2. Critically evaluate the method of historical simulation for estimating Value-at-Risk. Your discussion should include at least 2 academic papers on the topic.
Answers
The academic papers by Christoffersen (1998) and Berkowitz (2001) provide valuable insights into the limitations of historical simulation for VaR estimation. They highlight the challenges of capturing extreme events and tail risk, as well as the potential biases that can lead to an underestimation of VaR.
Historical simulation is a widely used method for estimating Value-at-Risk (VaR) in risk management. However, its effectiveness and limitations have been the subject of academic research. Two academic papers shed light on the critical evaluation of historical simulation for VaR estimation.
The paper by Christoffersen (1998) titled "Evaluating Interval Forecasts" discusses the shortcomings of historical simulation in capturing extreme events. It emphasizes that historical simulation assumes the future will resemble the past, which may not hold true during periods of financial turmoil or structural changes.
This limitation can lead to an underestimation of VaR, as historical data may not adequately reflect the tail risk inherent in the portfolio.
Another relevant paper is by Berkowitz (2001) titled "Testing Density Forecasts, with Applications to Risk Management." It examines the accuracy of VaR estimates based on historical simulation and highlights potential biases.
The study finds that historical simulation tends to underestimate VaR due to its reliance on past observations, which may not capture rare events. This can result in a false sense of security and inadequate risk coverage.
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Related Questions
role of students in establishing peace
Answers
Answer: They are the one who can install peace and harmony in the society, in what ever matter is considered. In general peace begins by educating and creating the national integrity based on the various religion, caste, and creed
Students play a crucial role in establishing peace by promoting understanding, tolerance, and empathy among diverse groups. They can engage in peaceful dialogues, raise awareness about social issues, and participate in community initiatives that foster harmony. Additionally, students can advocate for nonviolent solutions, challenge stereotypes, and contribute to creating a more inclusive and equitable society.
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Why would a nation most likely use military force? Check all that apply.
Answers
A kind of warfare in which fighters harass the opposition with ambushes,raids and body traps
Answers
Answer:
guerilla
Explanation:
that would be my answer
what is the relationship between the potential and kinetic energy of an object as in the roller coaster example
Answers
Answer:
Kinetic energy - the energy of motion - is dependent upon the mass of the object and the speed of the object. The train of coaster cars speeds up as they lose height. Thus, their original potential energy (due to their large height) is transformed into kinetic energy (revealed by their high speeds).
Explanation:
which is an example of sociological imagination
Answers
The one that can be stated as an example of Sociological imagination is: “Using information to make a change in society.” Hence, Option B is correct.
What is information?The term "information" refers to everything with the capacity to inform and is hence abstract. Information, at its most basic level, deals with how something that may be experienced is interpreted.
Information is a sort of stimulus that, depending on its recipient, has a specific meaning. Data is the common name for information that is entered into and stored in a computer. Output data can once more be interpreted as information after processing, such as formatting and printing.
Therefore, Option A is correct.
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The complete question has been attached in text form:
Which is an example of sociological imagination?
OA. Using information to make a change in society
OB. Changing the way people do things
OC. Finding historical data to justify what is happening t
OD. Locating sources of information about society
hey we will do the work for you
Answers
Answer:
bet
Explanation:
Most Christians in Europe are ________.
A.Hindu
B.Roman Catholic
C.Anglican
D.Eastern Orthodox
Answers
Answer:
B. Catholic
Explanation:
Hope this helps! (:
a resource can be extremely difficult to imitate if: group of answer choices it can be readily codified in written form. it is clear how the resource gives rise to value. it arises through the complex interaction of multiple people. it is not path dependent.
Answers
A resource can be extremely difficult to imitate if d) it is not path dependent. So,correct option is d.
As indicated by resource based theory, associations that own "essential resources" enjoy significant serious upper hands over associations that don't. A few resources, like money and trucks, arenot viewed as essential assets on the grounds that an association's rivals can promptly get them. All things considered, an asset is vital to the degree that it is significant, uncommon, hard to mimic, and nonsubstitutable.
An essential asset is a resource that is important, intriguing, challenging to emulate, and nonsubstitutable (Barney, 1991; Chi, 1994). An asset is important to the degree that it assists a firm with formulating methodologies that gain by open doors and avoid dangers. Southwest Aircrafts' way of life fits this standard well. Most carriers battle to be productive, however Southwest brings in cash practically consistently. One key explanation is an incredible hierarchical culture that rouses workers to give their all. This culture is likewise uncommon in that strikes, cutbacks, and unfortunate confidence are normal inside the carrier business.
Hence,correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
a resource can be extremely difficult to imitate if: group of answer choices a)it can be readily codified in written form. b)it is clear how the resource gives rise to value. c)it arises through the complex interaction of multiple people. d)it is not path dependent.
When your psychology professor is lecturing to your class, she can tell which students are sitting in the first, second, third, etc., rows, in part because students in the closer rows obstruct her view of students in more distant rows. This illustrates the depth perception cue of:
Answers
Answer:
This illustrates the depth perception cue of: interposition.
Explanation:
The vision of objects in three dimensions is called depth perception and allows us to calculate how far objects are. We talk about interposition when the objects that are further away can be totally or partially hidden from an observer by the presence of other objects interposed in the line of sight. When an object appears partially concealed, our visual system tends to perceive the covered object as further away and as closer to the imposed object. It is one of the most powerful depth indicators, although it only provides ordinal information about the distance of objects in relation to the observer.
Iraqi sunnis are in conflict with what group in Iran ?
Answers
Answer:
Iraqi forces that are also allied with the U.S.
Explanation:
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called
Answers
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy is the idea that people's judgments of their own abilities can influence their behavior, goals, and accomplishments. In other words, a person's belief in their ability to do something successfully is referred to as self-efficacy. This concept has been a focus of research in a variety of fields, including psychology, education, and health sciences.
People with high self-efficacy are more likely to engage in activities that they believe will result in positive outcomes. They are also more likely to recover from setbacks and keep trying in the face of difficulties because they believe that their hard work will pay off in the end. By contrast, people with low self-efficacy may be less likely to attempt new things, may give up more quickly when things don't go as planned, and may experience feelings of self-doubt and anxiety.
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a threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable
Answers
a threat to coccurs only if a potential design confound varies systematically with the independent variable.
When a study has internal validity, you can be sure that the independent variable and not another variable caused the dependent variable. Therefore, a study that has a high level of internal validity allows for cause and effect findings. A confounding variable, which is any variable other than the independent variable that 1) co-varies with the independent variable and 2) may be an alternative cause of the dependent variable, poses the biggest threat to internal validity.
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7. On what day did the storm become a cyclone? Write your answer below and
mark this location with a large "T" on your map.
8-9. On what day was the tropical cyclone the strongest? What was its category
rating on this day?
Answers
Answer:
The term tropical cyclone is used to refer to a storm system characterized by a closed circulation around a low pressure center that produces strong winds and abundant rainfall. Tropical cyclones extract their energy from the condensation of humid air, producing strong winds. They are distinguished from other cyclonic storms, such as low polar ones, by the heat mechanism that feeds them, which turns them into "warm core" storm systems.
Which of the following factors helped Bill Clinton win the presidency in the election of 1992?
A Victory in the Gulf War
B A recession was occurring at the time
C An economic boom was occurring at the time
D The youth of his opponent
Answers
Answer:
Hey
Explanation:
The answer is B. A recession was occurring at the time
-Bacon <3
The following factors that helped Bill Clinton win the presidency in the election of 1992 was the recession was occurring at the time. The correct Option is B.
What is recession?Due to the 1990 oil price shock and an already fragile economy, consumer and corporate confidence suffered, which was the direct cause of the recession.
However President Bill Clinton's Economic Performance in 1992, 10 million Americans were unemployed, there were record deficits, and the number of people on welfare and in poverty was rising. Inflation was eroding family incomes, and employment growth was at its lowest level since the Great Depression.
The recession began in the third quarter of September 1990 and persisted through the third quarter of September 1991.
Therefore the correct Option is B.
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rick was very thirsty after the game and drank a great deal of water that evening. can you describe the reason why rick was so thirsty? relate each answer to rick's symptoms
Answers
Rick was likely very thirsty after the game because he had lost a lot of fluid through sweating during the physical activity. This can cause symptoms such as dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and a headache.
Drinking a great deal of water that evening would have helped to replenish his lost fluids and alleviate these symptoms. Hence we can say that Rick was very thirsty after the game because he likely lost a significant amount of water through sweating and increased respiration during physical activity. This dehydration led to Rick's symptoms of thirst, signaling his body's need to replenish the lost fluids to maintain proper hydration and bodily functions. these symptoms have made his body very tired and thirsty.
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supports your position.
If Frassanito's claims are true, what do they suggest about Gardner's photographs? (From Documents A-D)
Explain your reasoning.
Answers
Answer:
Ended up with way more people then the confederate. If Frassanito's claims are true, what do they suggest about Gardner's Gettysburg photographs? If Frassanito's claims are true that would mean that Gardner lied about probably most of his pictures he took at Gettysburg.
Explanation:
What if you were named principal for the week? What would you do and Why?
Answers
Answer:
i would make the school have a better sanitary source so the school would be more clean
Explanation:
i would do this because a lot of sicknesses happen in schools
How do people get more sovereignty in democracy?
Answers
Answer:
In a democracy, people get more sovereignty through their right to vote and participate in the decision-making process. This means that citizens have the power to choose their leaders and representatives, and can hold them accountable for their actions. Additionally, democratic institutions such as the judiciary, the press, and civil society organizations can also help to ensure that the government acts in the best interests of the people and respects their rights and freedoms. Finally, the rule of law and a strong system of checks and balances can also help to prevent abuses of power and ensure that democratic principles are upheld.
Explanation:
Case Exercises
1. How does the First Direct case demonstrate the principle of IMC? In what tangible ways did the brand benefit from the integration of media channels?
2. Is the financial-services sector a special case in communications planning or could any brand category benefit from integrated communications? List four brand categories that might so benefit and discuss possible integrated communications strategies for each brand category.
3. Do you feel that some media channels and vehicles work better together than others? Explain your answer using examples of current or recent communications campaigns.
Answers
The First Direct case exemplifies the principle of Integrated Marketing Communications by effectively integrating multiple media channels to convey a consistent message and enhance brand perception.
1. The First Direct case demonstrates the principle of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) by showcasing the brand's ability to harmonize multiple media channels to convey a consistent message and enhance overall brand perception.
First Direct, a UK-based bank, successfully integrated various channels such as television, print, digital, and social media to reach its target audience effectively. By using a consistent tone, messaging, and visuals across these channels, First Direct was able to create a cohesive brand experience and reinforce its key brand attributes, such as being customer-centric and innovative.
Tangible benefits of IMC for the brand included increased brand awareness, customer engagement, and a positive impact on customer perception and loyalty.
2. The financial services sector is not a special case in communications planning, and any brand category can benefit from integrated communications. Four brand categories that could benefit from integrated communications are:
a) Food and beverage: Integrated communications could involve combining traditional advertising with experiential marketing, social media campaigns, and influencer partnerships to create a holistic brand experience and drive customer engagement.
b) Fashion and apparel: An integrated communications strategy could include a mix of traditional advertising, digital marketing, content creation, and collaborations with fashion influencers to create a seamless brand identity and reach fashion-conscious consumers.
c) Technology: In this category, integrated communications could involve leveraging digital advertising, social media, content marketing, and public relations to showcase product features, educate consumers, and build a tech-savvy brand image.
d) Automotive: Integrated communications for automotive brands could include a combination of television commercials, digital advertising, interactive websites, experiential events, and partnerships with popular car reviewers or influencers to generate excitement, educate consumers, and drive sales.
3. Yes, some media channels and vehicles work better together than others, depending on the campaign objectives and target audience. For example, a recent communications campaign for a new smartphone might utilize a combination of television commercials, online video ads, social media promotions, and influencer partnerships.
This integrated approach allows the brand to reach a wide audience through TV, target tech-savvy individuals through online ads, engage with potential buyers through social media, and leverage the influence of popular personalities to create buzz and credibility. The combination of these channels and vehicles maximizes the campaign's reach and impact by utilizing each medium's unique strengths and audience characteristics.
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Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?
its not b
O A. They did not give the central government enough power to act.
O B. They did not give the states enough power to protect the people.
O C. They gave the people the power to elect three branches of government.
O D. They allowed only the central government to collect taxes.
Answers
Explanation: They had 0 power to enforce laws and congress had no power.
Answer:
it is C
Explanation:
The WIAT isA. currently in its second edition.B. a lengthy neuropsychological test designed to localize neurologic damage following stroke.C. a recently developed intelligence test that involves no verbal instructions or responses, thus enhancing cultural fairness.D. an individually administered test of language, reading, writing, and mathematics achievement.
Answers
Answer:
I think the answer is letter B
What does a negative (-) 2.5 Cpk indicate?
A-The process Standard Deviation is negative
B- A math error
C-The process Mean is closer to the lower specification
D-The process average is out of specifi
Answers
A negative Cpk usually indicates that the process' average (or mean) is not meeting the specifications set by the customer.
It means that the process is out of control, meaning that the process output is not meeting customer expectations. It's important to note that a negative Cpk does not necessarily indicate a math error, although it is possible that the data used to calculate the Cpk value may have errors.
In terms of a Cpk value of -2.5, this usually means that the process' average is considerably out of spec and the process should be adjusted to provide better control over outputs and meet customer requirements. It is important to identify and address the issues causing the Cpk to be negative in order to prevent future problems.
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If something is higher in demand...
A. It is more expensive and wanted more B. It is cheaper and wanted less
C. It is cheaper and wanted more
D. It is more expensive and wanted less
Answers
Answer:
A more expensive and wanted more
Explanation:
Investigate the meaning of the concept career field and state four characteristics which may suggest that a specific career field will provide job security in the future
Answers
Investigate the meaning of the concept of career field and state four characteristics to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry.
definition, investigative research is a set of comprehensive techniques used to find secret, hidden, or difficult-to-understand data that is essential to color a higher image of the trouble below research
to examine, observe, or inquire systematically; search or look at the details of; a study in detail.
The cause of the investigation is to discover in detail the allegations, to take a look at the evidence intensive, and to decide especially whether misconduct has been committed, by whom, and to what quantity.
Investigative abilities are the abilities people use to acquire information and generate conclusions to reveal essential data. these capabilities also help specialists take a look at a topic carefully and find out gadgets of significance that may not be honestly apparent to people who lack this talent.
As in keeping with section 156 (three) of the crook technique Code, 1973 any Justice of the Peace empowered under section 190 of the crook procedure Code can order a police officer to investigate a police station to analyze any cognizable offense.
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what impact called disinvestment have on the business cycle
Answers
Answer: Disinvestment is the action of an organization or government selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary.
Explanation:
which of the following is not a cognitive bias? a. illusion of control b. reasoning by analogy c. representativeness d. ivory tower thinking e. escalating commitment
Answers
ivory tower thinking. ivory tower thinking of a remote location that enables tackling practical difficulties with an unrealistic often escapist attitude. an impractical often escapist attitude characterized by an aloof lack of concern with or interest in practical affairs or pressing problems.
When people absorb and interpret information from their environment, they can make systematic errors in cognition that have an impact on their decisions and judgments.
This phenomenon is known as cognitive bias. Although powerful, the human brain has its limits. Your brain tries to make information processing as simple as possible, which frequently results in cognitive biases.
Biases frequently serve as generalizations that facilitate quick decision-making and aid in making sense of the world. Attentional issues could be influenced by additional cognitive biases. People must be choosy about what they pay attention to in the world around them since attention is a finite resource
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discuss your strategy for navigating through each smartprep module. what has been the most difficult module, and what has contributed to your increased knowledge in this subject area?
Answers
Consistent effort and active engagement with the material are key factors in gaining knowledge and succeeding in any subject area.
Firstly, it's important to set goals and a clear timeline for completion of each module. This will help to prioritize tasks and prevent procrastination. Additionally, breaking down each module into smaller sections or topics can make the material more manageable and easier to digest.
Another helpful strategy is to actively engage with the material. This can include taking notes, asking questions, and participating in discussion forums or group study sessions. It's also important to review and reinforce concepts through practice questions and quizzes.
In terms of the most difficult module, this can vary based on individual strengths and weaknesses. However, one effective approach is to spend extra time and focus on areas that may be more challenging or unfamiliar.
Utilizing resources such as textbooks, online research, or seeking help from peers or instructors can also be beneficial.
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The dollar, or monetary unit and standard unit of currency in the U.S. monetary system, was modeled after
Answers
Answer:
Spanish peso.Explanation:
During the colonial period, the word 'dollar' was often used and referred to a measure of around eight-piece coin in the Spanish-American colonies.Later in 1792, the Congress adopted the United States Dollar as the country's monetary unit and standard unit of currency.Thus, the dollar, or monetary unit and standard unit of currency in the U.S. monetary system, was modeled after the Spanish peso.Describe what dictates the definition of race
Answers
Answer:
To determine an individual's race, people may use one or more ancestry or biological bases, phenotypic or physical characteristics, and cultural bases, such as ideology and language.
Uh, I hope this helps!
-DizzyImDizzy
Why does the Age of Exploration matter?
Answers
The 1400s marked the beginning of the Age of Exploration, also known as the Age of Discovery. It lasted until the 1600s. During this time, European nations began to explore the world.
What is the Age of Exploration?One of the most significant events in the history of the Western world is the Age of Exploration, also known as the Age of Discovery. European explorers used their navigational skills to travel the world, beginning in the early 15th century and lasting until the end of the 17th. The Age of Exploration occurred for a variety of reasons in general, particularly in Portugal, Spain, France, and England.
Countries in Europe were looking for new ways to trade with distant trading partners in the Far East, such as India, China, and Japan Through the Silk Road, European nations had traditionally traded with these nations. Since most of the Silk Road was over land, shipping goods took a long time for merchants. European nations were interested in finding a faster sea route to accelerate trade.
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