsustainable resource use and iii) poverty are affecting the environment using specific examples and give possible solutions to decrease environmental harm and improve sustainability.
Answers
Population growth, wasteful resource use, and poverty contribute to environmental problems. Solutions include education, family planning, sustainable practices, and poverty alleviation.
i) Population Growth:
Population growth is a significant driver of environmental problems as it puts increased pressure on natural resources and ecosystems. As the human population expands, demands for food, water, energy, and living space escalate, leading to habitat destruction, deforestation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Example: Consider the rapid population growth in a developing country, leading to increased agricultural expansion into forests, causing deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Moreover, the growing population leads to higher energy consumption, exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
Possible Solutions:
1. Education and Family Planning: Promoting access to education, especially for women, and providing family planning services can lead to a decrease in birth rates voluntarily, controlling population growth.
2. Sustainable Urban Planning: Encouraging well-planned cities with efficient public transportation systems can help manage urban sprawl and reduce the negative impacts of rapid population growth.
3. Investing in Health Care: Improving healthcare infrastructure can reduce mortality rates, leading to lower birth rates, as people tend to have fewer children when survival rates are higher.
ii) Wasteful and Unsustainable Resource Use:
Human activities often involve excessive consumption and wasteful use of natural resources, leading to depletion, pollution, and environmental degradation.
Example: The reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation, without adequate investment in renewable energy sources, leads to air pollution, climate change, and resource depletion.
Possible Solutions:
1. Resource Efficiency: Implementing cleaner and more efficient production processes in industries, and promoting energy-saving practices at home, can reduce resource waste.
2. Circular Economy: Encouraging the adoption of a circular economy, where products are reused, repaired, or recycled, can minimize waste and conserve resources.
3. Renewable Energy Transition: Investing in renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can decrease dependency on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
iii) Poverty:
Poverty contributes to environmental problems as impoverished communities often lack access to resources and education, leading to unsustainable practices for survival.
Example: In economically disadvantaged regions, people may resort to unsustainable farming methods, leading to soil degradation and increased vulnerability to climate change.
Possible Solutions:
1. Sustainable Livelihoods: Supporting and investing in sustainable livelihoods, such as eco-friendly agriculture and small-scale renewable energy projects, can uplift impoverished communities while minimizing environmental harm.
2. Access to Education: Providing education and awareness about sustainable practices can empower individuals to make informed choices and reduce their environmental footprint.
3. Social Safety Nets: Establishing social safety nets and poverty alleviation programs can help vulnerable communities cope with environmental challenges and reduce the need for environmentally harmful practices.
In conclusion, addressing population growth, wasteful resource use, and poverty requires a multi-faceted approach involving education, policy changes, and sustainable development initiatives. By implementing these solutions, we can work towards minimizing environmental harm and improving sustainability for a more balanced and harmonious coexistence with the planet.
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will mark brainliest if correct
When a tractor is driving on a road, it must have a SMV sign prominently displayed.
True
False
Answers
Answer: true
Explanation:
What is the last step in the engineering design process?
A. Implement the tested and optimized design on a broad scale.
B. Build and test a prototype.
C. Identify the problem or need.
D. Determine the constraints and criteria for the solution.
Answers
Answer:
Engineering Design Loop: The steps of the design process include: identify the need, research the problem, develop possible solutions, select the most promising solution, construct a prototype, test and evaluate the prototype, communicate the design, and redesign.
Explanation:
which of the following answer options are ways to keep yourself safe from biological hazards
Answers
A single-phase load is located 2800 ft from its source. The load draws a current of 86 A and operates on 480 V. The maximum voltage drop at the load cannot be greater than 3%. What size aluminum conductors should be installed to operate this load?
Answers
check photo for answer
The size of aluminum conductors that should be installed to operate this load is equal to 570.059 Kilo-cmil.
Given the following data:
Length = 2800 ft.
Current = 86 A.
Voltage = 480 V.
How to determine the size of aluminum conductors?First of all, we would calculate the maximum amount of voltage drop as follows:
E = 480 × 0.03
E = 14.4 Volts.
By applying Ohm's law, we would calculate the maximum amount of resistance as follows:
R = E/I
R = 14.4/86
R = 0.167 Ohms.
Next, we would determine the total length of the two conductors:
Total length = 2 × 2800
Total length = 5600 ft.
Now, we can determine the size of aluminum conductors:
CM = (KL)/R
CM = (17 × 5600)/0.167
CM = 570.059 Kilo-cmil.
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Which of the following is a basic type of weld? O Groove O Lap O Edge O Corner
Answers
Difference between rock and minerals
Answers
Answer:
a rock is made up of two or more minerals but a mineral is a natural substance with chemical and physical properties
Who certifies master electricians
Answers
Answer:
The state you live in
matlab questions please help
QUESTION 1 What are the three primary components of making an animation in MATLAB? An if statement A loop A plot outside of a loop A plot inside of a loop A pause statement A title on the plot
QUESTI
Answers
The three primary components of making an animation in MATLAB are: a plot inside of a loop, a pause statement, and a title on the plot.
The three primary components of making an animation in MATLAB are:
A plot inside of a loop: This is used to create the individual frames of the animation. You update the plot data within a loop, changing the variables that define the plot's appearance over time.A pause statement: This is used to introduce a time delay between each frame of the animation. It ensures that the animation runs at a desired speed, giving the viewer time to observe each frame.A title on the plot: This is not directly related to creating the animation itself, but it is often useful to include a title on the plot to provide additional information or context for the animation.So the correct options from your list would be:
A plot inside of a loopA pause statementA title on the plotLearn more about primary components
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A plaintiff, who was 20 years old, purchased a new, high-powered sports car that was marketed with an intended and recognized appeal to youthful drivers. The car was designed with the capability to attain speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour. It was equipped with tires designed and tested only for a maximum safe speed of 85 miles per hour. The owner's manual that came with the car stated that "continuous driving over 90 miles per hour requires high-speed-capability tires," but the manual did not describe the speed capability of the tires sold with the car.
The plaintiff took her new car out for a spin on a straight, smooth country road where the posted speed limit was 55 miles per hour. Intending to test the car's power, she drove for a considerable distance at over 100 miles per hour. While she was doing so, the tread separated from the left rear tire, causing the car to leave the road and hit a tree. The plaintiff sustained severe injuries.
The plaintiff has brought a strict product liability action in tort against the manufacturer of the car. You should assume that pure comparative fault principles apply to this case.
Will the plaintiff prevail?
A. No, because the plaintiff's driving at an excessive speed constituted a misuse of the car.
B. No, because the car was not defective.
C. Yes, because the statement in the manual concerning the tires did not adequately warn of the danger of high-speed driving on the tires mounted on the car.
D. No, because the plaintiff's driving at a speed in excess of the posted speed limit was negligence per se that was not excusable.
Answers
Based on the given information, the plaintiff may prevail in the strict product liability action against the manufacturer of the car. The correct answer is C. Yes, because the statement in the manual concerning the tires did not adequately warn of the danger of high-speed driving on the tires mounted on the car.
Here's the reasoning:
Strict product liability holds manufacturers responsible for injuries caused by their defective products, regardless of whether they were negligent. In this case, the plaintiff argues that the car was defective due to the inadequate warning regarding the tires and their capability at high speeds.
The manufacturer's manual mentioned that continuous driving over 90 miles per hour requires high-speed-capability tires, but it did not describe the speed capability of the tires sold with the car. This can be seen as a failure to adequately warn the buyer of the potential dangers associated with driving at high speeds using the provided tires.
While the plaintiff's excessive speed could be seen as a factor contributing to the accident, the issue at hand is whether the car was defective. The focus is on the manufacturer's responsibility in providing sufficient warnings and instructions to ensure the safe use of the product.
Considering the application of pure comparative fault principles, which means that the plaintiff's own negligence does not completely bar recovery but may proportionally reduce damages, the plaintiff may still recover damages from the manufacturer if it is determined that the car was indeed defective.
Therefore, the plaintiff may prevail in the strict product liability action based on the inadequate warning concerning the tires' capability at high speeds.
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How did engineers help to create a ceiling fan
Answers
Answer:
The electric ceiling fan was invented in 1882 by engineer and inventor, Philip Diehl. He had earlier invented an electric sewing machine and adapted the motor from this invention to create the ceiling fan. He called his invention the “Diehl Electric Fan” and it was such a success that he soon had many other people competing with him.
Explanation:
A permanent split capacitor (psc) motor that is running and up to speed will have the start winding ____.
Answers
A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor that is running and up to speed will have the start winding: A) energized.
What is an electric motor?In Electrical engineering, an electric motor can be defined as an electrical machine that is designed and developed to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy, especially through electromagnetic induction.
What is a permanent split capacitor (PSC)?A permanent split capacitor (PSC) Motor simply refers to a type of single-phase alternating current (AC) motor in which the capacitor is permanently connected, rather than being connected only when it is starting.
This ultimately implies that, the start winding of a permanent split capacitor (PSC) Motor is energized when it is running and up to speed.
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Complete Question
A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor that is running and up to speed will have the start winding ____.
A) energized
B) de-energized
C) in series with the run winding
D) removed from the circuit
Which statements accurately compare the environmental impact of surface mining to the environmental impact of underground mining? Select the two correct answers.
Answers
Water pollution could result from both surface and subsurface mining. Compared to underground mining, surface mining worsens the state of the land's environment.
Are the environmental effects of subterranean mining more severe than those of surface mining?Although underground mining, which enables coal firms to harvest deeper coal resources, is thought to be less damaging than strip mining, the effects of mining cause extensive environmental damage.
What distinguishes surface mining from subterranean mining?Surface mining involves the removal of the soil and rock that cover the mineral resources. The alternative method of underground mining involves leaving the underlying rock behind and extracting the necessary mineral resources via shafts or tunnels.
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A wastewater treatment plant treats 20 MGD of wastewater containing 950 mg/L of suspended solids in a primary clarifier that has a 20% suspended solids removal efficiency. The rate of sludge collection, the flow rate out the bottom of the clarifier, is 0.08 MGD.
a) What is the solids concentration (in mg/L) in the sludge leaving the clarifier?
b) What mass of solids (in kg/y) is removed annually by the primary clarifier?
Answers
Answer:
a) 47500 mg/L
b) 5250366.444 kg/year
Explanation:
Given data:
suspended solids removal efficiency = 20%
Flowrate in the primary clarifier ( Q ) = 20 MGD ( change to Liters/day
Q = 20* 10^6 * 3.785412 Liters /day
settled concentration ( St ) = 950mg/L * 0.2 = 190 mg/L
amount of settled solid = Q * St
= ( 20* 10^6 * 3.785412 ) * 190 = 14384.5656 kg/day
∴ Amount going into sludge with a flowrate of 0.08 MGD = 14384.5656 kg/day
a) concentration of solid in sludge ( leaving the clarifier )
= amount of settled solid / flow rate out of the clarifier in liters/day
= 14384.5656 / ( 0.08 * 10^6 * 3.785412 )
= 0.0475 kg/L
= 47500 mg/L
b) Determine mass of solids that is removed annually
= 14384.5656 kg/day * 365 days
= 5250366.444 kg/year
Which of following are coding languages used in controlling a robot? *
A. Scratch
B. B/B--
C. C/C++
D. Robot Z
Answers
Answer:
C/C++
Explanation:
C/C++
time complexity of merge sort
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is "\(O (n\times Log n)\)". A further explanation is given below.
Explanation:
Throughout all the three instances (worst, average as well as best), the time complexity including its Merge sort seems to be \(O (n\times Log n)\) as the merge form often splits the array into two halves together tends to linear time to combine multiple halves. As an unsorted array, it needs an equivalent amount of unnecessary capacity. Therefore, large unsorted arrays are not appropriate for having to search.Summarize the differences between applied science and basic science.
Answers
Answer:
basic would be more of how it works such as cells where applied is to fix like medical
Explanation:
from internet
Basic science, such as understanding how cells work, is research aimed at understanding fundamental problems. Applied science, such as the medical field, is the application of basic scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Applied science uses and applies information obtained through basic science.
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When the catalyst of a catalytic converter is contaminated with lead and silicone, then the converter
must be typically
Select one:
• A. Restored by correcting any conditions that caused the contamination
• B. Replaced
• C. Serviced by driving the vehicle for an extended time at freeway speeds
• D. Cleaned
Answers
When the catalyst of a catalytic converter is contaminated with lead and silicone, then the converter must be typically B. Replaced
What is catalytic converter?When the something which incites activity of a catalytic preacher is contaminated accompanying lead and lubricator, the preacher must typically be having another in its place.
Cleaning or fix the preacher by driving the car for an comprehensive occasion at freeway speeds is useless in killing these contaminators, and restoring the preacher by chastising some conditions that precipitated the adulteration is also strange expected direct in reversing the damage that has before happened approved.
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What do we need to build a car?
Answers
What does General Zaroff say that shows he thinks Rainsford is similar to him?
“I’ll tell you”
“You will be amused”
“I have done a rare thing”
“in all modesty”
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The phrase:
“You will be amused”
He is assuming that Rainsford will enjoy what he is about to show him because he himself enjoys it.
A horizontal force P is applied to a 130 kN box resting on a 33 incline. The line of action of P passes through the center of gravity of the box. The box is 5m wide x 5m tall, and the coefficient of static friction between the box and the surface is u=0.15. Determine the smallest magnitude of the force P that will cause the box to slip or tip first. Specify what will happen first, slipping or tipping.
Answers
Answer:
SECTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Distinguish between static friction and kinetic friction
Solve problems involving inclined planes
Section Key Terms
kinetic friction static friction
Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
Recall from the previous chapter that friction is a force that opposes motion, and is around us all the time. Friction allows us to move, which you have discovered if you have ever tried to walk on ice.
There are different types of friction—kinetic and static. Kinetic friction acts on an object in motion, while static friction acts on an object or system at rest. The maximum static friction is usually greater than the kinetic friction between the objects.
Imagine, for example, trying to slide a heavy crate across a concrete floor. You may push harder and harder on the crate and not move it at all. This means that the static friction responds to what you do—it increases to be equal to and in the opposite direction of your push. But if you finally push hard enough, the crate seems to slip suddenly and starts to move. Once in motion, it is easier to keep it in motion than it was to get it started because the kinetic friction force is less than the static friction force. If you were to add mass to the crate, (for example, by placing a box on top of it) you would need to push even harder to get it started and also to keep it moving. If, on the other hand, you oiled the concrete you would find it easier to get the crate started and keep it going.
Figure 5.33 shows how friction occurs at the interface between two objects. Magnifying these surfaces shows that they are rough on the microscopic level. So when you push to get an object moving (in this case, a crate), you must raise the object until it can skip along with just the tips of the surface hitting, break off the points, or do both. The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them.
Who is responsible for knowing which and how many authorized entrants are in a permit-required confined space?
A. The entry supervisor
B. Rescue services
C. The manager
D. The attendant
Answers
A
Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly.
Convert calories to joules.
3 calories is ____ joules
Answers
Answer:
46
Explanation:
Answer:
12.55 Joules
Explanation:
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