1. What is the use of the following reagents in the various organic reactions?
a. Carbon tetra chloride in the preparation of alkynes (5 marks)
b. Hydrogen bromide in the preparation of alkynes (5 marks)

Answer:

Milk's heavy

Explanation:

The current wave mechanical model of the atom describes electrons in clouds called orbitals that surround the atomic nucleus is based on principles of quantum mechanics .

This model emphasizes the wave-like properties of electrons. In contrast to the earlier Bohr model, which proposed that electrons move in well-defined paths around the nucleus.

The wave mechanical model suggests that electrons do not possess precise trajectories but instead occupy regions of space with varying probabilities. These regions are mathematically represented by wave functions or orbitals.

This model provides a more precise depiction of electron behavior, facilitating a better understanding of phenomena like electron energy levels, electron-electron interactions, and chemical bonding.

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the current wave mechanical model of the atom has electrons in clouds orbitals around the nucleus, on which principle does this phenomenon is based .

Answer:

Unfavorable reactions: Reaction A and Reaction B.

Coupled reactions favorable: Reactions B and C and Reactions A and C.

Net change:

Reactions B and C : -14.2kJ/mol

Reactions A and B : 30.1kJ/mol

Reactions A and C: -16.7kJ/mol

Explanation:

A reaction is thermodynamically favorable (spontaneous) if ΔG < 0. Thus, the unfavorable reactions -ΔG > 0- are:

Reaction A and reaction B.

When reaction C is coupled with reaction B and reaction A the chemical equation is:

ATP + fructose-1,6-phosphate ⟶ ADP + fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

ΔG = 16.3 - 30.5 = -14.2 kJ/mol

ATP + glucose ⟶ ADP + glucose-6-phosphate

ΔG = 13.8 - 30.5 = -16.7 kJ/mol

The coupled reaction of A and B has a change in free energy of:

ΔG = 13.8 + 16.3 = 30.1 kJ/mol

The ph value of human saliva is between 6.2-7.6 with 6.7 being the average pH

ph value of human saliva is 7 and 6

IUPAC name is the systematic name given to a chemical compound according to the rules and guidelines set forth by IUPAC.

IUPAC is short for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.  The IUPAC name provides a standard and unambiguous way of naming chemical compounds, which is important for communication among scientists and for the accurate reporting of chemical information.

The IUPAC name is typically based on the structure and composition of the compound, and it provides information about the functional groups and other features of the molecule. The naming rules take into account factors such as the number and type of atoms, the arrangement of atoms within the molecule, and the presence of functional groups.

The accurate IUPAC names for the given substances are:

Mg(NO3)2: Magnesium nitrate

CaCl2: Calcium chloride

S2Cl4: Disulfur tetrachloride

HI (aq): Hydrogen iodide or Hydroiodic acid

FeBr3: Iron(III) bromide

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Answer:

i think it is A

Explanation:

hope this helps

Answer:

Fossil fuels are in the lithosphere not the hydrosphere

Explanation:

The atmosphere contains gas forms of carbon such as methane and carbon dioxide. The biosphere contains carbon dioxide and carbohydrates. The hydrosphere contains dissolved carbon dioxide, and carbonate ions. The lithosphere contains coal, limestone, fossil fuels and carbonate ions.

Answer:

cause the bottom part starts at 0 and the top starts at 12

Explanation:

Answer:

C) ball rollinflown a hill

Explanation:

The question asks to  identify the endothermic process in the list of options. By way of elimination, we have;

A) condensation of water on a wind shield of a car

Condensation is an exothermic process. That is, heat is given out as the gases change into the liquid state of matter.

B) formation of copper

This is an exothermic process. Capture of electrons by a cation is always exothermic.

C) ball rollinflown a hill

This is the correct option. Energy is absorbed by the ball as it moves on the hill

D) formation of ice from liquid water

Freezing is an example of exothermic reaction. Heat is given off to the surroundings.

E) oxide from copper and oxygen

Formation of metal oxides and most reactions involving oxygen are exothermic reactions,

Answer:

when placed in water, a sodium pellet catches on fire as hydrogen gas is liberated and sodium hydroxide forms. chemical change = fire is a sign of chemical reaction.

Explanation:

When placed in water the sodium pellets catch the fire and liberate the hydrogen gas. On mixing with water solid sodium forms a colorless basic solution.

Sodium is a soft metal. It is a very reactive element with a low melting point. Sodium reacts very quickly with water, snow, and ice to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. It is an alkali metal and the sixth most abundant metal on earth. It has a silvery white color.

It has a strong metallic luster. On reacting with oxygen it produces sodium oxide which on reacting with the water produces sodium hydroxide.

It is used to improve the structure of certain alloys and soaps. It is also used in the purification of metals. Sodium is also present in sodium chloride, an important compound found in the environment.

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Reagents that are entirely consumed by a chemical reaction are known as limiting reagents.

Thus, They are additionally known as limiting reactants or limiting agents. A predetermined quantity of reactants are necessary for the reaction to be completed, according to the stoichiometry of chemical reactions.

In the aforementioned reaction, 2 moles of ammonia are created when 3 moles of hydrogen gas react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas.

In most cases, this reactant dictates when the reaction will end. The reaction stoichiometry can be used to determine the precise quantity of reactant that will be required to react with another element. The limiting agent is determined by the mole ratio rather than the mass of the reactants.

Thus, Reagents that are entirely consumed by a chemical reaction are known as limiting reagents.

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Answer:D

Explanation:

Decomposers decompose food and return it to the environment through the soil

Answer:

is used

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:1. It is known that humans are in fact eating these tiny plastic particles, but fish aren't the only source. Bottled water, beer, honey, sea salt and tea bags have all been exposed as microplastic carriers, just to name a few.

2.The chemicals used in the production of plastic are toxic and detrimental to the human body. Chemicals in plastic-like lead, cadmium and mercury directly can come in contact with the humans. These toxins can cause cancers, congenital disabilities, immune system problems and childhood development issues.

3.Microplastics entering the human body via direct exposures through ingestion or inhalation can lead to an array of health impacts, including inflammation, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis, which are linked to an array of negative health outcomes including cancer, cardiovascular diseases,

4.Human penises are shrinking because of pollution, warns scientist. ... Dr Shanna Swan writes that humanity is facing an "existential crisis" in fertility rates as a result of phthalates, a chemical used when manufacturing plastics that impacts the hormone-producing endocrine system

The temperature of the reaction should be decreased

This change in temperature would make the equilibrium to shift to the right.

The Le Chatelier's principle, commonly referred to as the Le Chatelier's principle of equilibrium, is a chemical principle that describes how an equilibrium system reacts to environmental changes.

According to this theory, when an equilibrium system is exposed to an outside force, it will respond in a way that partially offsets the imposed change and restore equilibrium.

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Answer: Colloids

Explanation: they can not be separated easily but scatter light

Answer:

20.44 grams of sodium nitrate can be formed

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between lead (II) nitrate and sodium iodide is:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI → 2NaNO3 + PbI2

The compound that is shown as X can be seen in the option labelled C

The process of esterification involves the condensation of an alcohol (or phenol) with an acid to produce an ester. To create the ester bond, the water molecule must be removed from the alcohol and acid (dehydration).

Usually, an acid catalyst is used to catalyze the reaction, which makes it easier to remove water and encourages the creation of the ester. The acid catalyst aids in protonating the acid's carbonyl oxygen, which increases its electrophilicity and makes it more vulnerable to alcohol's nucleophilic attack.

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The amount of heat energy produced when 1 g of hydrogen and 2 g of nitrogen are reacted, is -6.61 KJ

First, we shall obtain the limiting reactant. Details below:

3H₂ + N₂ -> 2NH₃

From the balanced equation above,

28 g of N₂ reacted with 6 g of H₂

Therefore,

2 g of N₂ will react with = (2 × 6) / 28 = 0.43 g of H₂

We can see that only 0.43 g of H₂ is needed in the reaction.

Thus, the limiting reactant is N₂

Finally, we the amount of heat energy produced. Details below:

3H₂ + N₂ -> 2NH₃ ΔH = -92.6 KJ

From the balanced equation above,

When 28 grams of N₂ reacted, -92.6 KJ of heat energy were produced.

Therefore,

When 2 grams of N₂ will react to produce = (2 × -92.6) / 28 = -6.61 KJ

Thus the heat energy produced from the reaction is -6.61 KJ

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3.195 grams of Na₂SO₄ are needed to completely precipitate the Ba²⁺ ions as BaSO₄ from 150 mL solution of 0.150 M BaCl₂.

Chemical precipitation is the process of changing a liquid into an insoluble form or supersaturating a solution in order to transform it into a solid. When two ionic bonds combine in an aqueous solution, a chemical process known as the precipitation reaction takes place, resulting in the formation of precipitates, an insoluble salt.

The equation becomes:

Na₂SO₄(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

1 mole              1 mole         1 mole        2 mole

Given that,

150 mL solution of 0.150 M BaCl₂.

Now, molar mass of Na₂SO₄ = (23×2 + 32 + 16×4) g/mol = 142 g/mol

Mole ratio Na₂SO₄ : BaCl₂ = 1 : 1

Moles of BaCl₂ formed = (0.150 mol/l) × (150/1000 L) = 0.0225 mol

Moles of Na₂SO₄ needed = (0.0225 mol) × (1/1) = 0.0225 mol

Mass of Na₂SO₄ needed = (0.0225 mol) × (142 g/mol) = 3.195 gm.

So, 3.195 grams of Na₂SO₄ are needed

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Answer: 7.52*10^23 molecules.

Explanation: This is a classic Stoichiometry problem.

In one mole of any substance, there are 6.02*10^23 molecules. This number is called Avogadro's number. We are given 55 grams of Co2 so to convert that to moles, we divided by the molar mass of Co2. We find the molar mass by adding the molar masses of the elements that make up the compound.

There is one molecule of Carbon and two molecules of Oxygen in one molecule of Co2. From the periodic table, the molar mass of Carbon is 12.01 and 16.00 for Oxygen. 1(12.01)+2(16.00) gives us the molar mass. We then divided 55 grams by that mass to find the number of moles. We then multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number (6.02*10^23) to find the total number of molecules.

You can use this method for solving any problem that asks you to find the number of atoms or molecules of some number of grams of a substance.

The cell potential of the system is obtained as  0.66 V.

We know that we can be able to make use the table of the standard potentials so as to be able to obtain the cell potentials under standard conditions.

We have that;

The standard cell potential can be obtained as;

Cell potential of the cathode - Cell potential of the anode

0.77 V - 0.15 V

= 0.62 V

By the Nernst equation;

E = E° - 0.0592/n log Q

E = cell potential under the given conditions

n = Number of electrons transferred

E° = standard cell potential

Q = reaction quotient

Then;

Q = [0.00744] [0.01196]/[0.0610] [0.0389]

= 8.9 * 10^-5/2.4 * 10^-3

= 3.7 * 10^-2

Thus;

E = 0.62 - 0.0592/2 log (3.7 * 10^-2)

E = 0.66 V

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Answer:

#1 : C

Explanation:

Therefore, if the configuration of the reactant was (1R, 2R, 4R), the configuration of a substituted product(s) will be no R/S.

Product configuration is the method of choosing and organizing pieces of a product in a specific order to customize it to a customer's demands. A personalized product typically adds greater value than like a one-size-fits-all substitute since every customer had different objectives and limitations.

A reactant is what? The components of a chemical reaction are referred to as reactants. Atoms, the fundamental units of matter, reorganize themselves to produce new combinations in a process known as a chemical reaction. Raw materials can react each other are known as reactants.

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The final volume of the ladybug's prison is approximately 0.4 liters.

To determine the final volume of the ladybug's prison, we can use Boyle's Law, which states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature. The equation for Boyle's Law is:

P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

Where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume, respectively.

In this scenario, the initial volume (V1) is given as 0.5 L, and the initial pressure (P1) is 1 atm. The final pressure (P2) is 1.25 atm. We need to find the final volume (V2).

Plugging the given values into the equation, we have:

1 atm * 0.5 L = 1.25 atm * V2

Simplifying the equation, we find:

0.5 L = 1.25 atm * V2

Dividing both sides of the equation by 1.25 atm, we get:

0.5 L / 1.25 atm = V2

V2 ≈ 0.4 L

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Answer:

\(0.3456\ \text{M}\)

Explanation:

\(V_1\) = Volume of NaOH = 34.56 mL

\(V_2\) = Volume of HCl = 25 mL

\(M_1\) = Concentration of NaOH = 0.25 M

\(M_2\) = Concentration of HCl

When endpoint is reached the number of moles of NaOH will be equal to the number of moles of HCl

\(M_1V_1=M_2V_2\\\Rightarrow M_2=\dfrac{M_1V_1}{V_2}\\\Rightarrow M_2=\dfrac{0.25\times 34.56}{25}\\\Rightarrow M_2=0.3456\ \text{M}\)

Concentration of HCl is \(0.3456\ \text{M}\).

Explanation:

A reaction with another element

other choices are physical property

Answer:

A. reaction with another element

Among the following, an acceptable IUPAC name for the compound is (C) 2-bromo-5-chlorobenzaldehyde.

The IUPAC nomenclature for substituted aromatic compounds requires that the name of the substituent be added as a prefix to the name of the aromatic compound. Nitrobenzene is the term given to the compound that results when a benzene ring is joined to a single nitro group, while chlorobenzene is the term given to the compound that results when chlorine is attached to the benzene ring.

        2-bromo-5-chlorobenzaldehyde

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