Given a 750 m section with distance of 1000m , The calculated rate of seepage from the river to the channel has been calculated to be 262.5 m³/day.
What is the rate of seepage?
This is the calculated rate that shows how water is infiltrated downward into the soil.
The formula is given as
\(Q = KA \frac{dh}{dl}\)
A = Area = 750*10 = 7500m
dh = h₂-h₁
= 10 - 5 = 5m
dl = 1000m
\(Q = 7*7500*\frac{5}{1000}\)
= 262.5m³
The rate of seepage from the calculation above is 262.5m³.
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2. A general needs to take his troops across the river. He spies two boys with a small boat. He commandeers both the boat and the boys. Unfortunately, the boat will only hold two boys or one soldier. Yet he determines a method for getting his troops across. What could it be?
I am so confused, can you explain it?
Select all the correct answers. What are two reasons why the terrestrial planets formed closer to the sun after a supernova event that initiated the formation of the solar system?
An aluminum block weighing 28 kg initially at 140°C is brought into contact with a block of iron weighing 36 kg at 60°C in an insulated enclosure. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and the total entropy change for this process. The specific heat of aluminum at 400 K is cp = 0.949 kJ/kg·K. The specific heat of iron at room temperature is cp = 0.45 kJ/kg·K.
Answer:
The equilibrium temperature is 109.7°C
The total entropy change for the process is 0.23 kJ/K
Explanation:
The parameters given are;
The initial temperature of aluminium, T₁ₐ = 140°C = 413.15 K
Mass, m₁, of aluminium block = 28 kg
The specific heat of aluminium, c₁, at 400 K = 0.949 kJ/(kg·K)
The initial temperature of iron, T₁ₙ = 60°C = 333.15 K
Mass, m₂, of iron block = 36 kg
The specific heat of iron, c₂, at room temperature = 0.45 kJ/(kg·K)
The heat lost by the aluminium = Heat gained by the iron
The heat lost by the aluminium = m₁ × c₁ × (T₁ₐ - Tₓ)
The heat lost by the aluminium = 28 × 0.949 × (413.15 - Tₓ)
The heat gained by the iron = m₂ × c₂ × (Tₓ - T₁ₙ)
The heat gained by the iron = 36 × 0.45 × (Tₓ - 333.15)
Hence;
28 × 0.949 × (413.15 - Tₓ) = 36 × 0.45 × (Tₓ - 333.15)
26.572 × (413.15 - Tₓ) = 16.2 × (Tₓ - 333.15)
∴ (26.572 + 16.2) × Tₓ = 26.572 × 413.15 + 16.2 × 333.15
42.772·Tₓ = 16375.2518
Tₓ = 382.85 K = 109.7°C
The total entropy change of the process is given by the following relation;
\(\Delta S = \Delta S_{Fe} + \Delta S_{Al}\)
\(=m_{1}c_{1}ln\dfrac{T_{x}}{T_{1n}}+m_{2}c_{2}ln\dfrac{T_{x}}{T_{1a}}\)
\(=28 \times 0.949 \times ln\dfrac{382.85}{413.15}+36 \times 0.45 \times ln\dfrac{382.85}{333.15} = 0.23 \, \dfrac{kJ}{K}\)
A data analyst prepares to communicate to an audience about an analysis project. They consider what the audience members hope to do with the data insights. This describes establishing the setting.
True
False
Assuming a data analyst prepares to communicate to an audience about an analysis project and considers what the audience members hope to do with the data insights, this describes establishing the setting: False.
What is data?In Computer technology, data is any representation of factual instructions or information in a formalized and structured manner, especially as a series of binary digits (bits), symbols, characters, quantities, or strings that are used on computer systems in a company.
Who is a data analyst?A data analyst can be defined as an expert or professional who is saddled with the responsibility of inspecting, transforming, analyzing, and modelling data with the sole aim of discovering useful information, providing insights, and creating informed conclusions, in order to support decision-making and create a completed report.
In Computer technology, audience engagement in data storytelling simply refers to a process that is typically focused on considering all of the issues that audience members hope to do and achieve with the data insights provided by a data analyst.
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What are some of the trade-offs of a move to an enterprise-level analytics solution for individual end users who might have grown accustomed to working with their own customized solutions for generating data?
Answer:
THE thing is 435
Explanation:
Some of the trade-offs that must be made while transitioning from an individually tailored solution to such an enterprise-level solution are about as continues to follow.
Enterprise-level analytics Different individuals must be given some amount of control over their data in corporate-level systems.To counteract opposition from individuals who seem to be comfortable working utilizing customized statistics, training needs to be provided so that they can utilize cutting-edge large enterprise technologies.Adequate orientation training, as well as perks, should have been provided so that employees may become acquainted using the changing approach.
As a result, the aforementioned response seems to be correct.
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(35-39) A student travels on a school bus in the middle of winter from home to school. The school bus temperature is 68.0° F. The student's skin temperature is 94.4° F. Determine the net energy transfer from the student's body during the 20.00 min ride to school due to electromagnetic radiation. Note: Skin emissivity is 0.90, and the surface area of the student is 1.50m2.
Answer:
The net energy transfer from the student's body during the 20-min ride to school is 139.164 BTU.
Explanation:
From Heat Transfer we determine that heat transfer rate due to electromagnetic radiation (\(\dot Q\)), measured in BTU per hour, is represented by this formula:
\(\dot Q = \epsilon\cdot A\cdot \sigma \cdot (T_{s}^{4}-T_{b}^{4})\) (1)
Where:
\(\epsilon\) - Emissivity, dimensionless.
\(A\) - Surface area of the student, measured in square feet.
\(\sigma\) - Stefan-Boltzmann constant, measured in BTU per hour-square feet-quartic Rankine.
\(T_{s}\) - Temperature of the student, measured in Rankine.
\(T_{b}\) - Temperature of the bus, measured in Rankine.
If we know that \(\epsilon = 0.90\), \(A = 16.188\,ft^{2}\), \(\sigma = 1.714\times 10^{-9}\,\frac{BTU}{h\cdot ft^{2}\cdot R^{4}}\), \(T_{s} = 554.07\,R\) and \(T_{b} = 527.67\,R\), then the heat transfer rate due to electromagnetic radiation is:
\(\dot Q = (0.90)\cdot (16.188\,ft^{2})\cdot \left(1.714\times 10^{-9}\,\frac{BTU}{h\cdot ft^{2}\cdot R^{4}} \right)\cdot [(554.07\,R)^{4}-(527.67\,R)^{4}]\)
\(\dot Q = 417.492\,\frac{BTU}{h}\)
Under the consideration of steady heat transfer we find that the net energy transfer from the student's body during the 20 min-ride to school is:
\(Q = \dot Q \cdot \Delta t\) (2)
Where \(\Delta t\) is the heat transfer time, measured in hours.
If we know that \(\dot Q = 417.492\,\frac{BTU}{h}\) and \(\Delta t = \frac{1}{3}\,h\), then the net energy transfer is:
\(Q = \left(417.492\,\frac{BTU}{h} \right)\cdot \left(\frac{1}{3}\,h \right)\)
\(Q = 139.164\,BTU\)
The net energy transfer from the student's body during the 20-min ride to school is 139.164 BTU.
Consider the following data for 2008 in a small suburban community:
1. number of accidents: 360 fatal 10 injury 36 pdo 314
2. number of fatalities 15
3. area population: 50,000
4. registered vehicles 35,000
5. annual vmt: 12,000,000
6. average speed 30 mi/hr
compute all relevant exposure and population based accident and fatality rates for this data. compare these to national norms for the current year. (hint: use the internet to location current national norms)
Answer:
Motorcyclist Fatality and Injury Rates per Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1998-2008. 10. 9. Fatalities in School Transportation Related Crashes,. 1998-2008.
Explanation:
All major PC operating systems feature a graphical user interface.O YesO No
The answer to this question is no. This is because all major PC operating systems do not feature a graphical user interface (GUI).
What is an operating system?An operating system may be defined as a program that significantly after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer.
The application programs construct the utilization of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API).
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. All modern operating systems use a graphical user interface or GUI.
Therefore, the answer to this question is no. This is because all major PC operating systems do not feature a graphical user interface (GUI).
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The minimum number of 20-amp, 277-volt, lighting circuits required for a 150,000 ft2 department store is ___. The actual connected lighting load is 400 kVA. Assume breakers are not rated for continuous use.
Since we cannot have a fraction of a circuit, we round up to the nearest whole number. The minimum number of 20-amp, 277-volt lighting circuits required for the department store is 73.
where 1.73 is the square root of 3, which represents the three-phase power factor. Substituting the given values, we get:
Amps = 400,000 / (1.73 x 277) = 815.2 amps
Maximum load per circuit = 20 amps x 0.8 = 16 amps
Number of circuits = 815.2 / 16 = 50.95 or approximately 51 circuits
Extra circuits = 51 x 0.2 = 10.2 or approximately 10 circuits
Total circuits = 51 + 10 = 61 circuits
In long answer, the minimum number of 20-amp, 277-volt, lighting circuits required for a 150,000 ft2 department store with an actual connected lighting load of 400 kVA and assuming breakers are not rated for continuous use would be 61 circuits. This is calculated based on the total connected lighting load and the maximum load per circuit, while taking into account the safety factor of not exceeding 80% of the circuit capacity and adding extra circuits to avoid
First, let's convert the lighting load from kVA to VA:
400 kVA = 400,000 VA
Number of circuits = (400,000 VA) / (20 amps * 277 volts)
Number of circuits = 400,000 / 5,540
Number of circuits ≈ 72.2
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What is the purpose of inspecting transmission deferential
Inspecting the transmission differential is an important part of maintaining a vehicle's overall health and ensuring proper performance. The differential is responsible for transferring power from the transmission to the wheels, allowing them to turn at different speeds while maintaining traction on the road. Over time, the differential can become worn or damaged, leading to issues like poor acceleration, reduced fuel efficiency, and even damage to other parts of the vehicle.
By inspecting the transmission differential, mechanics can identify any signs of wear or damage before they become more serious problems. This might involve checking the fluid level and quality, inspecting the gears and bearings for signs of wear or damage, and ensuring that everything is properly lubricated and functioning as it should. In some cases, repairs or replacements may be necessary to keep the differential functioning properly.
Regular inspections and maintenance of the transmission differential can also help prevent more serious problems from developing in the future. This can save vehicle owners both time and money, as catching issues early on can prevent more extensive repairs or replacements down the line. Overall, inspecting the transmission differential is an essential part of maintaining a vehicle's performance and ensuring its long-term health and longevity.
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8. A voltmeter measures a voltage drop of 600 V across a heating element while an
ammeter reads the current through it as 2.0 A. What is the resistance of the
heating coil.
Answer:
How do I calculate voltage drop?
To calculate voltage drop, E, across a component, you need to know the resistance of the component and the current thru it. Ohm's Law is E=I⋅R , which tells us to then multiply I by R . E is the voltage across the component also known as voltage drop
Explanation:
Small signal analysis 1. Calculate the small signal differential mode voltage gain. There are three amplifier stages. 2. 1. Differential Pair, Darlington Pair, and emitter follower VCC 10V R5 5kQ Q5 Vout3 .Rc2 :20ΚΩ R6 16.5ΚΩ R1 19.3ΚΩ Q7 Rc1 20kQ Vout2 ત ỡ Q8 m R2 59.60 -10V v2 333 11.5ΚΩ VEE 24 R4 HH C1 1 F 4₁₁ 8 R3 59.692 Q6 R7 5kQ vout
The overall gain of the signal differential from the voltage gain is 1.71V
What is Voltage GainVoltage gain is the ratio of the output voltage of a circuit to the input voltage. It is usually expressed as a ratio or a percentage. The voltage gain of a circuit is a measure of its amplification capability.
The small signal differential mode voltage gain is calculated as follows:
Gain = (Vout3 - Vout2) / (Vin+ - Vin-)
Gain = (Vout3 - Vout2) / (VCC - VEE)
Gain = (Vout3 - Vout2) / (10V- (-10V))
Gain = (Vout3 - Vout2) / 20V
Gain = (Vout3 - Vout2) / 20
Vout3 = (Rc2 / (Rc2 + R6)) * VCC
Vout3 = (20kΩ / (20kΩ + 16.5kΩ)) * 10V
Vout3 = 0.546 * 10V
Vout3 = 5.46V
Vout2 = (Rc1 / (Rc1 + R7)) * VEE
Vout2 = (20kΩ / (20kΩ + 5kΩ)) * (-10V)
Vout2 = (-3.75V)
Gain = (5.46 - 3.75) = 1.71V
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what authority enforces the requirements set by the nec
Electrical inspector
5. Which of these materials in a shop contain metals and toxins and can pollute the environment? A) Antifreeze B) Solvents C) Batteries D) All of the above
I say it's D) All of the above
Answer:
D
Explanation:
All of the above
For a PTC with a rim angle of 80º, aperture of 5.2 m, and receiver diameter of 50 mm,
determine the concentration ratio and the length of the parabolic surface.
The concentration ratio for the PTC is approximately 1.48, and the length of the parabolic surface is approximately 5.2 meters.
To determine the concentration ratio and length of the parabolic surface for a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) with the given parameters, we can use the following formulas:
Concentration Ratio (CR) = Rim Angle / Aperture Angle
Length of Parabolic Surface (L) = Aperture^{2} / (16 * Focal Length)
First, let's calculate the concentration ratio:
Given:
Rim Angle (θ) = 80º
Aperture Angle (α) = 5.2 m
Concentration Ratio (CR) = 80º / 5.2 m
Converting the rim angle from degrees to radians:
θ_rad = 80º * (π / 180º)
CR = θ_rad / α
Next, let's calculate the length of the parabolic surface:
Given:
Aperture (A) = 5.2 m
Receiver Diameter (D) = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Focal Length (F) = A^{2} / (16 * D)
L = A^{2} / (16 * F)
Now we can substitute the given values into the formulas:
CR =\((80º * (π / 180º)) / 5.2 m\)
L = \((5.2 m)^2 / (16 * (5.2 m)^2 / (16 * 0.05 m))\)
Simplifying the equations:
CR ≈ 1.48
L ≈ 5.2 m
Therefore, the concentration ratio for the PTC is approximately 1.48, and the length of the parabolic surface is approximately 5.2 meters.
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wassup everyone here is my question...
whats the steps on building a rocket?
jk it would be cool it u included it tho
Answer:
Step One: Know What Your Rocket Needs to Do. ...
Step Two: Establish Mission Parameters. ...
Step Three: Call in Experts. ...
Step Four: Start Drawing. ...
Step Five: Whittle Down the Possibilities. ...
Step Six: Pick the Best Design.
Explanation:
Hope this helps and thx for tha fwee pts
Lydia is the CEO for a large pharmaceutical manufacturer. Her company is in the final stages of FDA
approval for a new drug for diabetics. The new drug is expected to bring in billions of dollars for the company. Lydia is acquainted with Bradley,
the CSHO on rotation for OSHA inspections. Lydia is concerned that a surprise inspection may turn up violations, which could affect the launch of
the drug. Lydia reaches out to Bradley and casually mentions that it would be helpful if he could tell her when the next OSHA inspection will be
Should Bradley give Lydia advance notice about an upcoming inspection?
No, because he could receive fines and a jail term.
No, because this situation does not meet the criteria for advance notice.
Yes, because employers may request an OSHA inspection at any time.
Yes, because the inspection will be conducted during regular business hours.
A designer wishes to create a BJT amplifier with a gm of 30mA/V and a base input resistance of 3000 ohm or more. what collector-bias current should he choose? what is the minimum beta he can tolerate for the transistor used?
The minimum beta is given as 90 for which the tolerance of the transistor can be used.
How to solve for the minimum betaWe have the following values to solve this question with
gm of amplifier = 30mA/V
input resistance = 3000 ohm
We have transconductance as
\(\frac{I_{c} }{V_{T} } = 30mA/V\)
We have to consider the thermal voltage at Vt = 25mV when i tis occuring at the room temperature.
The collector bias would be solved by
Ic = 0.03Vt
= 0.03 x 0.025
= 0.75mA
Then we have to solve for the minimum value of the dc current as
β = gmγm
= 0.03 * 3000
= 90
Hence the minimum beta is given as 90
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tech a says the best way to ensure the torque converter is engaged fully into the pump is to strike the rear of the torque converter with a a hammer in three places. tech b says that the torque converter requires an alignment tool when installing it in the transmission. who is right?
Tech A exists right. Transmission mode refers to the process of moving data from one device to another.
What is meant by transmission?Actually, the act of transmitting involves sending and spreading analog or digital information impulses. Transmission technology primarily refers to responsibilities associated with physical layer protocols, such as line coding, demodulation, and modulation.
The movement of data from one digital device to another is known as data transmission. Through point-to-point data streams or channels, this transmission is carried out.
Transmission mode refers to the process of moving data from one device to another. The communication mode is another name for the transmission mode. Each communication channel has a direction that goes with it, and the direction is provided by the transmission medium.
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An ideal Otto Cycle has a compression ratio of 9.2 and uses air as the working fluid. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 98kPa and 20C. The pressure is doubled during the constant volume heat addition process. Assuming constant specific heats, determine:
Answer: hello your question is incomplete below is the complete question
An ideal Otto Cycle has a compression ratio of 9.2 and uses air as the working fluid. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 98kPa and 20C. The pressure is doubled during the constant volume heat addition process. Assuming constant specific heats, determine:the amount of heat transferred to the air
answer : 609.804 kj/kg
Explanation:
Given data:
compression ratio (r)= 9.2
pressure given(p1) = 98 kPa
Initial temperature = 20 + 273 = 293 k
pressure during constant volume heat addition process = 2p1
note : specific heat at constant pressure and specific heat at constant volume varies with temperature
we use T = 300k because it is closest to T1 = 293 k
hence at T = 300 K ( ideal gas properties of air )
\(u_{1}\) = 214.07 Kj/kg
\(v _{r1}\) = 621.2
To get \(v_{r2}\) = \(v_{r1} * \frac{v_{2} }{r}\) = 621.2 * 1 / 9.2 = 67.52
ALSO at \(v_{r2}\) = 67.52 ( from ideal gas properties )
\(u_{2}\) = 518.9 kj/kg
T2 = 708.32 k
next we apply the gas equation
\(\frac{p1v1}{T1} = \frac{p2v2}{T2}\)
hence p2 = (9.2) * \(\frac{708.32}{293} * 98\) = 2179.59 kpa
to determine T3 due to the constant volume heat addition
\(\frac{T3}{T2} = \frac{P3}{P2}\)
Hence T3 = p3/p2 * T2 = 2( 708.32 ) = 1416.64 k
At T3 = 1416.64 k ( from ideal gas properties )
\(u_{3}\) = 1128.704 kj/kg
\(v_{r3}\) = 8.592
Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air
\(q_{in} = ( u_{3} - u_{2} )\)
= ( 1128.704 - 518.9 )
= 609.804 kj/kg
What is Photosynthesis???
My Id Delted-_-
Answer:
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.
hope it helps pa brainliest pa follow nadin tysm
Answer:
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities
thx for following me
Question Completion Status:
The point of application of the total pressure on surface is
O a. None of the above
O b. Centroid of the surface
O c. Centre of pressure
Answer: c. Centre of pressure
Explanation:
Pressure is applied on a surface when a force is exerted on a particular point on that surface by another object when the two come into contact with each other.
The point where the pressure is applied is known as the centre of the pressure with the force then spreading out from this point much like an epicentre in an earthquake.
technician a says when diagnosing brake system troubles, the symptoms you should be use is improper braking action. technician b says when diagnosing brake system troubles, the symptoms you should be use is improper taillight operation. who is right? group of answer choices (a) a only. (b) b only. (c) both a and b. (d) neither a nor b.
Based on the information provided, we can logically deduce that technician A was right. Therefore, the correct answer is: a. A only.
How to diagnose a brake system?In order for a technician to diagnose a brake system, the following symptoms should be adequately and appropriately checked and used by the technician:
NoisesSmellsAbnormal brake pedal movements.Improper braking action.This ultimately implies that, a symptom you should use when diagnosing brake system troubles is improper braking action.
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Technician A says that weld on attachments may be used on a steel panel. Technician B says that glue on attachments may be used on a steel panel
For joining the attachments on the steel panel both the options such as welding and gluing are prevalent and highly useful.
Welding is considered an excellent procedure to join the thin sheet attachment of a steel panel. The type of welding used for joining the attachments on steel surfaces is typically called tack welding. Tack welding performs very small welds that do not cause any damage to the surface of the steel panel. Hence, technician A is correct who states that on a steel panel, welding may be used on attachments.
Similarly, attachments on the steel materials have the option to be joined with glues. Cyanoacrylate-based adhesives and polyurethane-based glues are considered best to provide the strong joining of attachments as welding. Therefore technician B is also correct who says that glue may be used on steel panels to join attachments. It is because on a steel surface glue cannnot be useable as it is not able to join attachments.
Since both welds and glues can work on steel material in order to join attachments, both technicians are correct.
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The term route of entry on an sds refers to the way a ___ enters the body
The correct answer is A) Chemical
Explanation:
The abbreviations SDS means Safety Data Sheet, which refers to a very complete document about chemicals and safety related to these, including their properties and potential hazards, as well as, procedures or steps to avoid hazards and accidents.
This means the main focus of this document is chemicals; moreover, in this, there is information about the route of entry, which refers to the way chemical can enter the body and includes through inhalation, ingestion, contact with skin, among others. Also, depending on the chemical some routes of entry represent a major hazard. According to this, the correct answer is A.
Answer: Chemical!!!
Explanation:
Why must gens be off for GPU start
Gens or generators are typically used as a backup power source for buildings or facilities in case of a power outage. When it comes to starting a GPU (graphics processing unit) or a computer's graphics card, it is important to turn off the gens to ensure that the power being supplied to the GPU is consistent and stable.
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How is the cabin pressure of a pressurized aircraft usually controlled?
A- by a pressure sensitive switch that causes the pressurization pump to turn on or off as required
B- by an automatic outflow valve that dumps all the pressure in excess of the amount for which it is set
C- by a pressure sensitive valve that controls the output pressure of the pressurization pump
The cabin pressure of a pressurized aircraft is typically controlled by c) a pressure sensitive valve that regulates the output pressure of the pressurization pump. This valve is responsible for maintaining the desired cabin pressure during flight.
Option C, a pressure sensitive valve that controls the output pressure of the pressurization pump, is the correct answer. The pressurization system in an aircraft consists of a pressurization pump that supplies compressed air to the cabin. The pressure sensitive valve acts as a regulator, continuously monitoring the cabin pressure and adjusting the output pressure of the pump accordingly.
The valve works in conjunction with cabin altitude sensors that measure the cabin pressure and compare it to a pre-set target pressure. If the cabin pressure is below the desired level, the valve will open, allowing more compressed air from the pressurization pump into the cabin. If the pressure exceeds the target level, the valve will close or reduce the airflow, maintaining the desired cabin pressure.
This control mechanism ensures that the cabin pressure remains at a comfortable and safe level for passengers and crew throughout the flight, despite changes in altitude. It helps prevent the negative effects of high altitude, such as hypoxia or discomfort, by providing a controlled and pressurized environment inside the aircraft cabin.
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A company wants to develop audio speakers using an inexpensive type of plastic that has a very high quality of sound output. Which customers would most likely give a high evaluation of this product?
Answer:A
Explanation:
Those who want to save money and will use the product for only a few years
Answer:
THE ANSWER is A - those who want to save money and will use the product for only a few years
Explanation: Got it right on edg 2021
What is an example of a trench protective system?
A. An exit ramp
B. Sloping or shoring
C. A ladder
D. None of these.
Answer: D none of these
Explanation:
A man-made incision, trench, hole, or depression in the Earth's surface is referred to as an excavation. A trench is described as a lengthwise thin excavation dug below the surface of the land. Thus, option D is correct.
What best define about trench protective system?The sidewalls of the excavation can be benched or slopped, or trench shoring or shielding devices can be used. Observe the rules for benching, slope, and the use of shielding and shoring equipment.
Therefore, In contrast to a wider gully, a trench is a sort of excavation in or in the earth that is often deeper than it is wide. Instead of a straightforward hole or pit, the object was a thin ditch.A trench is defined as a shallow excavation that is drilled along its length.
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Consider the titration of 100.0 mL of 0.200 M CH3NH2 by 0.100 M HCl.
For each volume of HCl added, decide which of the components is a major species after the HCl has reacted completely.
Kb for CH3NH2 = 4.4 x 10-4.
What species are present based off what is being added?
200.00 mL HCl added
yes no H+
yes no H2O
yes no Cl-
yes no CH3NH2
yes no CH3NH3+
300.00 mL HCl added
yes no H+
yes no H2O
yes no Cl-
yes no CH3NH2
yes no CH3NH3+
Calculate the pH at the equivalence point for this titration?
Answer:
The answers are in the explanation. The pH is 5.91
Explanation:
The CH3NH2 reacts with HCl as follows:
CH3NH2 + HCl → CH3NH3⁺ + Cl⁻
When 200mL of HCl are added, the moles of CH3NH2 and HCl are reacting completely producing CH3NH3+ and Cl-. That means the species present are:
no H+. All reacted
yes H2O. Because the water is present in the solutions of HCl and CH3NH2
yes Cl-. Is a product of the reaction
Yes CH3NH2. Is consumed in the reaction but comes from the equilibrium of CH3NH3+
yes CH3NH3+. Is the other product of the reaction. MAJOR SPECIES
When 300.00mL of HCl are added, 100mL are in excess:
yes H+. Is in excess: H+ + Cl- = HCl in water. MAJOR SPECIES. Determine the pH of the solution.
yes H2O. Is present because the reactants are diluted.
yes Cl-. Is a product of reaction and comes from HCl.
Yes CH3NH2. The reactant is over but comes from the equilibrium of CH3NH3+
yes no CH3NH3+. Yes. Is a product and remains despite HCl is in excess.
To find the pH:
At equivalence point the ion that determines pH is CH3NH3+. Its concentration is:
0.100L * (0.200mol/L) = 0.0200 moles / 0.300L = 0.0667M CH3NH3+
The equilibrium of CH3NH3+ is:
Ka = Kw/kb = 1x10-14/4.4x10-4 = 2.273x10-11 = [H+] [CH3NH2] / [CH3NH3+]
As both [H+] [CH3NH2] comes from the same equilibrium:
[H+] = [CH3NH2] = X
2.273x10-11 = [X] [X] / [0.0667M]
1.5159x10-12 = X²
X = 1.23x10-6M = [H+]
As pH = -log [H+]
pH = 5.91
The pH at the equivalent point for this titration is "5.91".
pH Calculation:\(CH_3NH_2 = 0.200\ M\\\\ \text{volume} = 100.0\ mL = 0.100\ L\\\\HCl = 0.100\ M\\\\\)
We must now quantify the pH well at the equivalence point.
We know that even at the point of equivalence, moles of acid and moles of the base are equivalent. As such, first, we must calculate the number of moles of the given base.
Calculating the Moles in \(CH_3NH_2 = 0.200\ M \times 0.100\ L = 0.0200\ moles\)
Calculating the Moles in \(HCl = 0.0200 \ moles\)
Calculating the volume of \(HCl\):
\(\to \text{Molarity} = \frac{ \text{moles}}{\text{volume \ (L)}} \\\\\to \text{Volume} = \frac{\text{moles}}{\text{molarity}}\\\\\)
\(= \frac{0.0200 \ moles}{ 0.100\ M}\\\\= 0.200 \ L\\\\= 200 \ mL\\\\\)
Calculating the reaction among the acid and base:
\(CH_3NH_2 + HCl \longrightarrow CH_3NH_3^{+} + Cl^-\)
\(0.0200 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0200 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0200\)
Therefore the conjugate acid of the bases exists at the standard solution.
Then we must calculate the new molar mass of \(CH_3NH_3^+\).
Total volume\(= 100 + 200 = 300\ mL = 0.300\ L\)
\([CH_3NH_3^+] = \frac{0.0200\ mole}{ 0.300\ L}= 0.0667\ M\)
Using the ICE table
\(CH_3NH_3^+ + H_2O \longrightarrow CH_3NH_2 + H_3O^+\)
\(I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0667 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0\\\\C\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ -x\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ +x \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ +x\\\\E \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0667-x \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ +x \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \+x\\\\\to Ka = \frac{[CH_3NH_2] [H_3O^+] }{[CH_3NH_3^+]}\)
Calculating \(K_a\) from \(K_b\)
\(\to K_a \times K_b = 1\times 10^{-14}\\\\\to K_a = \frac{1\times 10^{-14}}{4.4\times 10^{-4}} = 2.27\times 10^{-11}\\\\\)
\(= 2.27\times 10^{-11} \\\\= x\times \frac{x}{(0.0667-x)}\)
The x in the 0.0667-x can be ignored since the Ka value is just too small and it also does not follow the five percent criteria.
\(\to 2.27 \times 10^{-11} \times 0.0667 = x_2\\\\\to x_2 = 1.515\times 10^{-12}\\\\\to x = 1.23\times 10^{-6}\ M\\\\\to [H_3O^+] = x = 1.23\times 10^{-6}\ M\\\\\)
We have the formula to calculate pH.
\(\to pH = - \log [H_3O^+] = - \log 1.23\times 10^{-6}\ M= 5.91\)
The pH at the equivalent point for this titration is "5.91".
Find out more information about the pH here:
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